肾盂输尿管连接部狭窄182例手术资料分析

目的 观察各种术式治疗肾盂输尿管连接部狭窄的效果,总结手术经验.方法 对182例接受手术治疗的肾盂输尿管连接部狭窄患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,分析各种术式的手术效果.结果 根据病情选择双肾造瘘1例,单侧肾切除7例,开放性离断性肾盂成形术116例,输尿管松解术12例,后腹腔镜肾盂成形术46例.均无并发症,随访3～24个月,腰痛症状消失,复查彩超和(或)静脉肾盂造影(IVU)示肾积水缓解.结论 肾盂输尿管连接部狭窄手术方式较多,可根据病情具体选择.     

腹腔镜肾盂成形术治疗婴幼儿肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻性肾积水疗效观察

目的 探讨腹腔镜肾盂成形术治疗婴幼儿肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻的临床疗效.方法 选择79例肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻患儿,根据患儿病情、各项检查结果及患儿家长意愿分别进行传统开放式手术和腹腔镜下肾盂成形术.结果 腹腔镜手术31例,成功29例,2例转为小切口辅助;手术时间110 ～ 230 min、平均145 min,术中出血均小于5 mL.传统开放手术48例,手术时间55～ 105 min、平均79 min,术中出血5～ 10 mL.两组术后均恢复良好,术后6个月复查均未出现尿外渗和肾盂增大,吻合口通畅无狭窄.结 论腹腔镜肾盂成形术治疗婴幼儿肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻与传统开放式手术有同等疗效,但腹腔镜下治疗对手术技术和操作经验要求较高,年龄小于6个月患儿仍建议采用传统手术治疗.     

离断性肾盂成形术治疗肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻效果观察

目的探讨离断性肾盂成形术治疗肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻的效果及安全性。方法将30例肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻患者随机分为观察组12例和对照组18例,分别行离断性肾盂成形术、非离断性肾盂成形术。术后观察两组肾积水改善情况、手术时间、出血量、住院时间、并发症发生率、治疗前后肾动脉血流参数及血清ICAM-1、VCAM-1水平变化。结果两组手术时间及住院时间均无显著差异;观察组术后无肾积水比例显著高于对照组,出血量、并发症发生率均显著低于对照组,肾动脉血流参数指标及血清ICAM-1、VCAM-1水平改善情况均优于对照组（P〈0.05或0.01）。结论离断性肾盂成形术治疗肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻效果好、安全性高。     

腹腔镜肾盂离断成形术的改良

对21例肾盂输尿管连接部狭窄患者行肾盂输尿管离断成形术，采用折叠缝合处理宽大肾盂，并对腹腔镜下放置双J管的方法加以改进。结果在手术时间、术中出血量及术后并发症方面，均优于传统术式。认为改良法使手术难度明显减小，手术时间缩短，特别适用于刚开展腹腔镜手术的单位。     

后腹腔镜与开放性离断式肾盂成形术治疗肾孟输尿管连接部梗阻疗效比较

目的：比较后腹腔镜与开放性离断式肾盂成形术治疗肾孟输尿管连接部梗阻（ UPJO）的手术效果。方法选择行后腹腔镜下离断式肾盂成形术的UPJO患者125例（后腹腔镜组）、开放性离断式肾盂成形术的UPJO患者57例（开放手术组）,比较两组手术时间、术中出血量、术后住院时间等。结果两组均成功完成手术,后腹腔镜手术组术中无一例中转开放手术。后腹腔镜组与开放手术组的手术时间分别为（150±55）、（180±45）min,术中出血量（30±10）、（120±50）mL,术后住院时间（6±1）、（9±2）d,两组比较差异均有统计学意义（P均＜0．05）;并发症发生率分别为3．2％、3．5％、术后成功率分别为97．3％、95．8％,两组比较差异均无统计学意义（P均＞0．05）。结论后腹腔镜肾盂离断式成形术是一种治疗UPJO微创、安全和有效的手术方法,具有成功率高、恢复快和预后好等优点。     

