Evaluation of Polyherbal formulation for Diuretic activity in albino rats

ObjectiveTo investigate the diuretic potential of Polyherbal formulations prepared from the seeds of Vitis venifera, Duranta repens and Centratherum anthelminticum in Albino rats.MethodsDifferent concentrations of Polyherbal formulations (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg), furosemide (10 mg/kg) and vehicle were orally administered to rat (n = 6 animals per group) and their urine output was collected after 24h. The Urinary output, Osmolarity, pH, Na⁺, K⁺ and Cl^? concentrations of urine were estimated.ResultsThe Polyherbal formulations produced significant increase in Na⁺, K⁺, Cl^? excretion, caused alkalinization of urine, showed strong Diuretic index, saluretic index and Natruretic index. All the concentrations of Polyherbal formulation showed dose-dependent relationship when compared to control animals.ConclusionsThese finding strongly suggests that the Polyherbal formulations have a good diuretic activity on rats in the above experimental model.     

Nephroprotective activity of Solanum xanthocarpum fruit extract against gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity and renal dysfunction in experimental rodents

ObjectiveTo evaluate nephroprotective potential of Solanum xanthocarpum (S. xanthocarpum) fruit extract(SXE) against gentamicin (GM) induced nephrotoxicity and renal dysfunction.MethodsTwenty-four Wistar rats were divided into four groups (n=6). Control rats that received normal saline (i.p.) and 0.5% carboxymethyl cellulose (p.o.) per day for 8 d. Nephrotoxicity was induced in rats by intraperitoneal administration of GM (100 mg/kg/d for 8 d) and were treated with SXE (200 and 400 mg/kg/d (p.o.) for 8 d). Plasma and urine urea and creatinine, kidney weight, urine output, blood urea nitrogen, renal enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants and lipid peroxidation was evaluated along with histopathological investigation in various experimental groupsof rats.ResultsIt was observed that the GM treatment induced significant elevation (P<0.001) in plasma and urine urea, creatinine, kidney weight, blood urea nitrogen, renal lipid peroxidation along with significant decrement (P<0.001) in urine output, renal enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants. SXE 200 and 400 mg/kg treatment to GM treated rats recorded significant decrement (up to P<0.001) in plasma and urine urea and creatinine, renal lipid peroxidation along with significant increment (up to P<0.001) in renal enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants. Histological observations of kidney tissues too correlated with the biochemical observations.ConclusionsThese finding powerfully supports that S. xanthocarpum fruit extract acts in the kidney as a potent scavenger of free radicals to prevent the toxic effects of GM both in the biochemical and histopathological parameters and thus validates its ethnomedicinal use.     

Neuroendocrine mechanisms of left ventricular dysfunction stimulated by anger stress in rats with atherosclerosis-a putative role of natriuretic peptide

Objective:To investigate the role of natriuretic peptide in the process of left ventricular dysfunction caused by emotional stress.Methods:Adult male SD rats(n=30)and Wistar rats(n=60)were selected in this study.Atherosclerosis models were induced with high-fat diet and excess VD3 injection(eight consecutive weeks),and anger stress models were prepared by residentintruder stress experiment(two consecutive weeks).Furthermore,left ventricular functions were examined by high-resolution echocardiograph,after which left ventricular myocardium and coronary arteries were prepared for pathological section and observed with electron microscope.At the same time,the hypothalamus,medulla oblongata and left ventricular myocardium were also prepared for pathological sections to detect the localization and expression of AMP,BNP and NPK-A with immunofluorescence and western blot.Results:We found that left ventricular functions of atherosclerosis or emotional stress modeled rats were both inferior to the healthy ones and superior to the combined(atherosclerosis and emotional stress)modeled ones(P0.05).We also found that atherosclerosis and emotional stress could both cause morphological changes of left ventricular cells and capillary which contribute to apoptosis and hyperblastosis.Further more,there was NPR—A distributed in hypothalamus,medulla oblongata,as well as left ventricular tissues with the same express trend between groups,with atherosclerosis modeled rats the highest and the healthy rats the lowest.Conclusions:The results of our study suggest that anger stress could cause an excess consumption of ANP,BNP and NPR-A in nervous and cardiovascular system which inhibit the compensatory self-repair function of atherosclerosis rats,leading to a promotion of fibrosis and lipid peroxidation,offering insight into the neuroendocrine mechanisms of left heart function obstacle.     

Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes levels in gut microbiota and effects of hosts TLR2/TLR4 gene expression levels in adult type 1 diabetes patients in Istanbul,Turkey

AimThe aim of this study was to determine and compare the levels of both Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes in the gut microbiota and TLR2/TLR4 gene expression in the blood of patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and healthy individuals. These results may serve as a preliminary assessment to guide future research.MethodBetween January and October 2014, stool and blood samples were collected from 53 adult T1DM patients and 53 age- and gender-matched healthy individuals. Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes levels were assessed from stool sample DNA and TLR2 and TLR4 expression levels were analyzed via qPCR using RNA from EDTA blood samples from both patients and healthy controls.ResultsThe amounts of Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes were statistically significantly higher and lower, respectively, in the T1DM group than in the healthy control group (p < 0.001 and p < 0.001, respectively). In addition, the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratios in patients with T1DM were significantly lower than in healthy controls. The TLR4 and TLR2 gene expression levels in T1DM patients were significantly upregulated and downregulated, respectively, compared to those in the control group.ConclusionOur data are the first to show a relationship between T1DM and gut microbiota in our country. In addition, our results provide information about the connections between T1DM, gut microbiota, and TLR2 and TLR4 expression. We believe that Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes in the gut microbiota may play a role in the autoimmune process of T1DM and that these findings should be further investigated in the future.     

Detection of schistosomiasis antibodies in urine patients as a promising diagnostic maker

ObjectiveTo determine secreted antischistosoma antibodies in urine and to discern the epidemiological situation of schistosomiasis in the agricultural field labourers'camps city in the Gezira State-central Sudan.MethodsTotal of 66 urine and 66 serum paired samples were collected from those who confirmed parasitologically positive and negative with schistosomiasis from the two camps. Samples were tested using ELISA technique to measure and compare the immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels in serum and urine samples of schistosomiasis patients.ResultsThe overall prevalence of S. mansoni and S. haematobium was 53.8% and 15.4%, while the intensity were (2.04 GMEC) and (0.9 GMEC) respectively. The relative percentage of positive IgG individulas in urine was 92.40% where as 96.97% in serum. Statistically no significant difference between the IgG levels in serum and urine samples was observed.ConclusionsThis study shows that the detection of secreted IgG antibodies in urine can substitute serum for diagnosis of schistosomiasis.     

Measurement duration affects the calculation of whole body protein turnover kinetics but not between-day variability

BackgroundAssessment of whole body protein turnover (WBPT) can provide fundamental information about protein kinetics which underpins the conservation of lean tissue. Reliability and methodology studies on the measurement of WBPT are scarce. This study aimed to assess the effects of urine collection duration (9 versus 12 h) and the reproducibility of WBPT with the end product method calculated from ammonia as the end product.MethodsWBPT was assessed in 21 healthy participants (11M, 10F) on 2 test days. WBPT was assessed using the end product method with a single dose of ¹⁵N glycine with ammonia as end product in a postprandial state with 9 and 12-h urine collections.ResultsThe CV for protein flux averaged 10% and 12% for 9 and 12-h urine collections respectively. Protein flux, synthesis and balance were significantly higher and protein breakdown significantly lower with 9-h urine collections compared to 12-h collections (P < 0.01) and there was a trend towards increasingly greater overestimation of 9-h calculated WBPT kinetics with greater overall rates of WBPT. Correlations between the 9 and 12-h values were strong (r > 0.962, P < 0.001 for all variables).ConclusionsThe reproducibility of WBPT with ammonia as the end product was similar to previously reported reproducibility of the gold standard precursor technique. The use of a 12-h urine collection is more effective to achieve full turnover of the ammonia free amino acid (AA) pool.     

