A randomized controlled trial of laparoscopic extraperitoneal hernia repair as a day surgical procedure

Background: A randomized controlled trial was conducted in a day surgery setting comparing a standardized variant of the Shouldice hernioplasty with extraperitoneal laparoscopic herniorrhaphy. Methods: The laparoscopic repair was technically challenging, evidenced by conversion from extraperitoneal to transabdominal repairs in 6.25% of patients. It was free from the inherent dangers of intraperitoneal laparoscopy. Surgical morbidity was low and comparable to that for patients randomized to the open repair. Results: Outcome following laparoscopic extraperitoneal herniorrhaphy varied depending on the parameter measured. It was comparable to the open repair with respect to postoperative activity levels and the number of days required for return to work but inferior to the open repair in terms of operation time and time to hospital discharge. The extraperitoneal approach was superior to the open repair with respect to postoperative pain levels and analgesic requirements. No attempt was made to compare recurrence rates due to the short follow-up period. Conclusions: Laparoscopic extraperitoneal herniorrhaphy should not supercede conventional hernia repair until subjected to further trials with the aid of larger study populations and greater technical expertise; the results of long-term recurrence rates are awaited.     

Meta-analysis of laparoscopic inguinal hernia trials favors open hernia repair with preperitoneal mesh prosthesis

BACKGROUND: This meta-analysis was performed to determine the degree to which improvements in open hernia repair (OHR) in the last decade have altered the relative benefit of laparoscopic hernia repair (LHR). METHODS: Twenty-seven comparative trials including 4,688 randomized patients were evaluated. RESULTS: Within the control OHR, patients with routine mesh repair returned to work earlier than a sutured repair (16.4 versus 27.3 days, P = 0.010). During the study period, the increased use of mesh in OHR (3 of 12 initially versus 9 of 15 subsequent studies) was associated with an earlier return to work (25.9 to 16.8 days, P = 0.017); there was no significant improvement with corresponding LHR. CONCLUSIONS: Although LHR was associated with an earlier return to work compared with conventional sutured OHR, more recent mesh OHRs provide equivalent outcomes but at lower costs and potentially less severe complications, supporting an open technique using preperitoneal mesh prostheses as the optimal hernia repair.     

腹腔镜与开放式巨大腹壁切口疝补片修补术的对比分析

目的:比较开放手术及腹腔镜补片修补巨大腹壁切口疝的手术效果。方法:回顾分析我院2003年1月至2007年6月收治的43例巨大腹壁切口疝患者的临床资料。根据手术方式分为腹腔镜组(16例)和开放组(27例),对两组手术时间、术后并发症、术后住院时间等进行对比分析。结果:两组手术时间、术后并发症发生率无明显差异。开放手术组2例发生切口感染,1例经冲洗引流2个月治愈,另1例再次手术取出补片。腹腔镜手术组术后住院时间和手术出血量明显少于开放手术组。术后随访4~48个月,平均21个月,两组均无复发病例。结论:腹腔镜下应用补片修补巨大腹壁切口疝同样安全、合理,且具有患者创伤小、康复快和术后住院时间短等优点。     

A multicentric comparison of transabdominal versus totally extraperitoneal laparoscopic hernia repair using PARIETEX meshes.

The authors report a series of 1972 inguinal hernias treated between 1993 and 1997 by the insertion of a PARIETEX mesh via either a transabdominal-preperitoneal (TAPP) (1,290 procedures) or a totally extraperitoneal TEP approach (682 procedures). Pain scores were equivalent in both groups, while the hospital stay and time to return to normal activity was lower in the TEP group than in the TAPP group (p<0.001). In both groups, the average incidence of the total reported events (complications) was around 10% with no statistical difference. This ratio seemed to compare favorably to previously published reports. Chronic pain was extremely rare (0.6% and 0.7% in the TAPP and TEP groups, respectively). Whatever the approach was, sepsis was also very rare (1/1,526 laparoscopic procedures). These findings illustrate the local tolerance of the mesh. Recurrence rates were below 1% with no statistical difference between groups. This retrospective study demonstrates the clinically apparent local tolerance of this type of mesh. Prospective and long-term clinical results will be necessary to demonstrate that the optimized short-term tolerance of PARIETEX mesh will influence the long term functional results.     

