LISS钢板倒置微创治疗股骨粗隆下粉碎性骨折

目的 探讨应用LISS钢板倒置微创治疗股骨粗隆下粉碎性骨折的临床疗效.方法 应用LISS钢板倒置治疗股骨粗隆下粉碎性骨折21例.结果 本组获得4～18个月随访,骨折均愈合,无髋内外翻畸形、钢板螺钉断裂、退钉及钉头切出股骨头等现象.结论LISS钢板倒置治疗股骨粗隆下粉碎性骨折,具有操作简便、创伤小等优点,能达到良好的骨折复位和坚强的固定,促进关节早期功能锻炼,骨折愈合率较高.     

锁定钢板治疗股骨干粉碎骨折临床疗效观察

目的 评价锁定钢板治疗股骨干粉碎骨折的疗效.方法 2009年7月～2011年3月应用切开复位镇定钢板治疗股骨干粉碎骨折26例.结果 26例随访12～18个月,平均15个月,骨折愈合25例,不愈合钢板断裂1例.结论 锁定钢板治疗股骨干粉碎骨折固定可靠,并发症少,愈合率高.     

单侧多功能外固定架治疗胫腓骨多段骨折36例体会

目的回顾评价外固定架治疗胫腓骨多段粉碎性骨折的优点。方法胫腓骨多段粉碎性骨折36例,对开放骨折先行彻底清创,显露骨折端,将粉碎劈裂骨折用拉力螺钉或钢丝克氏针行有限内固定,选择合适的位置进钉,复位后外固定架固定,闭合创面。结果随访8个月～2年,20例达到解剖复位,其他均达到功能复位。X线片显示骨性愈合时间为2—12个月,无骨不连发生。骨钉松动6例7钉;钉道炎性变5例8钉;创面感染4例。结论外固定架固定符合生物学固定原则,对骨折处血运破坏小,抗感染能力强,是治疗胫腓骨多段粉碎性骨折首选方法之一。     

胫腓骨开放粉碎性骨折三种固定方法的疗效比较

目的比较3种固定方法治疗胫腓骨骨折的疗效,探讨腓骨固定对胫骨愈合和维持踝关节稳定性的作用。方法收治182例胫腓骨骨折,采用加压钢板固定76例,外固定架74例,交锁髓内钉32例;腓骨固定68例。结果本组随访12～24个月,优良率:外固定架94.6%,交锁髓内钉93.7%,加压钢板82.9%,并发症:外固定架4例,交锁髓内钉2例,加压钢板15例。结论对于胫腓骨严重粉碎性骨折或多段骨折,外固定架更具有生物学固定的优点,加压钢板只适用于胫骨上段或下段近关节面的骨折;其次,腓骨骨折内固定对促进胫骨愈合及维持踝关节稳定性具有重要作用。     

单臂外固定支架配合跟骨牵引治疗胫腓骨粉碎性骨折

目的报告单臂外固定架配合跟骨牵引治疗胫腓骨粉碎性骨折的疗效。方法186例胫腓骨粉碎性骨折,其中开放骨折42例,闭合骨折142例,均采用单臂外固定架,配合跟骨牵引治疗。结果随访185例,183例骨愈合,平均愈合时间6个月,按Johner-Wrichs,优113例,良69例,差2例。针为17.5%。结论单臂外固定支架配合跟骨牵引治疗胫腓骨粉碎性骨折,方法,疗效肯定。     

胫腓骨多段粉碎性骨折外固定架治疗（附63例报告）

目的：回顾评价外固定架治疗胫腓骨多段、粉碎性骨折的疗效及优点。方法;胫碎性骨折63例。对开放性骨折先行彻底清创,显露骨折端,将粉碎劈裂的骨折用拉力螺钉或钢丝克氏针行有限内固定,选择合适位置进钉、复位上外固定架固定,闭合创面,结果：随访8个月-2年,28例达到解剖复位,其它均达到功能复位。X线片显示骨性愈合时间为2-12月,无骨不连发生,骨钉松动10例11钉;钉道炎性变14例16钉;创面感染8例。结论：外固定架固定符合生物学固定原则,对骨折处血运破坏小,抗感染能力强,是治疗胫腓骨多段粉碎性骨折首选方法之一。     