Chronic lipoic acid treatment worsens energy imbalances in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

AimOur objective was to verify the energy balance in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats chronically treated with lipoic acid (LA).MethodsDiabetes was induced in rats by streptozotocin and the animals divided into four groups, comprising controls and diabetic rats, with each group receiving either daily intraperitoneal LA (30 mg/kg) or a buffer solution for 30 days. Body weight, food intake and stool and urine collections were recorded daily. On day 30, animals were sacrificed and the carcasses, faeces and urine collected and processed for calorimetric analysis. Blood glucose and insulin were also determined.ResultsAll parameters of energy balance were affected by diabetes. LA treatment reduced weight gain, energy gain and gross food efficiency in both control and diabetic animals. However, the LA-treated animals tended to show higher energy expenditure than non-treated animals. Body composition was also affected by diabetes: fat content was impaired by LA treatment in both control and diabetic animals. The latter also showed increased glycaemia and decreased insulinaemia, but LA had no effect on these parameters.ConclusionOur results indicate that chronic treatment with LA aggravates energy imbalances in diabetic animals. Moreover, our data suggest the need to reconsider the use of LA as an adjuvant in the prevention and treatment of type 1 diabetes.     

Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and their soluble receptors (sRAGE) as early predictors of reno-vascular complications in patients with uncontrolled type 2 diabetes mellitus

AimTo evaluate the role of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) and their soluble receptors (sRAGE) expression levels as predictors of vascular complications in uncontrolled type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).MethodsCross-sectional study was conducted on T2DM adults of both sexes who attended the outpatient service of Al-Karak Teaching Hospital, Jordan during the period from June 2017 to August 2018. Participants were categorized in two groups according to their glycemic control and the presence of reno-vascular complications. Twenty healthy subjects were recruited as control group. Blood sample was obtained from all participants and used for the assessment of FBG, HbA1c, serum AGEs and sRAGE, serum urea and creatinine; 24 h urine was also collected for the determination of urinary albumin.ResultsDiabetic subjects with vascular complication had a significantly higher serum AGEs 50.3 ± 13 vs. 28.9 ± 8 pg/ml) and AGEs/sRAGE ratio (0.058 ± 0.02 vs. 0.037 ± 0.02) associated with significantly lower serum sRAGE (868.7 ± 50.8 vs. 912.8 ± 294.3) compared to those with no complications. Serum AGEs and sRAGE showed weak negative and non-significant association in both groups of patients. However, the AGEs/sRAGE ration was inversely and significantly associated with the urinary albumin/creatinine ratio (r = − 0.51, P = 0.009) only in DM patients with reno-vascular complications.ConclusionWe found an association between AGEs/sRAGE ratio and urinary albumin/serum creatinine ratio in T2DM patients with reno-vascular complications; providing evidence that serum AGEs and sRAGE can be considered as predictors of vascular complications in uncontrolled T2DM patients.     

Virulent Escherichia coli strains among Egyptian patients with acute diarrhoea versus urinary tract infection,and their antibiotic susceptibility

Background and study aimsDiarrhoea and urinary tract infection (UTI) are common clinical problems. Meanwhile, Escherichia coli (E. coli), is the commonest bacterial pathogen reported in both of them. This study aimed to evaluate the pathogenic E. coli (PEC) in stool of acute diarrhoea and urine of UTI regarding their virulence genes and their influence on the susceptibility to routinely prescribed antibiotics.Patients and methodsTwenty two stool and another 22 urine samples of patients with acute diarrhoea and UTI respectively were collected from patients admitted at Kasr Al-Ainy Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt. E. coli isolation, identification of their phyla; chuA, yjaA, and TspE4.C2, and further identification of 10 virulent genes; fimH, papC, papG//, papG///, papEF, afa, sfa, CNF1, iroN & hlyA was performed. Antibiotic susceptibility was studied against quinolones, gentamicin (GM), and trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole (TMP-SMX).ResultsThe studied virulence genes were comparably detected in both pathogenic samples. In diarrheogenic E. coli (DEC); phylum A was significantly related to both ciprofloxacin (CIP) and TMP-SMX resistance, and both of the virulence genes fimH and iroN were significantly related to all the studied antibiotics resistance, while afa was significantly related to nalidixic acid (NA) resistance. In uropathogenic E. coli (UEC); phylum D was significantly related to CIP and levofloxacin resistance, and both of the virulence genes fimH and iroN were significantly related to most of the studied antibiotics resistance.ConclusionThe isolated PEC was evidently and broadly resistant to the studied antibiotics, with limited influence of their phyla and virulence genes (fimH and iroN).     