后腹腔镜离断性肾盂成形术治疗小儿肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻疗效观察

目的观察后腹腔镜离断性肾盂成形术治疗小儿肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻（UPJO）的疗效。方法采用后腹腔镜离断性肾盂成形术治疗UPJO患儿26例,为观察组。另取32例采用传统开放手术治疗的UPJO患儿为对照组。结果两组手术均顺利完成。两组手术时间、术后腹膜后引流管留置时间、并发症、临床疗效相比P均〉0.05;观察组患儿术中出血量、止痛药使用时间、术后住院时间、术后恢复正常生活时间均少于对照组（P均〈0.05）。结论 后腹腔镜离断性肾盂成形术治疗小儿UPJO安全、创伤小、疼痛轻、恢复快、手术效果确切。     

经皮肾镜碎石术联合电切开术治疗肾内型肾盂肾结石伴UPJ狭窄疗效观察

目的观察经皮肾镜碎石术联合狭窄段电切开术治疗肾内型肾盂结石伴肾盂输尿管连接部狭窄的疗效。方法采用经皮肾镜碎石术联合狭窄段电切开术治疗14例肾内型肾盂肾结石伴肾盂输尿管连接部狭窄患者。结果 14例均一期完成手术,一次清石率92.8%（13/14）。术后随访6个月-2 a,行静脉肾盂造影检查无再狭窄者。无大出血等严重并发症。结论经皮肾镜碎石术联合狭窄段电切开术治疗肾内型肾盂肾结石伴肾盂输尿管连接部狭窄效果满意。     

腹腔镜联合胆道镜治疗老年肾盂输尿管连接部狭窄并发肾结石对机体应激性反应的影响

目的观察腹腔镜联合胆道镜治疗肾盂输尿管连接部狭窄并发肾结石老年患者对机体应激性反应的影响。方法选择该院于2012年1月至2014年8月收治的需行手术治疗肾盂输尿管连接部狭窄并发肾结石老年患者40例,按照数字随机法分为两组,每组20例,对照组采取开放手术治疗,观察组采取腹腔镜联合胆道镜治疗,比较两组患者不同时间一氧化氮(NO)、热休克蛋白(HSP)70、白细胞介素(IL)-6及C反应蛋白(CRP)变化。结果观察组手术时间、术中出血量、术后排气时间及术后住院时间均显著低于对照组(均P0.05)。观察组手术开始1 h、术后1、3 d CRP、HSP70、血浆IL-6、NO表达水平均低于对照组(均P0.05)。结论腹腔镜联合胆道镜治疗肾盂输尿管连接部狭窄并发肾结石老年患者对机体应激性反应影响较小,术后恢复快,具有重要临床价值。     

肾盂成形术联合输尿管软镜取石术治疗输尿管梗阻合并肾脏结石的疗效观察

目的探究腹腔镜下肾盂成形术联合输尿管软镜取石术治疗肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻(UPJO)合并肾脏结石疗效。方法 31例UPJO合并肾脏结石患者均行腹腔镜下肾盂成形术与输尿管软镜取石术联合治疗,统计手术用时、术中出血量、术后留院观察时间、结石取净率、手术成功率及并发症发生情况。结果 31例患者手术均顺利完成,结石取净率100.00%,手术用时95~192(110.23±11.65)min,术中失血量22~38(30.58±5.31)ml,术后留院观察时间5~8(6.31±1.02)d;未出现并发症;双J管拔除1个月后复查显示,手术成功率为90.32%(28/31)。结论镜下肾盂成形术与输尿管软镜取石术联合治疗安全、有效。     

腹腔镜膀胱肌瓣代输尿管术治疗输尿管长段狭窄24例

目的：观察腹腔镜膀胱肌瓣代输尿管术治疗输尿管长段狭窄的临床效果。方法24例输尿管中下段狭窄患者,采用经腹腔途径腹腔镜膀胱肌瓣代输尿管术治疗,随访复查泌尿系超声,观察肾积水、输尿管扩张及膀胱容量恢复情况;复查肾动态显像,观察肾功能恢复情况。结果24例患者均顺利完成手术,术后出现漏尿2例,经充分引流后好转;支架管脱落4例;无腹腔镜脏器损伤及感染等并发症。术后随访8～24个月、平均12．6个月,未出现肾积水加重及输尿管继发狭窄等;肾功能较前有所恢复或无明显变化,未出现加重的情况。术后4～6个月膀胱容量基本恢复至术前水平。结论腹腔镜膀胱肌瓣代输尿管术治疗输尿管长段狭窄,创伤小,恢复快,疗效确切。     