腹腔镜腹股沟疝修补术1034例临床分析

目的分析总结腹腔镜腹股沟疝修补术的临床经验。方法回顾分析武汉大学中南医院2012年1月至2017年4月1 034例腹股沟疝病人行腔镜腹股沟疝修补术的临床资料。结果所有腹股沟疝病人均顺利行腹腔镜经腹腹膜前修补术(transabdominal preperitoneal,TAPP)或全腹膜外修补术(totally extraperitoneal,TEP)。手术时间为25~180 min(平均40 min),术中出血5~30ml(平均12 ml),住院时间为3~9 d(平均4 d)。随访1~48个月,有5例病人出现腹膜前间隙血肿,腹股沟区血清肿37例,阴囊水肿7例,术后局部疼痛不适16例,术后复发1例,术后感染1例。结论腹腔镜腹股沟疝修补术恢复快,复发率低,并发症少;手术应由经验丰富的疝专科医生完成。     

Surgical outcome and hospital cost analyses of laparoscopic and open tension-free hernia repair

Abstract Surgeons who favor the laparoscopic repair of groin hernias must limit the additional costs associated with this technique, which is not universally acknowledged to be superior to other less expensive open tension-free repairs. This retrospective study compared outcome and costs between laparoscopic and open tension-free hernia repair in 320 patients with inguinal hernias. Patients underwent either (a) transabdominal preperitoneal procedure (TAPP; 60 patients, 72 procedures), (b) totally extraperitoneal procedure (TEP; 174 patients, 202 procedures), or (c) open tension-free procedure (86 patients, 105 procedures). Regarding important postoperative complications there were two (3.3%) recurrences in the TAPP group and one (0.6%) in the TEP group, and six (9.9%) transient neuralgias in the TAPP group and one (1.2%) in the tension-free group. There were no deaths, no testicular atrophies, and no wound or mesh infections. The mean hospital postoperative stay was the same in the three groups (1 day). Mean operating time was shorter in the tension-free group concerning the unilateral cases and shorter in the TEP group concerning the bilateral cases. Fewer patients required analgesia during the first 6 h after the operative procedure in the TEP group than in the other two groups. The mean total costs were 483.90 euros in the open tension-free repair, 763.20 euros in the TAPP repair, and 572.50 euros in the TEP repair. The open procedure was the cheaper for the hospital. Laparoscopic hernia repair and tension-free repair as described by Gilbert are comparable in postoperative complications. TEP hernia repair is associated with less postoperative pain and earlier return to normal activities, but it is more expensive and continues to be a difficult procedure. Open tension-free repair is the least expensive method and is easier to learn than the other two procedures. Electronic Publication     

腹腔镜经腹腹膜前疝修补术与开放式腹膜前间隙疝修补术的临床疗效

目的探讨腹腔镜经腹腹膜前疝修补术（transabdominalpreperitoneal,TAPP）及开放式腹膜前间隙疝修补术的治疗效果。 方法回顾性分析2016年1月至2017年8月,山西医科大学附属晋中第一人民医院102例腹沟股疝患者的临床资料,根据治疗方法不同分为试验组与对照组,每组51例。对照组采用开放式腹膜前间隙修补术治疗,试验组采用TAPP术修补质量。对2组患者的手术时间、术中出血量、住院时间,以及术后复发、疼痛、血肿、感染等不良事件的发生情况进行比较。 结果试验组患者住院时间为（4.65±0.78）d,明显短于对照组的（6.08±2.23）d,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。术后随访4～18个月,试验组未见复发及术后血肿、感染,术后慢性疼痛2例、术后阴囊积液1例;对照组中复发3例、术后血肿5例、感染3例、慢性疼痛6例、术后阴囊积液7例;2组并发症发生率比较,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。2组患者在手术时间、术中出血量方面对比,差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）。 结论TAPP对于腹股沟疝的治疗效果优于开放式腹膜前间隙疝修补术,具有显著临床优势。     

