Focus on innovation in and translation of basic research in ophthalmology

Innovation is the soul of scientific research. Each of the clinical scientists should bear in mind about how to carry out innovative and translational research in clinical practice. Equipped with theories, principles, strategies and modern technologies, they would address disease-related scientific questions through basic research and solve clinical problems through translational research. Ultimately, all the efforts of the clinical scientists will benefit the patients.     

Single-subject research designs for optometry

Single-subject research designs are used extensively in the fields of education and psychology. There are many advantages of these designs over traditional group designs and they appear particularly important for applied research in optometry. An overview of the basic designs is presented. For each type of design, examples are provided that illustrate the application of this methodology to applied optometric research.     

Relating clinical study design to basic research.

Devising any research study involves careful attention to its design, as well as the development of an appropriate research question and hypothesis. Together, these attributes ensure the validity of the study in question. In most clinical or epidemiological studies, the types of research designs are often explicitly noted, whereas in papers describing basic or biological research, they are couched in different terms or, more often, are ignored, thus potentially hindering communication between basic and clinical researchers. However, given that the framework for all valid scientific research is based on sound logic, it is proposed that for each study design, a direct homology exists between clinical and basic research paradigms, despite the problem of relating epidemiological vernacular to basic research. By applying examples of basic research protocols to traditional clinical study designs, this paper shows that parallels can be drawn between the two strategies, suggesting that in the absence of a conventional nomenclature to describe basic research study designs, the use of traditional clinical design jargon is valid in describing basic research protocols.     

重视调控眼免疫稳定的调节性T细胞

调节性T细胞是近年来免疫学研究的热点,由于其具有免疫抑制的特点,在多种免疫性疾病的发生发展中发挥免疫调节作用,在眼部的初步研究已发现其参与眼局部免疫微环境的稳定调节,并在角膜移植免疫排斥反应、葡萄膜炎、过敏性结膜炎、感染性眼病以及干眼等疾病中发挥调节作用,有望为免疫性眼病的治疗提供新的手段.

Abstract：

T regulatory cells (Tregs) have been recognized as the hotspot in recent immunology research. Because of the capability of immune suppression, they play an important role in regulating many immune associated diseases. It has been reported that they are involved in stabilizing local immune microenvironment of the eye and regulating many eye diseases such as corneal transplantation immune rejection, uveitis, allergic conjunctivitis, infectious keratitis and dry eye. Treatment with Tregs may provide novel method for immune related eye diseases.     

视神经胶质细胞的研究进展

视神经胶质细胞包括星形和少突胶质细胞两大类型 ,起源、分化谱系不同 ,性质、功能各异。 0 2A谱系是研究细胞分化、肿瘤发生过程中基因调控的理想的体外模型。未成熟胶质细胞能促进成年鼠损伤后视神经的再生和髓鞘的形成。综述了视神经胶质细胞的研究进展 ,为临床治疗中枢神经损伤、多发性硬化等疾病提供参考。     

视神经的神经胶质细胞

星形细胞和少突胶质细胞是视神经中最主要的神经胶质细胞，它们在视神经发育、分化、维持正常生理功能和损伤修复过程中均具有重要的作用。神经再生研究的动向为临床治疗视神经疾病带来了新的希望。     

Ancient Egypt to modern ophthalmology: via Otago, New Zealand

The purpose of this report is to document the contribution of two New Zealanders, Barrie Jones and Rowland Wilson, to the development of modern ophthalmology. Their related contribution was made over a period of 80 years; it began in Egypt with Wilson, developed when they worked together in Dunedin and where they created the foundations for the brilliant career that Jones was to go on to in London. Their story emphasizes the impact of teaching and mentorship. It highlights the extended reach of teaching and the power of continuity in research.     

Harnessing the potential of practice-based clinical optometry research in the United Kingdom

Research is the core of evidence-based practice across all healthcare, in order to ensure optimum patient care. The College of Optometrists is a national standard setting institution for optometric practice in the United Kingdom. However, the standards are only as good as the available evidence, and currently there is little evidence relating directly to optometric practice. The National Institute of Health and Care Research, the General Medical Council and The College of Optometrists, amongst others, have published research strategies describing ambitious plans to expand the scope of healthcare research. The aim of this article is to raise awareness of these government initiatives and consider how they may relate to optometric practice. To improve optometrist research engagement, we need to address the barriers to research and implement strategies to overcome them. There are many opportunities to support research, with different degrees of involvement, from signposting patients to research studies, supporting recruitment or collecting data for a multicentre clinical trial, as well as undertaking an individual research project. Healthcare research is changing and there is scope for more practice-based research activities in optometry. Research should not be a solo endeavour but a multi-disciplinary effort. Greater collaborations across all stakeholders, including primary care, secondary care, academia, regulators and industry is needed to make this possible.     

The Harvard angiogenesis story

I shall discuss the work of researchers at Harvard Medical School who came together in the early 1990s. Scattered across various Harvard-affiliated hospitals and research centers, these individuals were unified by their interest in ocular neovascularization. Together and separately, they investigated models of ocular neovascularization, exploring tumor angiogenesis in eye development and disease.     

Aging and vision

Given the increasing size of the older adult population in many countries, there is a pressing need to identify the nature of aging-related vision impairments, their underlying mechanisms, and how they impact older adults’ performance of everyday visual tasks. The results of this research can then be used to develop and evaluate interventions to slow or reverse aging-related declines in vision, thereby improving quality of life. Here we summarize salient developments in research on aging and vision over the past 25 years, focusing on spatial contrast sensitivity, vision under low luminance, temporal sensitivity and motion perception, and visual processing speed.     