Transposition and fixation of lower pole crossing vessel in children with ureteropelvic junction obstruction: A STROBE-compliant study

Chapman and Hellstrom techniques are typically employed to transpose renal lower pole crossing vessels (LPCVs). Both procedures have certain limitations. We investigated the midterm outcomes in pediatric patients in whom LPCV-induced ureteropelvic junction obstruction was treated with either dismembered Anderson-Hynes pyeloplasty or upward transposition coupled with a new technique to fix the LPCV.We retrospectively compared Anderson-Hynes pyeloplasty to the new technique in terms of outcome. LPCV transposition was considered feasible in patients in whom the diuretic loading test revealed a decrease in the pelvic volume after correction of vascular compression as well as absence of structural changes in the ureteropelvic junction (UPJ) and hemodynamic compromise of the lower renal pole. The fascial flap was passed below the LPCV to form a “hammock”. The free edge of the flap was sutured to its base.Group 1 consisted of 102 (69.9%) patients (median age: 7.9 years) undergoing dismembered Anderson-Hynes pyeloplasty, while group 2 included 44 (30.1%) patients (median age: 8.4 years) treated with upward transposition and the new technique to fix the LPCV. No intra-operative complications or conversions occurred in either group. Redo-pyeloplasty was performed in 3 (2.9%) children of group 1 and 1 (2.3%) child of group 2. Renal ultrasonography conducted 12 months after surgery revealed similar anteroposterior diameters of the renal pelvis in groups 1 (7.9 ± 8.1 mm) and 2 (6.0 ± 2.9 mm). Patients in both groups showed a non-significant median increase in differential renal function at follow-up after at least 1 year after surgery (group 1: 36% [33.3; 40.5] vs 36.5% [35.3; 41.0]; group 2: 41% [37.5; 46.0] vs 43% [39; 46]).In our patients, the new technique for laparoscopic or open fixation of the obstructing vessel after transposition was effective, reproducible, and devoid of limitations typical for the Chapman and Hellstrom techniques. We recommend Anderson-Hynes pyeloplasty in children with a history of hydronephrosis diagnosed antenatally, recurrent abdominal pain, intra-operative absence of peristalsis across the UPJ, high location of the UPJ at the renal pelvis, or intra-operative absence of volume reduction of the renal pelvis upon furosemide testing.     

Minimal invasive pyeloplasty technique with vertical surgical approach: an alternative to laparoscopic pyeloplasty

This retrospective clinical study presents pyeloplasty results following a muscle-splitting dissection, with mini-flank incision, using instruments held in a vertical position. Between 2004 and 2010, dismembered pyeloplasty (Anderson-Hynes) was performed in 37 cases (32 males and 5 females) with an average age of 26 years (range, 20-56 years). The technique was carried out through a window opened by separating the lateral abdominal muscles. Operation duration, length of incision, postoperative pain, complications, and radiological and clinical results were discussed. The operation duration was between 50 and 90 minutes (average=65 minutes), the incisional length 5 and 7 cm (average=5.2 cm), and visual pain scale was 4.1 ± 3.1 and 3.3 ± 3.4 at 4 and 24 hours after the operation, respectively. The duration of hospitalization was between 30 and 120 hours (average=42 hours). In a retrospective analysis of our study, one case was reoperated on, following recurrence with obstruction, there were 9 cases with prolonged dilation in response to diuretics and 29 cases with complete recovery. Pyeloplasty operations, with a vertical surgical approach through smaller incisions and muscle separation, offered shorter periods of hospitalization, less postoperative pain, acceptable cosmetic results and higher rates of functional recovery.     