腹腔镜完全腹膜外腹股沟疝修补术理论与实践（附42例报道）

目的总结分析腹腔镜完全腹膜外腹股沟疝修补术的理论与手术经验、技巧。方法回顾分析2009年10月至2010年12月42例腹股沟疝患者行腹腔镜完全腹膜外修补术的临床资料,双侧腹股沟疝13例,单侧29例;复发疝6例;斜疝35例,直疝17例,复合疝3例次。结果 42例患者共行55例腹腔镜手术,2例中转为经腹腔腹膜前修补术,手术时间30～120 min（单侧平均35 min,双侧平均70 min）。术后住院时间1～5 d,平均3 d。术后并发腹股沟区血清肿1例,皮下气肿1例。随访1～12个月,无复发病例。结论腹腔镜完全腹膜外腹股沟疝修补术符合疝修补的理论基础,安全可靠,患者术后疼痛轻、恢复快,应推荐为腹股沟疝修补的首选术式。     

单孔与多孔法腹腔镜手术治疗腹股沟疝的回顾性对比研究

目的探讨单孔腹腔镜腹股沟疝修补术的安全性和可行性。方法 2009年12月至2011年3月行单孔腹腔镜腹股沟疝修补术11例（单孔组）,其中直疝2例,斜疝9例。10例行单孔腹腔镜完全腹膜外疝修补术（TEP）,1例行经腹腔腹膜前修补术（TAPP）。同期多孔法腹腔镜手术患者18例（多孔组）,其中直疝5例,斜疝13例。16例行TEP,2例行TAPP。收集两组患者围手术期资料进行比较分析。结果两组在术中出血量（P=0.579）和术后住院时间（P=0.839）方面比较差异无统计学意义。在手术时间方面,单孔组长于多孔组（P=0.016）,差异有统计学意义。术后随访3～18个月,两组术中、术后并发症比较差异无统计学意义。结论单孔腹腔镜腹股沟疝修补术安全、有效,具有可行性。其临床应用价值仍需进一步的临床研究证实。     

A survey of inguinal hernia repair in Wales with special emphasis on laparoscopic repair

Background The National Institute of Clinical Excellence (NICE) recently published its guidance on the use of laparoscopic repair for inguinal hernias. This study aimed to assess the likely uptake of laparoscopic surgery for inguinal hernias in Wales. In addition the current practice with regards to day case surgery, use of local anaesthesia, antibiotic prophylaxis, thromboembolic prophylaxis and advice regarding convalescence was assessed. Methods A postal questionnaire survey of all consultant surgeons (n = 91) in Wales was performed. Results There was a 70% (n = 67) response to the questionnaire. Fifteen percent of surgeons (n = 9) perform laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair in Wales; 10% of surgeons in Wales agreed with the NICE guidance. Lichtenstein hernia repair was the most commonly used the technique to repair primary inguinal hernias in Wales (82%). No surgeon currently is using a laparoscopic repair as the technique of choice for repair of primary inguinal hernias. Eighteen percent of surgeons perform all the procedures as day cases; 15% of surgeons perform more than 90% of the procedures under local anaesthesia; 44% of surgeons do not use any form of thromboprophylaxis for elective inguinal hernia repair, while 78% of the surgeons used routine antibiotic prophylaxis. Post-operative advice regarding return to sedentary work and driving was highly variable (1–4 weeks), as was advice regarding heavy work and sport (2–12 weeks). Conclusions The uptake of laparoscopic surgery for inguinal hernia repair in Wales is low. Only a minority of surgeons agree with the NICE guidance. Similarly the uptake of day case repair and the use of local anaesthesia are minimal. The use of antibiotic and thromboembolic prophylaxis is empirical and inconsistent. There is a need for evidence-based guidelines to standardise the antibiotic prophylaxis, TE prophylaxis and advice regarding post-operative advice. Presented at the Association of Surgeons of Great Britain and Ireland, Edinburgh 2006.     

Inguinal hernia repair: are ASA grades 3 and 4 patients suitable for day case hernia repair?

