双胎之一胎死宫内的病因、处理及存活儿的预后

双胎之一胎死宫内(sIUFD)是双胎妊娠较复杂的一种并发症。其病因不同,则临床处理方案也不相同。妊娠中、晚期发生sIUFD,对存活儿的发病率和死亡率影响较大。单绒毛膜性(MC)双胎发生sIUFD时,存活胎的围生期死亡、脑损伤、早产等风险明显高于双绒毛膜性(DM)双胎。对其治疗需综合考虑病因、绒毛膜性、死胎发生时的孕龄及母体疾病等采取个体化的处理原则。笔者拟就sIUFD的病因、处理及存活儿的预后的研究进展,进行综述如下。     

The recognition and significance of the vanishing twin

With the advent of sonography, a twin pregnancy may be diagnosed in early gestation. Serial sonographic examinations can show the disappearance of one of two twins. We offer evidence of an early twin pregnancy with a "vanishing twin," resulting in a liveborn singleton plus a fetus papyraceus. There is an increasing body of information about explanations, management, and complications associated with a multiple gestation and fetal death. The distinction between monochorionic and dichorionic twins is important in their management and for both maternal and fetal prognosis. Identification of dizygotic twins through chromosomal or sonographic studies, revealing separate placentas, separate membranes, or different sexes, theoretically allows the physician to predict a favorable outcome for the live twin and the mother.     

Foeto-foetal conflict of interests in multiple pregnancies with severe discordant growth; ethical dilemmas

Two pregnant women, 19 and 26 years old, presented at the beginning of the third trimester with one growth-retarded foetus in a multiple pregnancy. Both cases were managed conservatively. In the first woman, one foetus died at 30 weeks of gestation, after the mother developed pre-eclampsia. After the death of the impaired foetus pre-eclampsia resolved and the second child was born healthy at 36 weeks of gestation. The second woman had triplets with one severely growth-retarded foetus. This foetus died at 3I weeks of gestation. At 33 & 317 weeks, caesarean section was performed on both maternal and foetal indications. Two healthy premature neonates were born. In multiple pregnancy with discordant growth, the interests of the foetuses may be in opposition, which creates an ethical dilemma. This may be resolved by carefully addressing the interests of all those involved and keeping in mind the prognosis, duration of pregnancy and the best interests of the healthy foetus, which should not be harmed by intervention. Therefore, active intervention is not always the best option; the least harm it does is increasing the risk ofpreterm birth.     

双胎妊娠孕中晚期胎儿体格发育超声生物学参数参考范围研究

目的 描述不同绒毛膜性双胎妊娠胎儿体格发育超声生物学参数变化特征,构建双胎妊娠胎儿孕中晚期双顶径、头围、腹围和股骨长四个参数的参考范围.方法 依托国家重点研发计划项目"高龄产妇妊娠期并发症防治策略研究"双胎专项课题,以北京大学第三医院2007年至2017年双胎妊娠胎儿为研究对象,基于临床病案资料获取绒毛膜性等基础特征和...     

Parvovirus B19 infection in pregnancy: a cause of non-immune hydrops fetalis

Four pregnancies, in two women aged 39 and two women aged 34 years respectively, were complicated by foetal parvovirus B19 infection. First-trimester intrauterine death resulting from multiple congenital anomalies was diagnosed in one patient with proven foetal parvovirus B19 infection. In three patients foetal hydrops was found in the second trimester with variable clinical course. In one of them, foetal hydrops resulted in second-trimester foetal death; in another, foetal hydrops resolved following intrauterine blood transfusion and in a third foetal hydrops resolved spontaneously. Foetal parvovirus B19 infection was diagnosed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using foetal cells obtained by amnioscentesis. It is concluded that maternal parvovirus B19 infection is mostly asymptomatic. However, the clinical impact of maternal infection on the foetus is diverse, i.e. infection may result in foetal death or--transient--foetal morbidity, in particular foetal anaemia. In mothers with proven foetal parvovirus B19 infection close monitoring of the foetus by ultrasound is warranted. Occasionally intrauterine transfusion is required. From the literature to date, the estimated incidence of maternal parvovirus B19 infection in pregnancy is 3-7%. The vertical transmission rate approximates 30%. When pregnancy is complicated by foetal hydrops foetal parvovirus B19 infection should be kept in mind.     

