11526例中老年人血压、吸烟、体重指数与全死因的8年随访COX回归分析

目的探讨广西40岁以上人群全死因构成比及影响因素.方法在1991年全国高血压调查的基础上,对广西40岁以上的11 526人进行随访调查,到死亡者死亡时所在医院核实死因,取得其全死因资料.结果死因顺位1～6位的疾病分别是脑卒中、肺部疾病、癌症、原因不明的死亡、心肌梗塞及消化性疾病.全死因COX回归分析表明,舒张压每增高1mmHg,总的死亡相对危险度增加0.01;收缩压增高未对总死因产生影响;吸烟者的总的死亡相对危险度是不吸烟者的1.48倍;有心肌梗塞史者的总死亡相对危险度是无心肌梗塞者的3.11倍;有脑卒中史者的总死亡相对危险度是无脑卒中史者的1.95倍;男性比女性的总死亡发生率高.各死亡原因的COX回归分析表明,血压升高增加脑卒中、冠心病、癌症和糖尿病的相对死亡危险;吸烟增加冠心病、脑卒中、呼吸性疾病、癌症死亡的相对危险;体重指数升高增加脑卒中、冠心病及癌症死亡的相对危险.结论高血压、吸烟、有心肌梗塞及脑卒中史、男性人群是中老年人总死亡的危险因素.     

南通市脑卒中横断面研究

目的：了解南通市脑卒中现患和死亡情况及相关危险因素。方法：对2000年死因年报和慢病基线调查资料进行分析。结果：脑卒中死亡居死因第3位，死亡率129．98／l0万，35岁以上人群现患率7．89‰，有无高血压、冠心病、糖尿病史者患脑卒中的现患相对比分别为24．57、7．75、5．08，肥胖与吸烟对脑卒中患病均存在剂量—反应关系。结论：脑卒中是当地主要疾病和死亡原因之一，应采取控制高血压等为主的综合干预措施。     

汕头市男性居民吸烟与慢性病关系的前瞻性研究

目的　前瞻性研究男性吸烟死因模式 ,探讨男性吸烟与慢性病死亡的相互关系。方法　在 1991年对 2 133例男性居民进行吸烟史与健康的基线调查 ,分析两者的关系 ;将基线调查的对象列入观察队列进行前瞻性调查 ,分析吸烟对慢性病死亡的影响 ,终点指标为全死因和与烟草有关的疾病。结果　经过 194 5 5人年的观察 ,死亡 2 33例 ,迁出 2 0 5例 ,存活 16 95例。用多元Cox生存分析模型分析显示 ,吸烟者全死因、呼吸系统疾病、心脑血管意外、肿瘤等死因的RR值分别为 1 91,1 4 9,1 4 3和 1 76。吸烟者肺癌、冠心病和慢性阻塞性肺气肿等死因的RR值都较高 ,分别为 5 5 4 ,1 4 2和 3 0 5。结论　吸烟是汕头市男性居民的主要死因之一 ,吸烟者与烟草有关疾病的死亡危险高于不吸烟者。     

吸烟与颈动脉斑块形成及其性质的相关性研究

目的探讨吸烟与中老年男性颈动脉斑块形成及其性质之间的关系。方法研究对象来自原卫生部脑卒中高危人群筛查和干预项目筛查出的脑卒中高危人群。在排除了既往有心脑血管疾病史、已戒烟、颈动脉超声结果为同时含有稳定与不稳定两种斑块及筛查资料不全的人群后,最终选取深圳市梅林一村等6个社区中自愿参加脑卒中筛查的736例40岁以上男性常住户籍居民为研究对象进行分析。结果在调整了年龄、高血压、糖尿病、肥胖、大量饮酒、三酰甘油升高、总胆固醇升高、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇升高及高密度脂蛋白胆固醇降低等混杂因素后,吸烟者与不吸烟者相比,颈动脉稳定斑块和不稳定斑块形成危险均显著增加（OR=1.746,95%CI 1.149~2.653,P=0.009和OR=2.308,95%CI 1.405~3.793,P=0.001）;在将不同吸烟总量分级分析后发现,随吸烟总量等级升高两种斑块形成危险均显著增加,其中颈动脉稳定斑块形成危险随等级升高分别是不吸烟组的1.7倍（P=0.051）、1.9倍（P=0.016）、3.5倍（P=0.001）,颈动脉不稳定斑块形成危险分别是不吸烟组的1.8倍（P=0.060）、2.5倍（P=0.005）、3.3倍（P=0.010）;吸烟对两种斑块的影响差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论深圳市中老年男性吸烟增加颈动脉斑块形成的危险,且随吸烟总量等级的增大,颈动脉斑块形成的危险随之增大,但不影响斑块的稳定性。     