Dietary and supplementary betaine: Effects on betaine and homocysteine concentrations in males

Background and aimsBetaine is an osmolyte that when catabolised decreases plasma total homocysteine. A betaine-rich meal has acute effects similar to a supplement, but the effects of a longer-term increase in dietary betaine intake need clarification. We compared the effects of two weeks of dietary and supplementary betaine on plasma betaine and homocysteine concentrations both fasting and after a methionine load.Methods and resultsIn a randomized crossover study, 8 healthy males (22–36 y) consumed either a betaine-rich diet (∼800 mg/day) or a betaine supplement (0.5 g twice daily) for 14 days. Fasting blood samples were collected on day −5, −1 (pre-treatment) 0, 2, 6, 9, 13 (treatment), 14 and 18 (post-treatment). Post-methionine load blood samples were collected on day −5, 0, 6 and 13, while 24 h urine samples were collected on day −5, 0, 6, 13 and 14. Plasma betaine, dimethylglycine, homocysteine and urine betaine, dimethylglycine and creatinine concentrations were measured. Plasma betaine concentrations significantly increased for both treatments compared to pre-treatment values (P < 0.001). Fasting homocysteine levels were minimally affected. Both treatments reduced post-methionine load homocysteine and this effect tended to be greater following a betaine-rich diet (P = 0.108). Small increases in urinary betaine excretion were observed following both treatments (≈1.5% of supplement; ≈1.3% of dietary betaine). Most was attributable to increased excretion of betaine as dimethylglycine.ConclusionsSupplemental or dietary betaine similarly increase circulating betaine concentrations and attenuate the post-methionine load rise in homocysteine concentrations.     

Posttransplantation malignancy in a patient presenting with weight loss and changed bowel habits: a case report

Background

Previous studies have shown that in male rats, exposure to maternal protein restriction either in utero or whilst suckling can have profound effects on both longevity and kidney telomere lengths. This study monitored albuminuria longitudinally in male rats whose mothers had been protein restricted either during pregnancy or lactation.

Methods

Pregnant Wistar rats were fed either a 20% ('control') or an 8% protein ('low protein') diet. At two days of age some of the pups were cross-fostered to dams fed the diet that was not given to their biological mothers. At weaning all pups were fed standard chow. Urine samples were collected for the measurement of albumin and creatinine at monthly intervals from two months-of-age. Longitudinal analysis was then performed using repeated measures analysis of variance.

Results

Overall estimated marginal geometric mean (95 % confidence interval) urine albumin to creatinine ratios were: control animals 79.5 (57.2~110.6) g/mol (n = 6 litters, 24 animals in total), those exposed in utero to maternal protein restriction 71.0 (47.4~106.5) (n = 4 litters, 16 animals in total), those exposed to maternal protein restriction whilst suckling 21.2 (14.7~30.4) (n = 5 litters, 20 animals in total) (p < 0.001). These latter animals had lower albumin to creatinine ratios than either of the two other groups (both p < 0.001), which had ratios that were indistinguishable from each other (p = 1.0). Similar results were gained using 24 h. urine albumin excretion rates. These differences became evident from three months-of-age and were long-lasting.

Conclusion

Animals exposed to maternal protein restriction whilst suckling exhibited lower urine albumin excretions during much of adult life. As urine albumin can be nephrotoxic, these rats therefore appeared to be relatively protected against future nephron damage like that previously observed in animals exposed to maternal protein restriction in utero.     

Antimicrobial activity of Lactobacillus against microbial flora of cervicovaginal infections

ObjectiveTo assess the probiotic nature of Lactobacillus in preventing cervical pathogens by studying the effectiveness of antimicrobial activity against vaginal pathogens.MethodsLactobacilli were isolated from healthy vaginal swabs on selective media and different pathogenic bacteria were isolated by using different selective media. The Lactobacillus strains were tested for the production of hydrogen peroxide and antimicrobial compounds along with probiotic properties.ResultsOf the 10 isolated Lactobacillus strains, strain 1, 3 and 6 are high hydrogen peroxide producers and the rest were low producers. Results of pH and amines tests indicated that pH increased with fishy odour in the vaginal fluids of cervicovaginal infection patients when compared with vaginal fluids of healthy persons. The isolates were found to be facultative anaerobic, Gram-positive, non-spore-forming, non-capsule forming and catalase-negative bacilli. The results of antimicrobial activity of compounds indicated that 280 and 140 μg/mL was the minimum concentration to inhibit the growth of both pathogens and test organisms respectively.ConclusionsThe results demonstrated that Lactobacillus producing antimicrobial compounds inhibits the growth of cervical pathogens, revealing that the hypothesis of preventing vaginal infection by administering probiotic organisms has a great appeal to patients, which colonize the vagina to help, restore and maintain healthy vagina.     