The American Society of Anaesthesiologists (ASA) 3 and 4 patients are generally considered unsuitable for day case hernia repair. There are minimal data regarding the acceptability of day case repair in these patients. This study analysed day case hernia rates with special emphasis on ASA grades. A retrospective review of all adult inguinal hernia repairs, under the care of one surgeon over a 9-year period, was performed. The data collected included demographics, ASA grades, the mode of anaesthesia and early complications. 577 patients underwent inguinal hernia repair during the study period. 204 (35%) patients were ASA grade 1, 214 (37%) ASA grade 2, 132 (23%) ASA grade 3 and 29 (5%) ASA grade 4. Day case rates for ASA grades 1–4 under LA were 86, 83, 77 and 76% and under GA, 59, 36, 32 and 0%, respectively (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the wound complication rates for different ASA grades under GA and LA. ASA grades 3 and 4 patients can undergo day case inguinal hernia repair, with similar complication rates to ASA grades 1 and 2 patients, when surgery is performed under local anaesthesia. ASA grades 3 and 4 patients need not be excluded from day case hernia repair.     

A modification of the laparoscopic transcutaneous inguinal hernia repair to achieve transfixation ligature of the hernia sac

Background/Purpose

The proposed benefits of laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair in the pediatric population include less postoperative pain, smaller scars, and easier access to the contralateral groin. This is countered by slightly higher recurrence rates reported in some series. These differences are attributable to variation in the laparoscopic technique, surgeon experience, and certain anatomic features. We describe a modification of the laparoscopic-assisted transcutaneous hernia repair that achieves transfixation ligature of the hernia sac and that may further reduce recurrence.

Methods

Institutional review board approval was obtained, and a retrospective chart review of all patients undergoing repair of symptomatic hernias using this new technique was carried out. Data collection included demographics, laterality of hernia, operative time, recurrence rate, and complications.

Results

Twenty-one patients (age 1-144 months) underwent hernia repair between October 2009 and October 2010 using a novel technique of transcutaneous transfixation ligature of the neck of the hernia sac. The mean operative time was 18 minutes (8-35 minutes). Follow-up was from 1 to 12 months. There was no intraoperative or postoperative complication and no recurrences to date.

Conclusion

The technique described is a modification of the existing laparoscopic-assisted transcutaneous inguinal hernia repair that more closely approximates the criterion standard open repair. The technique addresses some prevailing concerns with the initially described method of transcutaneous repair, and short-term outcomes are positive. Long-term outcomes remain to be defined.     

腹股沟疝日间手术与传统疝修补术、无张力修补住院手术的对比分析

目的 总结前入路开放式腹股沟疝的无张力修补技术,在952例日间手术患者的应用经验和体会,并阐明其与传统手术、无张力疝修补住院手术相比的优点.方法 2004年12月-2007年6月,首都医科大学附属北京友谊医院采用局部麻醉、无张力、日间手术的形式,治疗腹股沟疝、股疝共952例,并与传统手术、无张力修补住院手术在各个方面进行对比.结果 本组全部治愈,术中、术后痛苦小,所有患者术后仅应用少量口服镇痛药,无尿潴留,术后即可下床活动,恢复快,并发症少,手术结束2 h后即可出院回家,术后随访18个月,仅2例复发.结论 (1)与传统疝修补手术相比,腹股沟疝无张力修补日间手术具有方法简便、手术指征的更宽、术后恢复快、住院时间短、并发症少、复发率低的优点;与无张力修补住院手术相比,具有术后恢复快、住院时间短、费用低廉等优点;(2)腹股沟疝无张力修补日间手术是安全、可行的,并具有明显优势.     

硬膜外麻醉下腹腔镜全腹膜外疝修补术治疗成人腹股沟疝体会

目的总结硬膜外麻醉下腹腔镜全腹膜外疝修补术（TEP）的优点。探讨TEP手术的安全性、可行性、有效性及手术方法。方法回顾性分析26例腹股沟疝患者行TEP手术的临床资料。直疝6例,斜疝20例。单侧疝22例,双侧疝4例,其中复发疝2例。结果 26例腹股沟疝患者手术均成功,包括双侧疝共进行30例次TEP手术,均在40～110min完成,住院天数3～8d,平均4.6d。术后有1例出现阴囊内血肿,2例出现腹股沟区疼痛。随访3～12个月,无一例复发。结论硬膜外麻醉下行TEP具有手术安全可靠、对腹腔干扰小,术后恢复快、住院时间短,疼痛发生少、复发率低等优点。     