Results of pregnancy termination for foetal congenital or chromosomal disorders or intrauterine foetal death by oral mifepristone and/or intravaginal misoprostol; results of a retrospective study

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the method of mifepristone and misoprostol for pregnancy termination during the second trimester or for intrauterine foetal death during the second or third trimester. The primary outcome measure was time to delivery. Secondary outcomes included: complication registration, need for pain relief and side effects. DESIGN: Retrospective study of medical records. METHOD: Data were collected from patients in whom labour was induced due to intrauterine foetal death or in whom pregnancy was terminated due to a severe foetal congenital or chromosomal disorder between 1 September 2002 and 1 September 2005 in the Amphia Hospital, Breda, the Netherlands. Patients who experienced premature rupture of membranes, spontaneous abortion, or in whom labour was induced by insertion ofa intra-cervical balloon catheter were excluded. RESULTS: A total of 99 patients were included in the study. The mean age was 32 years in the intrauterine foetal-death group and 33 years in the pregnancy-termination group. The median gestational age was 21 weeks at the time of intrauterine foetal death and 19 weeks at the time of pregnancy termination. The median duration of treatment was 10 hours (range: 1-29) for intrauterine foetal death and 8 hours (range: 3-39) for pregnancy termination; the difference was statistically significant (p = 0.02). The mean duration of treatment did not differ statistically significant between these groups. The proportion of patients who delivered within 24 hours was 96% in the intrauterine foetal-death group and 92% in the pregnancy-termination group. Surgical removal of placenta or partially retained placenta was performed in 33% of all patients. There was no statistically significant difference in the median duration of treatment in nulliparous and multiparous patients; however, the risk of surgical removal of placenta or partially retained placenta was 5-fold greater in the nulliparous group (p < 0.05). No cases of uterine rupture were reported. Overall, 6% experienced severe haemorrhage, 18% had fever, 15% had nausea and 5% had vomiting. Epidural anaesthesia and intramuscular pethidine were administered in 28% and 24% of patients, respectively. CONCLUSION: The median duration of treatment was longer in patients in whom labour was induced due to intrauterine foetal death than in those in whom pregnancy was terminated for foetal disorders. The incidence of secondary outcomes such as complications, need for anaesthesia and side effects were comparable to numbers from earlier studies with mifepristone and misoprostol.     

体外受精-胚胎移植术后双胎妊娠之一发育停止后存留胎儿的妊娠结局

目的探讨体外受精～胚胎移植术（IVF-ET）后宫内双胎妊娠之一发育停止后存留胎儿的妊娠结局。方法对2004年1月—之012年6月在本科室行IVF-ET、单精子卵胞浆内注射术（ICSI）后获得妊娠的临床资料进行回顾性分析,比较IVF-ET、ICSI术后双胎妊娠存留胎儿（另一胎儿在孕早期,≤12周或孕中晚期,〉12周发育停止）与同期IVF-ET术后单胎妊娠的妊娠结局。结果宫内双胎妊娠之一〉12周发育停止组分娩孕周和新生儿出生体重[（36．3±1．8）周、（2656．3±664．6）g],双胎妊娠组分娩孕周、新生儿体重、早产和低体重儿发生率[（35．1±2．4）周、（2515．8±493．6）g、50．9％、28．2％],双胎妊娠之一〉12周发育停止组早产、低体重儿发生率和新生儿死亡率（30．9％、21．8％、3．6％）,与单胎妊娠组比较,差异有统计学意义。结论IVF-ET后双胎妊娠之一在孕中晚期（〉12周）发育停止后存留胎儿的妊娠结局较单胎妊娠差。     

Successful treatment and pregnancy in a women with the non-classic form of congenital adrenal hyperplasia