DHS、空心钉结合斜T形钢板单皮质固定治疗股骨粗隆间粉碎性骨折

目的探讨采用动力髋螺钉(DHS)、空心钉结合斜T形钢板单皮质固定治疗股骨粗隆间粉碎性骨折的疗效。方法笔者自2013-01—2015-10采用DHS、空心钉结合斜T形钢板单皮质固定治疗股骨粗隆间粉碎性骨折18例,观察手术时间、术中出血量及术后并发症发生情况。结果手术时间60~120 min,平均80 min;术中出血量50~200 ml,平均80ml。18例均获随访6~36个月,平均12个月。骨折愈合良好,无股骨颈短缩、内固定松动、髋内翻、股骨头坏死等并发症。术后6个月疗效采用髋关节功能Harris评分评定均为优。结论采用DHS、空心钉结合斜T形钢板单皮质固定治疗股骨粗隆间粉碎性骨折,具有固定牢靠、骨折易愈合、内固定松动并发症少等优点,疗效满意。     

交锁髓内钉治疗胫腓骨骨折中的盲点与对策

[目的]探讨分析交锁髓内钉治疗胫腓骨骨折中的盲点及提出相应的防治对策.[方法]根据骨骼结构、生物力学和材料结构力学特点,采用拉力螺钉骨折断端加压、固定粉碎骨折块及腓骨钢板固定等方法治疗119例患者.[结果]101例患者骨折愈合返院取出内固定物,参照Johner-Wruhs评定标准:优79.45%,良10.63%,差9.92%,优良率90.08%,4例因皮瓣肌肉感染发生坏死形成窦道骨不愈合,3例因骨缺损致骨延迟愈合.[结论]交锁髓内钉治疗胫腓骨骨折,采用拉力螺钉骨折断端加压、固定粉碎骨折块及腓骨钢板固定达到较好的治疗效果.     

应用锁定钢板治疗股骨近端粉碎性骨折

[目的]评价股骨近端解削型锁定钢板治疗股骨近端粉碎性骨折的疗效.[方法]26例患者分别采用股骨近端解剖型锁定钢板内固定,术后第2 d开始行CPM机被动活动髋关节及膝关节的功能锻炼和直腿抬高及屈伸踝关节的主动锻炼.[结果]术后随访22例,随访时间12～18个月的随访,平均13.5个月,20例骨折骨性愈合,占90.91%,无断钉、脱钉、钢板松动、断板及髋内翻、关节僵直等并发症出现.[结论]股骨近端解剖型锁定钢板对股骨近端粉碎性骨折具有内固定坚强,允许早期活动,减少关节僵直,有利于骨折愈合等优点,是治疗此类病人较好的一种内固定方法.     

单臂外固定架治疗股骨粗隆间骨折股骨应力变化的三维有限元分析

[目的]研究单臂外固定架治疗股骨粗隆间骨折中股骨应力分布情况,为临床治疗提供理论依据。[方法]将股骨CT图像导入Mimics软件,建立股骨全长三维有限元模型。将模型输入Geomagic软件,对不规则的模型表面进行点云处理。在ANSYS软件建立单臂外固定架固定EvansⅠ型股骨粗隆间骨折模型,并在股骨头顶端施加轴向载荷411 N。[结果]固定当时股骨应力集中在股骨粗隆内侧2号螺钉与骨折交界处,应力最大为71.82 MPa,远小于螺钉的屈服强度。骨折愈合过程中最大应力出现在5号螺钉内侧,未出现明显应力集中现象。[结论]单臂外固定架治疗股骨粗隆间骨折安全、有效,其治疗骨折顺乎自然,合乎生理,符合生物力学。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Immunomodulation in Transplantation with Photopheresis

Abstract: Photopheresis is a technique in which peripheral blood mononuclear cells, in the presence of a photoacti-vatable compound, are exposed extracorporeally to ultraviolet A light and reinfused, inducing a host autoregula-tory immune response. Experimental work and ongoing clinical studies are helping to define the role of this novel, safe, and non-toxic immunomodulating technology in the field of transplantation.