小剂量Aspirin既有效,副作用又少

曾患过暂时性脑缺血发作或轻度缺血性脑卒中的患者,因全血管性因素、非致死性脑卒中或非致死性心肌梗塞为其死因,死亡的危险度每年是7％～12％。根据抗血小板试验协作组全体分析结果提示,给予中等量或大量(300mg～1500mg/日)Aspirin(阿司匹林),可使这类血管性疾病发生率降低20％～     

内蒙古东部脑卒中亚型的临床特征、危险因素比较及入院血压与出院结局关系的研究

1 研究背景 在世界范围内,脑卒中是导致居民死亡的第3位死因和致残的主要原因.目前,在我国,脑卒中也是导致居民死亡的前3位死因和高致残与高疾病负担的主要原因.我国人群流行病学调查表明,脑卒中的发病率为250/10万,而冠心病发病率为50/10万,脑卒中发病率是冠心病的5倍.脑卒中和冠心病共同的病理基础是动脉粥样硬化.这两种疾病在人群中有相似的危险因素,如年龄、吸烟、饮酒、高血压、糖尿病和血脂异常等,但有不同的分布和结局,其原因是否与致病危险因素分布的差异或与危险因素的聚集作用不同有关,鲜为人知.前瞻性队列研究和临床试验证明,高血压是脑卒中发病的最重要的可改变的危险因素.但目前没有关于中国人群脑卒中急性期患者血压和临床结局关系方面的报道.     

肺心病标化截缩死亡率与吸烟关系的队列研究

作者采用队列研究方法对农民肺心病标化截缩死亡率与吸烟的关系进行了研究。对３５岁以上的农民２９４９８人５年随访的结果显示：肺心病死亡在全死因中的构成比为３０．３５％，居首位；男女性吸烟率分别为８６．４８％和３８．９６％；男女吸烟者肺心病标化死亡率与不吸烟者差异无显著性，相对危险度（ＲＲ）为１左右（Ｐ＞０．０５）；按性别和年龄分层分析表明各年龄组肺心病标化死亡率随年龄增大而增高，其间无显著性差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）；肺心病标化截缩死亡率随累计吸烟量增加而升高，虽然小剂量短时期吸烟与肺心病标化截缩死亡率间的关系不明显，ＲＲ也为１左右（Ｐ＞０．０５），但是，当累计吸烟总量达一定阈值时，（吸晒烟量达２７０ｋｇ以上，吸香烟量达２００００包以上），其ＲＲ为１．４０～３．９４；归因危险度为１７１～１６１０／１０万人年（Ｐ＜０．０５～０．０１）。     

肺心病标化截缩死亡率与吸烟关系的队列研究

作者采用队列研究方法对农民肺心病标化截缩死亡率与吸烟的关系进行了研究。对３５岁以上的农民２９４９８人５年随访的结果显示：肺心病死亡在全死因中的构成比为３０．３５％，居首位；男女性吸烟率分别为８６．４８％和３８．９６％；男女吸烟者肺心病标化死亡率与不吸烟者差异无显著性，相对危险度（ＲＲ）为１左右，按性别和年龄分层分析表明各年龄组肺心病标化死亡率随年龄增大而增高，其间无显著性差异，肺心病标化截缩死亡率     