In an 18-year-old woman non-classic 21-hydroxylase deficiency was diagnosed and dexamethasone treatment was instituted. Ten years later, she became pregnant for the first time; at 37 weeks unexpected intrauterine foetal death was found to have occurred. A second pregnancy ended with a spontaneous abortion following a 12-week period of amenorrhoea. At the third pregnancy, the medication was replaced with hydrocortisone as it was suspected that the use of dexamethasone may have played a role in the intrauterine foetal death and the spontaneous abortion. The patient gave birth to a healthy, but dysmature, daughter. Female patients with non-classic congenital adrenal hyperplasia present with signs of androgen excess. Treatment with glucocorticoids reduces the symptoms and restores the menstrual cycle and fertility. Preconceptional advice by a clinical geneticist is recommended, because of the risk of an affected child. If there is no risk of having a child with congenital adrenal hyperplasia, hydrocortisone or prednisone is the treatment of choice during pregnancy as neither cross the placenta.     

Infection with human parvovirus B19 ('fifth disease') during pregnancy: potential life-threatening implications for the foetus

Four pregnant women, aged 29, 32, 36 and 36 years, respectively, were diagnosed with Human parvovirus B19 (B19V) infection. Only the first woman had exanthema and fever. In the first three cases, the source of infection appeared to be another child; two of these children were infected during a school outbreak. All four foetuses were infected, but the first foetus was asymptomatic and healthy at birth. The second foetus had anaemia and increased blood flow in the middle cerebral artery; it received an intrauterine transfusion and was healthy at birth. The third foetus was almost immobile and had cardiomegaly and hydrops fetalis; it was dead upon induced birth. In the fourth case, pregnancy was uneventful until two days before parturition, when the mother reported a decrease in foetal movement. The infant was born and developed respiratory insufficiency after 8 hours. Imaging revealed multiple bilateral lesions in frontal, occipital and parietal white matter consistent with infarction. The infant died after 5 days. Infection with B19V is associated with a wide range of clinical presentations and outcomes. Effects may range from an uncomplicated pregnancy to severe hydrops fetalis or intrauterine foetal death. Maternal symptoms may be aspecific, which complicates early diagnosis. When maternal B19V infection is suspected, immediate investigation for recent B19V infection should be performed. Quantitative B19 viral load measurements may provide insight into the stage of infection and may guide foetal monitoring. Referral to a foetal therapy unit is essential for hydrops fetalis or severe foetal anaemia. Intrauterine transfusion with erythrocytes significantly improves foetal outcome. Despite a successful transfusion procedure, long-term neurodevelopment may be affected, and developmental follow up is advised.     

412例低出生体重儿相关因素分析

为了探讨低出生体重儿（ｌｏｗ ｂｉｒｔｈ ｗｅｉｇｈｔ ｉｎｆａｎｔ ＬＢＷＩ）相关因素及防治措施，回顾分析了４１２例ＬＢＷＩ的临床资料。结果表明，早产、双胎、胎儿宫内发育迟缓和胎膜早破是ＬＢＷＩ前４位主要原因。早产ＬＷＢＩ发生率明显高于足月产及过期产生者；双胎ＬＢＷＩ发生率明显高于单胎者增妇ＬＢＷＩ发生率明显高于城市立妇；身高〈１５６ｃｍ的产妇ＬＢＷＩ发生率明显高于身高〉１５６ｃｍ、体重〉５５ｋ     

双胎妊娠的并发症及妊娠结局

目的 探讨双胎妊娠的并发症和妊娠结局情况。 方法 根据围生保健册资料,回顾分析128例双胎妊娠新生儿体重及围生儿死亡率与单胎妊娠的差异。 结果 双胎妊娠的妊娠高血压综合征(妊高征)、贫血、胎膜早破和早产的发生率显著高于单胎妊娠,妊娠时间及新生儿体重均显著短于和低于单胎妊娠。足月双胎新生儿出生体重低于足月单胎妊娠300-500 g。 结论 双胎妊娠的并发症、重度妊高征、贫血、早产及围生儿死亡率显著高于单胎妊娠。双胎妊娠的产前监护及并发症的积极预防和治疗对于改善双胎妊娠的预后和降低双胎妊娠的围生儿死亡率有重要意义。     