Molecular genetics of uveal melanoma

In the past decade, there have been impressive advances in our understanding of chromosomal, genetic and molecular alterations that occur in uveal melanoma. Nevertheless, a coherent picture of the molecular pathogenesis of this eye cancer is yet to emerge. Herein, we review the findings to date, discuss the insights they provide, and suggest future directions for molecular research in uveal melanoma.     

热休克蛋白及其在眼部疾病中作用的研究进展

热休克蛋白(HSP)是生物体在应激状态下合成的一类高度保守的蛋白,具有分子伴侣、协同免疫、抗凋亡等生物学功能。近来随着对热休克蛋白研究的不断深入,HSP在眼病的发病机制、防治方面的作用已受到广泛关注。     

3D打印在眼科血管性疾病的应用进展

近年3D打印技术在各个领域广泛应用,在医学领域的应用也日趋增多,为医学研究的发展提供了新的方向。作为一种数字化制造技术,3D打印在对眼科疾病的评估、研究和治疗中发挥了重要作用。目前,3D打印的生物材料、细胞、组织和器官在眼科逐渐投入应用并引起重视,同时展现出巨大的潜力。随着医学成像技术的发展和打印技术的进步,3D打印与各种医学成像技术结合使眼部血管可视化,有助于眼科血管性疾病的研究和诊断。本文主要对3D打印在眼科血管性疾病的应用进展进行简要综述。     

Preservation and restoration of corneal clarity with lidocaine in pig eyes

In this study, lidocaine was shown to allow preservation and reestablishment of corneal clarity for pig eyes in ophthalmic research. Lidocaine is a versatile medication that continues to have ophthalmologists redefine its role in ophthalmology. The authors have stated that they do not have a significant financial interest or other relationship with any product manufacturer or provider of services discussed in this article.     

Global attributes in visual word recognition. Part 1: Length perception of letter strings

Part of a general research programme on visual word recognition is concerned with stimulus attributes that may function as cues. The topic here was perception of word length as such.Letter strings were tachistoscopically presented. Independent variables were stimulus length and eccentricity of presentation. Seven subjects reported how many letters they had seen. Correct scores decrease with increasing length. From the fovea outward correct scores decrease, but, surprisingly, they reach a plateau for |φ|>2°.The length is systematically underestimated: the average reported length is approx 85% of stimulus length. Evidence is supplied that perceived length is a linear function of string length in mm.     

Glaucoma enigma

This paper addresses the complex questions of the definition of primary open-angle glaucoma, its pathological changes, the sites at which these changes could operate, and the temporal order in which they might occur. A vascular model is proposed that could satisfy the several clinical forms of presentation of open-angle glaucoma. Questions are raised concerning areas deserving of research that will help solve the existing enigma of glaucoma.     

Best practice contact lens care: A review of the Asia Pacific Contact Lens Care Summit

Contact lens hygiene has long been recognised as key to the prevention of contact‐lens associated infection and inflammation. Microbial keratitis (MK) is the only serious and potentially sight‐threatening contact lens adverse event. International studies including recent research in Asia Pacific show that MK is rare but, as the consequences can be severe, it is important to minimise the risk factors. Studies continue to show that one of the key risk factors is lens and lens case hygiene. Therefore, it is also useful to review the behaviour of our patients, to see how closely they follow the recommended hygiene practices. Recent studies in various regions have shown that patients’ lens care habits do not meet a required standard. Patients can become complacent and thus non‐compliant with lens care instructions. Furthermore, they do not understand the high risk of some behaviour and they are not hearing the practitioner when instructions and reminders are given. Further education is important to improve patient compliance and safety. The Asia Pacific Contact Lens Care Summit held in Singapore urged the industry and practitioners to restore the emphasis of proper lens care, including the ‘rub and rinse’ technique, and developed a new set of guidelines to help eye‐care professionals educate their patients on the importance of proper contact lens care to avoid eye infections. The summit also presented the latest research on how to avoid corneal staining, another important element of contact lens care. This review provides a summary of the summit presentations and the science behind these guidelines.     

视黄醛在实验性近视中的作用

近视是一种发育性疾病，近视眼球巩膜的主动扩张是其伸长的重要机制，而视黄醛是眼球发育中重要的信号转导分子，其在脊椎动物的眼球发育中具有多种不同的重要作用。视黄醛可能是调节实验性近视眼球伸长的信使分子近年来有关视黄醛与实验性近视发生，发展的关系的研究取得一定进展，本研究综述了视黄醛及其核受体，实验性近视眼球的视网膜，脉络膜，巩膜的视黄醛改变以及视黄醛作为传递从视网膜到巩膜的眼球伸长信号的信使分子的研究进展情况。     

Vision Research 1961-2011: Retrospects and Prospects on the 50th Anniversary of Vision Research

Viewing the trajectory of the discipline through the first half-century of VISION RESEARCH it is of interest to sketch what it is was like to conduct vision research at the time of the founding of the journal and counterpoise that with the situation at present. The most notable change has been the increase in the number of researchers, in the volume of publication and in the incorporation of computers into the research enterprise at every level. A few topics that were cutting-edge at the earlier time turned out to have led into culs-de-sac, others have been forgotten because their solution opened up new territories, others yet have remained unanswered, challenging researchers now as they did 50 years ago.     

生长因子在形觉剥夺性近视形成中的作用

通过对形觉剥夺性近视(form-deprived myopia,FDM)动物模型的大量研究证实,FDM的形成过程中视网膜表达的生长因子的量发生变化,从而通过受体机制作用于巩膜,引起巩膜的变化,导致近视形成。多种生长因子与此过程的关系密切,但它们在FDM中发挥作用的具体机制仍不清楚。本研究对生长因子与近视形成和发展的关系做一综述。