多重动脉粥样硬化患者踝臂指数与全因、心因性死亡的相关性研究

目的探讨踝臂指数作为冠心病独立危险因素的地位和作用。通过随访,评估不同ABI水平对于具有多重动脉粥样硬化危险因素的住院患者长期预后的意义、目前所需采取的措施。方法多中心随机抽取符合条件的3 732例住院患者,分为≤0.4,0.4相似文献   

吸烟与肝癌关系的病例对照研究

[目的 ]评估吸烟对肝癌发生、发展的影响 .[方法 ]在中国 2 4个城市和 74个农村地区 ,随机选择了 196 13名死于肝癌的吸烟者和 770 6名死于肝硬化的吸烟者进行回顾性调查研究 .[结果 ]吸烟可以导致肝癌的超额死亡 ,在 35岁以上的男性吸烟者中 ,肝癌的超额死亡率为 36 % ,吸烟者和非吸烟者导致肝癌的相对危险度为 1 36 ,95 %可信区间为 1 2 9～ 1 4 3,女性吸烟者和非吸烟者的相对危险度为1 2 7,95 %可信区间为 1 16～ 1 36 .每日吸烟量同肝癌的死亡也呈显著的正向关系 .[结论 ]吸烟可能增加患肝癌的风险     

老年缺血性脑卒中合并心房颤动及冠心病患者的6年预后随访研究

背景　近年来,心房颤动（简称房颤）合并冠心病患者在临床上越来越受到关注,新近的临床研究主要集中于脑卒中和血栓栓塞事件的预防和治疗。目的　评估老年缺血性脑卒中合并房颤及冠心病患者的远期生存率,分析影响预后的危险因素。方法　本研究为回顾性队列研究,回顾性分析2012年1月-2014年10月首次因急性缺血性脑卒中入住北京医院神经内科病房的患者406例,从中选取同时满足房颤和冠心病诊断标准的60岁以上老年患者共计164例作为脑血管病组,并从心内科同期住院患者中选取年龄、性别、共病种类与其相匹配的房颤合并冠心病但无脑血管病患者164例作为非脑血管病组。收集两组患者的临床资料：包含人口统计学信息、疾病种类、用药种类、血压、心率、合并心脏基础疾病及其他疾病、实验室指标、超声心动图结果、治疗方案;分别通过CHA2DS2-VASc评分、CHADS2评分评估患者的脑卒中及血栓栓塞发生风险,应用HAS-BLED评分评估出血风险,并在其出院后通过定期电话随访、门诊及住院志查询等方式随访至少6年,记录其死亡、再住院次数及主要不良心血管事件（MACE）发生情况,探讨影响其远期预后的因素。结果　脑血管病组合并高脂血症比例、慢性胃肠病比例低于非脑血管病组,LVEDD、CHA2DS2-VASc评分、CHADS2评分、HAS-BLED评分高于非脑血管病组（P<0.05）。脑血管病组164例患者失访2例（失访率1.2%）,死亡80例（49.4%）,根据生存结局分为死亡组（80例）和存活组（82例）。死亡组患者年龄大于存活组,收缩压、舒张压、合并高血压比例、合并高脂血症比例、血清蛋白、使用他汀类药物比例低于存活组,心率和合并陈旧性心肌梗死、心力衰竭、慢性肾病比例及纽约心脏病协会（NYHA）心功能分级、D-二聚体、N末端B型钠尿肽前体（NT-proBNP）高于存活组（P<0.05）。多因素Cox比例风险回归模型分析结果显示,年龄每增加10岁〔HR=1.63,95%CI（1.05,2.51）〕、陈旧性心肌梗死〔HR=2.19,95%CI（1.14,4.22）〕和D-二聚体≥148 μg/L〔HR=6.99,95%CI（2.10,23.28）〕是老年缺血性脑卒中合并房颤及冠心病患者远期死亡的危险因素,高血压〔HR=0.28,95%CI（0.11,0.72）〕和使用他汀类药物〔HR=0.38,95%CI（0.19,0.78）〕是患者远期死亡的保护因素。结论　房颤合并冠心病患者在首次发生脑血管病后,其远期死亡与并存的脑血管病无关,而与增龄、陈旧性心肌梗死病史及D-二聚体水平有关,维持适当高的血压水平和应用他汀类药物可能会降低远期死亡率。     