The Robotic-Assisted Laparoscopy,Isthmusectomy, and Pyeloplasty in a Patient With Horseshoe Kidney: A Case Report

The aim of this case report was to evaluate the results of isthmusectomy and pyeloplasty of horseshoe kidney with the da Vinci robotic-assisted laparoscopy system.This case presented 1 patient with left back pain, associated with lower abdominal pain, and then she underwent the isthmusectomy and dismembered pyeloplasty using robotic-assisted laparoscopy simultaneously. The operation was performed by a transperitoneal approach using 5 ports.We cut the renal isthmus by means of bipolar scissors and then closed the renal parenchyma with 3–0 absorbed stitches. The total operation time was 123 min including simultaneous dismembered pyeloplasty. Blood loss was <50 mL. There were no complications either during or after the procedure. The oral nutrition and mobilization were included on the second day after surgery. The peritoneal drainage was removed on the eighth day. Long-term follow-up after treatment showed good results.The da Vinci robotic-assisted laparoscopy is an alternative to open surgery and laparoscopy, particularly in the correction of congenital defects of the urinary tract. Furthermore, the da Vinci robotic-assisted laparoscopy technique in isthmusectomy and pyeloplasty is safe for patient as shown by our results.     

Coronary angioplasty immediately after intracoronary thrombolysis during the acute phase of myocardial infarction

Since the introduction of intracoronary thrombolysis in the acute phase of myocardial infarction, all workers have observed a high incidence of coronary reocclusion (about 20%) essentially in the first hours and days after coronary recanalisation (CR). This had led to some groups carrying out transluminal coronary angioplasty (TCA) at the same time as CR by thrombolysis in situ to treat significant residual postthrombolysis stenosis. This french multicentre study carried out in 5 centres concerned 9 men (average age: 46.1 years) with 5 anterior infarcts (total thrombosis of the LAD artery) and 4 inferior infarcts (total thrombosis of the right coronary artery-RCA). Intracoronary trinitrate was ineffective in relieving the occlusion in all cases. In 5 cases, the thrombolytic protocol was streptokinase (SK) 3 000 u/min for 60 minutes; in the other 4 cases, the plasminogen-urokinase (Pg-UK) protocol was used. Thrombolysis was successful in all 9 cases. The results of TCA performed at the same time were also good (8/9 successes; 4 LAD and 4 RCA) without any complications during the procedure. There was only one immediate post-TCA reocclusion on a LAD artery. In all cases the initial ECG appearances of infarction remained, CR only appearing to prevent extension of the necrosis. The successful results of CR + TCA were maintained in 6 out of 7 patients reinvestigated 2 days to 6 months (average 6 months) after the initial procedure: the only case of reocclusion occurred after 48 hours on a RCA. The overall procedure never exceeded 2 hours.     

Ureteropelvic junction obstruction.

Physicians sometimes forget nongastrointestinal causes of abdominal pain. Yet, abdominal pain was the major complaint of three patients with ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJ). Definitive diagnosis can be made either by a "hydration" intravenous pyelogram or by an intravenous pyelogram during an attack.     

Thrombocytosis in young people: Evaluation of 57 cases diagnosed before the age of 40

Summary Over the past 13 years 57 cases of primary thrombocytosis in young people have been studied. Only patients with a platelet count over 500×10⁹/liter and a follow-up longer than 2 years were considered. Thrombocytosis in young people represents approximately 25% of total cases referred to our department during this period. The most common causes are essential thrombocythemia (20 cases) and secondary thrombocytosis (22 cases). The highest platelet counts are found in essential thrombocythemia patients. Most of our patients were discovered by a fortuitous hematological examination. In contrast, 5 out of the polycythemic patients were recognized after a thrombosis. The same was true for 2 out of 20 essential thrombocythemia subjects. Four subjects (2 essential thrombocythemia and 2 secondary thrombocytosis) were diagnosed after hemorrhages. The overall survival was very good except for leukemic patients and thrombocytosis secondary to neoplasms. Vascular complications after diagnosis were scarce: 2 polycythemia vera patients showed bleedings during antiaggregating therapy. None of our patients developed epithelial cancer, malignant lymphoma or myelofibrosis. Vascular traumata seem more frequent in polycythemia vera regardless of age. Therefore, it seems useful to treat polycythemic patients, while no therapy seems to be indicated in other forms of thrombocytosis.This study was supported in part by grants from M.P.I., Rome (grant 1592/1988) and from the Veneto Regional Government, Venice, Italy     