超声预测单绒毛膜双胎中选择性宫内生长受限儿妊娠结局的护理观察

目的：探讨超声预测单绒毛膜（MC）双胎中选择性宫内生长受限儿（s IUGR）妊娠结局的护理。方法：选取2011年12月-2013年7月在本院接收的60例超声预测单绒毛双胎中选择性宫内生长受限儿,对患者加强整体护理,回顾分析妊娠结局。结果：干预后产妇心理状况评分明显低于干预前,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。新生儿死亡率为3.3%。结论：单绒毛膜双胎当中s IUGR采取超声预测,并加强护理干预,可明显改善妊娠结局。     

Parvovirus B19 infection in hydrops fetalis

In a retrospective study from 210 foetal autopsies carried out in a period between 1992 and 1999 fifteen hydropic foetuses were found. The cause of the hydrops was shown to be Rh incompatibility in one case only. The cause of hydrops was not discernible in one case. In the others pathological examination clarified the cause and pathomechanism of non-immune hydrops. One isolated cystic hygroma, one monochorionic twin pregnancy with twin to twin transfusion, one case of sacrococcygeal teratoma and 4 cases of congenital heart diseases were reported. Postmortem interphase cytogenetic examination showed X0 monosomy in 2 cases. In further 4 foetuses pathognomic viral inclusions in the proerythroblasts raised the probability of parvovirus B19 infection what was confirmed by immunohistochemistry and electronmicroscopic examination. The occurrence of the parvovirus B19 associated cases of foetal hydrops was shown to be higher (4/15) in this series than in the literature. The accumulation of cases in 1998 is suggestive of an outbreak. The prenatal diagnostic implications and the attempts on further management are also discussed.     

双绒毛膜三羊膜囊三胎妊娠射频消融减胎病例临床结局分析

目的:探讨射频消融术（radiofrequency ablation, RFA）对双绒毛膜三羊膜囊（dichorionic triamniotic,DCTA）三胎选择性减胎的安全性以及影响妊娠结局的因素。方法:采用回顾性队列研究方法收集2016年1月1日至2020年1月1日期间在南方科技大学第一附属医院深圳市人民医院产...     

Congenital infection: diagnostic serology of the mother not always definitive

In 2 infants, a girl and a boy, congenital viral infection was diagnosed in the neonatal period. The prenatal examination (serologic investigation for Toxoplasma gondii, rubella virus, cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus and syphilis (TORCHES)) was negative. In both cases prenatal ultrasonography was abnormal and suggested intrauterine infection. The infants were born with typical symptoms of multisystem disease, known as symptomatic congenital cytomegalovirus infection (jaundice, petechiae, hepatosplenomegaly, intrauterine growth retardation, microcephaly and cerebral calcifications) and congenital rubella syndrome (intrauterine growth retardation, congenital heart disease, cataract, hepatosplenomegaly and cerebral calcifications), respectively. Both had severe cerebral damage. To diagnose severe congenital infection in the first trimester of pregnancy in presence of congenital anomalies in utero there are other possible methods than TORCHES investigation, such as polymerase chain reaction and virus culture in amniotic fluid or in foetal blood obtained by cord puncture.     

晚期早产儿健康状况及其影响因素分析

目的 研究晚期早产儿的健康与疾病状况及其影响因素.方法 选2010年3月至2011年9月我院全部新生儿5 238例,其中晚期早产儿110例为研究组,采用单纯随机抽样法选出足月儿220例为对照组.记录两组患儿健康状况及疾病,并对两组高危因素进行比较分析.结果 研究组高胆红素血症、低体温、低血糖、呼吸窘迫、呼吸暂停、颅内出血、喂养不耐受、窒息、缺血缺氧性脑病的发生率均高于对照组,组间比较差异有统计学意义(颅内出血项P ＜0.05,其余均P＜0.01);研究组治愈率低于对照组,病死率高于对照组,组间比较差异均有统计学意义(均P＜0.05);研究组患儿母亲孕期高危因素(高龄、妊高征、胎膜早破、双胎/多胎、羊水异常、胎盘异常、孕期宫内感染)的发生率高于对照组,组间比较差异有统计学意义(均P＜0.05).结论 我院晚期早产儿新生儿疾病的发生率及病死率均高于足月儿,高龄、妊高征、胎膜早破、双胎/多胎、羊水异常、胎盘异常、孕期宫内感染是导致晚期早产儿早产的高危因素,应引起高度重视.     