Physical fitness and all-cause mortality. A prospective study of healthy men and women

We studied physical fitness and risk of all-cause and cause-specific mortality in 10,224 men and 3120 women who were given a preventive medical examination. Physical fitness was measured by a maximal treadmill exercise test. Average follow-up was slightly more than 8 years, for a total of 110,482 person-years of observation. There were 240 deaths in men and 43 deaths in women. Age-adjusted all-cause mortality rates declined across physical fitness quintiles from 64.0 per 10,000 person-years in the least-fit men to 18.6 per 10,000 person-years in the most-fit men (slope, -4.5). Corresponding values for women were 39.5 per 10,000 person-years to 8.5 per 10,000 person-years (slope, -5.5). These trends remained after statistical adjustment for age, smoking habit, cholesterol level, systolic blood pressure, fasting blood glucose level, parental history of coronary heart disease, and follow-up interval. Lower mortality rates in higher fitness categories also were seen for cardiovascular disease and cancer of combined sites. Attributable risk estimates for all-cause mortality indicated that low physical fitness was an important risk factor in both men and women. Higher levels of physical fitness appear to delay all-cause mortality primarily due to lowered rates of cardiovascular disease and cancer.     

Low risk-factor profile and long-term cardiovascular and noncardiovascular mortality and life expectancy: findings for 5 large cohorts of young adult and middle-aged men and women

CONTEXT: Three major coronary risk factors-serum cholesterol level, blood pressure, and smoking-increase incidence of coronary heart disease (CHD) and related end points. In previous investigations, risks for low-risk reference groups were estimated statistically because samples contained too few such people to measure risk. OBJECTIVE: To measure long-term mortality rates for individuals with favorable levels for all 3 major risk factors, compared with others. DESIGN: Two prospective studies, involving 5 cohorts based on age and sex, that enrolled persons with a range of risk factors. Low risk was defined as serum cholesterol level less than 5.17 mmol/L (<200 mg/dL), blood pressure less than orequal to 120/80 mm Hg, and no current cigarette smoking. All persons with a history of diabetes, myocardial infarction (MI), or, in 3 of 5 cohorts, electrocardiogram (ECG) abnormalities, were excluded. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: In 18 US cities, a total of 72144 men aged 35 through 39 years and 270671 men aged 40 through 57 years screened (1973-1975) for the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial (MRFIT); in Chicago, a total of 10025 men aged 18 through 39 years, 7490 men aged 40 through 59 years, and 6229 women aged 40 through 59 years screened (1967-1973) for the Chicago Heart Association Detection Project in Industry (CHA) (N = 366559). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Cause-specific mortality during 16 (MRFIT) and 22 (CHA) years, relative risks (RRs) of death, and estimated greater life expectancy, comparing low-risk subcohorts vs others by age strata. RESULTS: Low-risk persons comprised only 4.8% to 9.9% of the cohorts. All 5 low-risk groups experienced significantly and markedly lower CHD and cardiovascular disease death rates than those who had elevated cholesterol level, or blood pressure, or smoked. For example, age-adjusted RRs of CHD mortality ranged from 0.08 for CHA men aged 18 to 39 years to 0.23 for CHA men aged 40 through 59 years. The age-adjusted relative risks (RRs) for all cardiovascular disease mortality ranged from 0.15 for MRFIT men aged 35 through 39 years to 0.28 for CHA men aged 40 through 59 years. The age-adjusted RR for all-cause mortality rate ranged from 0.42 for CHA men aged 40 through 59 years to 0.60 for CHA women aged 40 through 59 years. Estimated greater life expectancy for low-risk groups ranged from 5.8 years for CHA women aged 40 through 59 years to 9.5 years for CHA men aged 18 through 39 years. CONCLUSIONS: Based on these very large cohort studies, for individuals with favorable levels of cholesterol and blood pressure who do not smoke and do not have diabetes, MI, or ECG abnormalities, long-term mortality is much lower and longevity is much greater. A substantial increase in the proportion of the population at lifetime low risk could contribute decisively to ending the CHD epidemic.     