改良式腹腔镜腹膜外补片植入法疝修补术

目的探讨改进式腹腔镜腹膜外补片植入法腹股沟疝修补术的可行性及临床意义.方法回顾性分析我院2002年6月～2004年10月13例腹股沟疝进行的腹腔镜下经腹腔腹膜外补片植入法联合腹膜缝合覆盖修补术的临床资料.其中腹股沟斜疝9例,直疝4例;其中复发疝1例;右侧8例,左侧4例,双侧1例.结果手术均获成功,单侧手术时间35～85 min,平均50 min,无一例中转开腹,无术后并发症,术后平均住院时间2 d,13例随访1～28个月,平均12个月,无一例复发.结论腹腔镜下经腹腔途径腹膜外补片植入法联合腹膜缝合覆盖术是一种安全、可靠、疗效显著的腹股沟疝修补方法,具有手术操作简单、创伤小、术后疼痛轻、恢复快等优点,可以代替开放手术,值得推广应用.     

Adhesions after laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair

Prosthetic mesh for laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair has become popular but the method of its placement is controversial. Mesh placed within the peritoneum may cause adhesion formation and further complications. The aim of this study was to examine the laparoscopic placement of a mesh, comparing intraperitoneal vs extraperitoneal insertion. In a porcine model (n=15) a polypropylene mesh was placed laparoscopically over the anterior abdominal wall. On the left side the mesh was stapled on the parietal peritoneum. On the right side the peritoneum was incised, an extraperitoneal space was dissected, the mesh was inserted, and the peritoneum was closed over it. The animals were maintained for 2 weeks. At postmortem there were adhesions in two of those placed extraperitoneally and five of those placed intraperitoneally (P=0.19, Fisher's exact test). The adhesions comprised fibrous peritoneal bands to loops of small intestine. Both methods of laparoscopic mesh placement were associated with a small but significant incidence of adhesion formation.Paper based on a communication to the European Association for Endoscopic Surgery in Cologne, Germany, June 1993     

Inguinal hernia repair with the peduncled fascial flap: a new surgical technique

Introduction  This paper presents a new surgical technique of inguinal hernia repair in which both crura of the aponeurosis of the external oblique abdominal muscle and transverse fascia were used for complex reconstruction of the entire musculopectineal hiatus. Material and methods  Between 2nd December 2003 and 29th April 2005, 250 patients (233 male and 17 female) underwent inguinal hernia repairs using our own technique. The inguinal canal was opened together with the posterior wall, dividing the transverse fascia into two flaps. The lower flap was inserted into the femoral opening and sewn to the pectineal ligament, whereas the upper flap with both crura of the aponeurosis of the external oblique abdominal muscle were used for three-fascia reconstruction of the posterior wall of the inguinal canal. The study group was randomly chosen from patients undergoing surgery due to inguinal hernias in our hospital. Procedures were carried out under subarachnoid anaesthesia; postoperative pain was treated with methamizol or ketoprofen. Patients were discharged 48 h after surgery. Results  The postoperative complications included one hernia recurrence and one testicular atrophy. The remaining complications were transient and included prolonged wound healing, transient skin hypoaesthesia around the wound or testis oedema. Conclusions  The technique used strengthens the musculopectineal hiatus, effectively preventing recurrences of inguinal as well as femoral hernias.     

腹腔镜修补成年女性腹股沟疝的临床研究

目的探讨女性腹股沟疝的特殊性及腹腔镜下修补的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析2009年5月至2013年3月苏州大学附属第二医院普外科41例成年女性腹股沟疝腹腔镜下修补的临床资料。结果4l例（46侧）均在腹腔镜下顺利完成腹股沟疝修补术,其中完全腹膜外修补术（totallyextraperitoneal,TEP）28例（32侧）,经腹腹膜前修补术（transabdominalpreperitoneal,TAPP）11例（12侧）,腹腔内修补术（intraperitonealonlaymesh,IPOM）2例（2侧）。术中发现股疝误诊为腹股沟斜疝2例;3例术前诊断为单侧疝,术中发现对侧隐匿疝;2例患者术中发现合并子宫圆韧带囊肿,术后发生血清肿6例（14．6％）;修补区域异物感4例（9．8％）;术后急性疼痛5例（12．2％）,4例3～6周后基本缓解,1例持续疼痛2个月以上,无腹腔脏器损伤、术后出血、感染、术后尿潴留等并发症的发生,所有患者4周内基本恢复非限制性活动,随访期间各修补方式患者均无复发。结论腹腔镜下女性腹股沟疝修补方式覆盖了整个薄弱的耻骨肌孔区域,可以有效的防止女性腹股沟区继发疝的发生,并且具有创伤小、恢复快、美观等优点,术中子宫圆韧带连续性应尽量予以保留,有利于将来女性患者的生活。     