Clindamycin for the treatment of falciparum malaria in Sudan

Clindamycin, 5 mg/kg twice a day for 5 days, was used to treat falciparum malaria after clinical and parasitological diagnosis at a health station in Faki Hashim, a suburb of Khartoum, Sudan. Twenty out of twenty-six patients enrolled completed the study. Giemsa-stained thick blood films were negative for asexual parasites by day 7 in 17 patients and by day 8 in the remaining 3. All were examined on days 14 or 28; 2 who had initially been cleared by day 6 had asymptomatic low density asexual parasitemia on day 14, which disappeared without treatment by day 28, and 2 others initially cleared by day 5 were similarly positive at day 28. Reinfection in these patients cannot be ruled out. Of the 6 patients withdrawn from the study, 2 took chloroquine independently, 1 developed vomiting, 1 developed diarrhea, 1 acquired a circumoral maculopapular rash, and 1 had an increasing parasitemia on day 3 and was switched to chloroquine. Generally, the treatment was without toxicity and was well received. Clindamycin proved satisfactory for the treatment of simple cases of falciparum malaria in the field in Africa.     

A vignette-based survey to assess clinical decision making regarding antibiotic use and hospitalization of patients with probable aseptic meningitis

BACKGROUND:

The many etiologies of meningitis influence disease severity – most viral causes are self-limiting, while bacterial etiologies require antibiotics and hospitalization. Aided by laboratory findings, the physician judges whether to admit and empirically treat the patient (presuming a bacterial cause), or to treat supportively as if it were viral.

OBJECTIVE:

To determine factors that lead infectious disease specialists to admit and treat in cases of suspected meningitis.

METHODS:

A clinical vignette describing a typical case of viral meningitis in the emergency department was presented to clinicians. They were asked to indicate on a Likert scale the likelihood of administering empirical antibiotics and admitting the patient from the vignette and for eight subsequent scenarios (with varied case features). The process was repeated in the context of an inpatient following initial observation and/or treatment.

RESULTS:

Participants were unlikely to admit or to administer antibiotics in the baseline scenario, but a low Glasgow Coma Score or a high cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) white blood cell count with a high neutrophil percentage led to empirical treatment and admission. These factors were less influential after a negative bacterial CSF culture. These same clinical variables led to maintaining treatment and hospitalization of the inpatient.

CONCLUSIONS:

Most participants chose not to admit or treat the patient in the baseline vignette. Confusion and CSF white blood cell count (and neutrophil predominance) were the main influences in determining treatment and hospitalization. A large range of response scores was likely due to differing regional practices or to different levels of experience.     

Vascular pathology of the portal vein distal branches: a rare cause of liver transplantation and a protean clinical presentation

We report 5 cases of liver transplantation which showed phlebosclerotic lesions of the distal portal vein on the explant confirming a diagnosis of hepatoportal sclerosis. This lesion was associated with nodular regenerative hyperplasia (2 cases), incomplete septal cirrhosis (4 cases) and tumors (2 cases, 1 adenoma and 1 hepatocellular carcinoma). Indications for transplant were chronic liver failure (1 case), encephalopathy without liver insufficiency (2 cases), an adenoma (1 case), a liver mass (1 case). Three patients out of 5 had a past history of surgical portacaval shunts to treat variceal bleeding non related to cirrhosis, one had a spontaneous portacaval shunt, and 2 had undergone a splenectomy for pancytopenia. The review of liver biopsies (4 cases out of 5) performed during surgery showed distal portal vein phlebosclerotic lesions. The diagnosis of hepatoportal sclerosis associated with complications, which is obvious retrospectively, is seldom made prior to transplantation. Portacaval shunts could play at least a partial role in the progressive deterioration of the liver.     

Rupture of renal pelvis in an adult with congenital ureteropelvic junction obstruction after blunt abdominal trauma

Isolated injury to the renal pelvis following blunt abdominal trauma is very rare. However, a pre-existing renal abnormality will increase the risk of rupture. We present a 24-year-old man with rupture of the left renal pelvis following blunt abdominal trauma. He had pre-existing left ureteropelvic junction (UPJ) obstruction. Delayed computed tomography scan with excretory phase revealed contrast medium extravasation from the left UPJ, and left renal pelvis rupture was diagnosed. He was managed successfully with ureteral double-J stenting for 2 months.