Mortality from coronary heart disease and stroke in relation to degree of glycaemia: the Whitehall study

In the Whitehall study of 18 403 male civil servants aged 40-64 years the 10 year mortality rates from coronary heart disease and stroke showed a non-linear relation to two hour blood glucose values, with a significantly increased risk for glucose intolerant subjects with concentrations above the 95th centile point (5.4-11.0 mmol/l; 96-199 mg/100 ml) and for diabetics (blood glucose greater than or equal to 11.1 mmol/l; greater than or equal to 200 mg/100 ml). Multiple logistic analysis showed that between one half and three quarters of the relative risks for deaths from coronary heart disease and stroke were "unexplained" by between group differences in risk factors such as age, blood pressure, obesity, smoking, cholesterol concentration, and electrocardiographic abnormalities. Within the glucose intolerant and diabetic groups the risk factors most strongly related to subsequent death from coronary heart disease were age and blood pressure, with less consistent relations for smoking, cholesterol concentration, and obesity. This study confirms the importance of hypertension as a cardiovascular risk factor in groups with glucose intolerance and diabetes, and this may have important preventive implications.     

高血压对急性心肌梗死影响的临床分析

目的:分析高血压对急性心肌梗死(AMI)患者的影响。方法:按有无高血压病史将350例AMI患者分为两组:A组154例既往有高血压病史或入院时血压升高;B组196例既往无高血压病史和(或)入院时血压正常。回顾性分析两组在糖尿病、冠心病家族史等AMI的易患因素及冠心病病史,实验室检查,急性心力衰竭(包括心源性休克)、室速室颤、房室传导阻滞等严重心律失常的发生及4周内死亡率的差别。结果:高血压病史组糖尿病、冠心病家族史、陈旧性心肌梗死、心绞痛相关病史的比例均较无高血压病史组高(P<0.05);即时血糖,甘油三酯,胆固醇,低密度脂蛋白的数值高血压病史组较无高血压病史升高(P<0.05);出现心力衰竭包括心源性休克、室速室颤、房室传导阻滞等严重并发症及住院病死率(<4周)均高于无高血压病史组(P<0.05)。结论:合并高血压的AMI患者具有更多的冠心病易患因素,心脏严重并发症较多,预后较差。     

心血管疾病危险因素的评价——2988人三年随访分析

对武鸣华侨农场随机抽样的2988名,35岁以上的自然人群,在无干预情况下三年随访,结果示高血压、冠心病、脑卒中发病数均增加,体重指数增加,且与血压水平(包括收缩压、舒张压及平均压)呈正相关.有家族史者更处于高危险状态,吸烟和(或)饮酒是不可忽视的危险因素.随访提示对该组人群采取预防措施是必要的.     

Risk functions for prediction of cardiovascular disease in elderly Australians: the Dubbo Study

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate a Framingham risk function for coronary heart disease in an elderly Australian cohort and to derive a risk function for cardiovascular disease (CVD) in elderly Australians. DESIGN AND SETTING: Analysis of data from a prospective cohort study (the Dubbo Study) in a semi-urban town (population, 34 000). PARTICIPANTS: 2805 men and women 60 years and older living in the community, first assessed in 1988, and a subcohort of 2102 free of CVD at study entry. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Incidence of CVD (myocardial infarction, coronary death or stroke) over 5 and 10 years. RESULTS: A Framingham risk function assessing "hard" coronary heart disease (ie, myocardial infarction or coronary death) accurately predicted 10-year incidence in men and women aged 60-79 years who were free of prevalent CVD or diabetes at study entry. In a multiple logistic model, CVD incidence was significantly predicted by age, sex, taking antihypertensive medication, blood pressure, smoking, total cholesterol level and diabetes. For a given age and cholesterol level, CVD risk over 5 years was doubled in the presence of antihypertensive medication or diabetes, increased by 50% with cigarette smoking, and halved in women compared with men. CONCLUSIONS: We have derived a simple CVD risk function specifically for elderly Australians that employs risk factors readily accessible to all medical practitioners.     