Successful outcome of an intrauterine twin pregnancy combined with ectopic pregnancy

Authors present a case of twin intrauterine pregnancy combined with ectopic pregnancy. The simultaneous pregnancies occurred after the use of clomiphene citrate. In this case viable intrauterine twin gestation was observed by vaginal ultrasound examination, the simultaneous ectopic pregnancy was observed by laparotomy. Right salpingectomy was performed. The intrauterine twin pregnancy continued normally to the 35th week of pregnancy, finished with normal vaginal delivery. The healthy twin boys weighed 2650 g and 2070 g left the hospital in a good general condition on the 5th past delivery day. Authors discuss the etiology, the mode of diagnosis and the therapy of this rare condition.     

6例双绒双胎妊娠中期选择性减胎后胎膜早破患者妊娠结局分析

目的：回顾性分析通过辅助生殖技术受孕的双绒毛膜双羊膜囊双胎（双绒双羊双胎）妊娠中期减胎后发生胎膜早破患者的妊娠结局,为临床妊娠中期胎膜早破患者的治疗提供一定的临床依据。方法：收集2012年1月—2018年2月在武汉大学人民医院生殖中心选择性减胎后发生胎膜早破的双绒双羊双胎妊娠患者6例,患者受孕方式为体外受精（IVF）或胞浆内单精子注射（ICSI）,绒毛膜性在妊娠早期超声诊断为双绒双羊双胎,孕12～16周接受选择性减胎。结果：6例患者均减胎成功,减灭的胎儿除了1例为右侧胎儿,1例为左下方胎儿,其余4例均为下方胎儿。减胎后胎膜早破均发生在减胎后的24 h内,所有患者均在减胎胎膜早破后8 d之内（2～8 d）停止阴道流液。整个妊娠期1例患者妊娠晚期羊水过少,1例因胎膜早破早产,1例合并妊娠期糖尿病,另3例患者无异常。除了胎膜早破早产患者分娩孕周为34+6周,其余均为足月分娩,其中有4例患者剖宫产,2例经阴道顺产。新生儿体质量为2 200～3 400 g,4名男婴,2名女婴,除早产儿合并肺部感染外,其余新生儿均无并发症。结论：辅助生殖技术受孕双绒双胎妊娠中期选择性减胎后胎膜早破患者可以建议期待治疗,其妊娠结局可能是令人满意的,然而仍需要大样本研究来证实。     

The epidemiology of sudden infant death in upstate New York: II: birth characteristics.

This study describes the epidemiology of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) among infants born during 1974 to upstate New York residents. Birth certificate characteristics for 184 SIDS cases are compared with those of 417 infants dying from other causes in the same age range, 7-365 days. The results confirm the following as infant risk factors: fall or winter birth, low birthweight for gestational age, twin birth, and live birth order three or more. Maternal risk factors include: age under 20, abnormal uterine bleeding during pregnancy, late initiation of prenatal care, less than 12 years of education and single marital status. The increased risk for mothers who first gave birth in their teens and for second-born twins has not been previously reported. The evidence that SIDS babies are small for gestational age, that twins, especially the second born, and babies whose mothers experienced abnormal uterine bleeding during pregnancy are all at increased risk of SIDS suggests that perinatal stress leading to hypoxia is one of the components that determine the risk of SIDS.     

子痫前期与宫内死胎的相关性研究进展

子痫前期(preeclampsia,PE)是一种动态进展的妊娠相关性疾病,病因具有异质性,是导致孕产妇和胎儿死亡的主要原因之一.正常胎盘的形成是维持胎儿正常生长发育的关键.不正常的胎盘植入被认为是子痫前期的主要发病机制,以胎盘浅着床为中心环节.宫内死胎是一种由多因素导致的严重的妊娠期并发症,60％的宫内死胎与胎盘有关,...