Towards a near-zero recurrence rate in laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair for pediatric patients of all ages

Background/Purpose

The recurrence rate in laparoscopic inguinal hernia (LIH) repair remains high. The aim of this study was to assess whether the introduction of technical improvements, including (1) decreasing tension on the purse-string knot when closing the internal hernia opening by injecting normal saline extraperitoneally, (2) using an airtight knot, and (3) stress-testing the airtightness of the knot by increasing intraperitoneal gas pressure, could eliminate recurrence in LIH repair in pediatric patients of all ages.

Methods

A retrospective review was performed of the prospectively collected data of 451 LIH repairs in 314 children of various ages in our institution from September 2002 to September 2006. The technical improvements mentioned above to prevent recurrence were introduced in the second half of the series of operations (tensionless repair [TL]). The data on both groups of operations were then compared.

Results

A total of 225 hernias were repaired in the first group (164 patients), compared with 226 in the TL group (150 patients). The differences between the ratio of boys to girls (129:35 vs 112:38) and the mean ages (50.84 ± 48.15 vs 45.59 ± 47.95 m) in the 2 groups were not statistically significant. The recurrence rate in the TL group was much lower than in the first group (0.4% vs 4.88%, P = .003). There was no postoperative testicular atrophy in either group of patients.

Conclusion

It is possible to achieve a near-zero recurrence rate in laparoscopic hernia repair in pediatric patients of all ages.     

Perioperative outcomes and complications of open vs laparoscopic extraperitoneal inguinal hernia repair in a mature surgical practice

Background: Although the laparoscopic totally extraperitoneal (TEP) approach to hernia repair has been associated with less pain and a faster postoperative recovery than traditional open repair, many practicing surgeons have been reluctant to adopt this technique because of the lengthy operative times and the learning curve for this procedure. Methods: Data from all patients undergoing TEP repair since 1997 and open mesh repair (OPEN) since 1999 were collected prospectively. Selection of surgical approach was based on local hernia factors, anesthetic risk, previous abdominal surgery, and patient preference. Statistical analyses were performed using unpaired t-tests and chi-squared tests. Data are mean ± SD. Results: TEP repairs were performed in 147 patients and open repairs in 198 patients. Patients in the OPEN group were significantly older (59 ± 19 years OPEN vs 51 ± 13 years TEP) and had a higher ASA (1.9 ± 0.7 OPEN vs 1.5 ± 0.6 TEP; p < 0.01). TEP repairs were more likely to be carried out for bilateral (33% TEP, 5% OPEN) or recurrent hernias (31% TEP, 11% OPEN) than were open repairs (p < 0.01). Concurrent procedures accompanied 31% of TEP and 12% of OPEN repairs (p < 0.01). Operative times (min) were significantly shorter in the TEP group for both unilateral (63 ± 22 TEP, 70 ± 20 OPEN; p = 0.02) and bilateral (78 ± 27 TEP, 102 ± 27 OPEN; p = 0.01) repairs. Mean operative times decreased over time in the TEP group for both unilateral and bilateral repairs (p < 0.01). Patients undergoing TEP were more likely (p < 0.01) to develop urinary retention (7.9% TEP, 1.1% OPEN), but were less likely (p < 0.01) to have skin numbness (2.8% TEP, 35.8% OPEN) or prolonged groin discomfort (1.4% TEP, 5.3% OPEN). Conclusions: Despite a higher proportion of patients undergoing bilateral repairs, recurrent hernia repair, and concurrent procedures, operative times are shorter for laparoscopic TEP repair than for open mesh repair. TEP repairs can be performed efficiently and without major complications, even when the learning curve is included. Presented at the Annual Meeting of the Society of American Gastrointestinal and Endoscopic Surgeons, March 2003, Los Angeles, CA, USA