Atrial fibrillation in patients undergoing coronary artery surgery is associated with adverse outcome

Abstract

Background: The aim was to determine the association between atrial fibrillation (AF) and outcome in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG).

Methods: All patients undergoing CABG between January 2010 and June 2013 were identified in the Swedish Heart Surgery Registry. Outcomes studied were all-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality, myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, ischemic stroke, and recurrent AF. Patients with history of AF prior to surgery (preoperative AF) and patients without history of AF but with AF episodes post-surgery (postoperative AF) were compared to patients with no AF using adjusted Cox regression models.

Results: Among 9,107 identified patients, 8.1% (n?=?737) had preoperative AF, and 25.1% (n?=?2,290) had postoperative AF. Median follow-up was 2.2?years. Compared to no AF, preoperative AF was associated with higher risk of all-cause mortality, adjusted hazard ratio with 95% confidence interval (HR) 1.76 (1.33–2.33); cardiovascular mortality, HR 2.43 (1.68–3.50); and congestive heart failure, HR 2.21 (1.72–2.84). Postoperative AF was associated with risk of all-cause mortality, HR 1.27 (1.01–1.60); cardiovascular mortality, HR 1.52 (1.10–2.11); congestive heart failure, HR 1.47 (1.18–1.83); and recurrent AF, HR 4.38 (2.46–7.78). No significant association was observed between pre- or postoperative AF and risk for myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke.

Conclusions: Approximately 1 in 3 patients undergoing CABG had pre- or postoperative AF. Patients with pre- or postoperative AF were at higher risk of all-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality, and congestive heart failure, but not of myocardial infarction or ischemic stroke. Postoperative AF was associated with higher risk of recurrent AF.     

非酒精性脂肪肝引发冠心病的影响因素

目的 研究非酒精性脂肪肝（NAFLD）与冠心病的患病风险及相关影响因素。方法 采用回顾性分析方法,收集2017 年7 月～2019 年7 月我院收治的79 例非酒精性脂肪肝患者临床资料作为对照组,另选取同时期于我院体检有非酒精性脂肪肝联合冠心病的40 例患者的临床资料作为观察组。详细记录其一般情况,包括性别、年龄、吸烟史、体质量指数（BMI）、左室射血分数（LVEF）、心肌梗死或冠脉介入史、高血压、糖尿病及相关实验室指标[总胆固醇（TC）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL-C）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C）]。经单因素、多因素分析非酒精性脂肪肝引发冠心病的相关影响因素。结果 经非条件多项Logistic 回归分析证实,吸烟、高血压、TC＞200 mg/dL以及HDL-C＜50 mg/dL 均可能是非酒精性脂肪肝患者诱发冠心病的危险因素（OR＞1,P<0.05）。结论 吸烟、高血压、总胆固醇含量过高和高密度脂蛋白含量过高可能诱发NAFLD 患者发生冠心病,临床上应积极采取有效的措施进行预防。     

北京市40岁以上女医师脑卒中危险因素研究

目的 探讨北京市40岁以上女医师脑卒中的危险因素.方法 选样北京市40家医院40岁以上女医师1406例,进行脑卒中危险因素调查和特征分析.结果 本组平均年龄(46.5±5.4)岁,脑卒中危险因素依次为高脂血症(27.7%)、高血压(20.8%)、睡眠障碍(14.3%)、焦虑抑郁(14.1%)、糖尿病(8.6%)、吸煳(...