Effect of different diets on Tyrophagus putrescentiae population and amelioration of their immunological disorder by garlic

BackgroundThe storage mite, Tyrophagus putrescentiae, detected in the samples collected from stored products and house dust, is one of the major causes of allergic disorders.ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to ameliorate the T. putrescentiae faeces allergic immunological disorder by garlic.MethodsAlbino experimental rats were classified into control, inhaled and treated groups. Mass rearing of T. putrescentiae on different diets, and ELISA of some cytokines and IgE techniques were used.ResultsThe results obtained showed the highest population of T. putrescentiae reared in four from thirteen tested diets. In addition, significantly higher serum levels of INF-γ and IgE were found in rats treated with faeces than the other groups; especially the garlic-treated group. In contrast, IL-4 was lower in faeces-treated rats than the others; however, the control group had the highest level of IL-4. Statistical analysis of data showed a significant difference between the garlic-treated group and either control or faeces-treated groups (P < 0.05).ConclusionsThe population of T. putrescentiae mites peaked in four from thirteen tested diets. The immunological disorder caused by repeated exposure to T. putrescentiae faeces might be modulated by garlic.     

Study comparing the clinical profile of complicated cases of Plasmodium falciparum malaria among adults and children

ObjectiveTo compare the clinical profile of Plasmodium falciparum (P. falciparum) malaria in adults and children.MethodsIn this retrospective study, data were collected from case records of patients admitted with P. falciparum malaria to the paediatric and adult critical care facility of a tertiary care hospital in an endemic area. A total of 20 adults and children were compared for their symptoms.ResultsIn this study, among all adults and children with P. falciparum malaria, the commonest symptom was fever with chills and rigors. Among children, the next common symptoms were altered sensorium and irritability. Nine children (45%) had cerebral malaria, among which five had seizures. Other common manifestations were reduced urine output (35%) and vomiting (35%). Among adults, vomiting (65%) was the most common symptom followed by headache (60%). Eight (40%) adults had jaundice while nine (45%) had complaints of decreased urine output. Among adults, 4 had altered sensorium, of which 2 had seizures and jaundice; and all 4 had renal impairment.ConclusionsClinical symptoms and profile of P. falciparum malaria differ among age groups. Early recognition of symptoms and treatment of malaria is paramount especially in children who tend to have higher rates of complications compared to adults.     

Inpatient Measurements of Urine Metanephrines are Indistinguishable from Pheochromocytoma: Retrospective Cohort Study

BackgroundPheochromocytoma is a rare cause of acute cardiovascular disease; however, any severe illness may have high catecholamines, simulating pheochromocytoma. We determined the spectrum of urine metanephrines from inpatient and outpatient collections without pheochromocytoma, compared with confirmed pheochromocytoma patients.MethodsRetrospective analysis using centralized laboratory data serving all outpatients and hospitals in southern Alberta. The analysis comprised 24-hour urine normetanephrine and metanephrine (UNM-UMN) results collected from hospital inpatients, community outpatients, and patients from a comprehensive provincial pheochromocytoma registry.ResultsThere were 974 unique inpatients (including 132 from intensive care), 6802 outpatients, and 58 pheochromocytoma patients. Among outpatient, general ward, and intensive care unit (ICU) patients, 18.7%, 34.4%, and 67.4% of results, respectively, were supranormal. Although pheochromocytoma patients had higher median UNM-UMN vs inpatients, there was substantial overlap. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis showed area under the curve (AUC) of 0.64-0.91 to detect true pheochromocytoma (P < .0001), with progressively poorer discrimination among hospitalized and ICU-dependent patients. A 24-hour urine normetanephrine >6.95 nmol/d had 98% specificity for pheochromocytoma when inpatient general ward samples were included, but only 46% sensitivity and 13% positive predictive value for pheochromocytoma. Considering ICU collections, 98% specificity required results more than fivefold above the upper reference limit and still had poor positive predictive value. A model combining both UNM and UMN results as a cross-product marginally improved the ROC AUC, but improved sensitivity in outpatients and ward patients but not ICU patients.ConclusionThere is a high degree of overlap in UNM-UMN between hospitalized patients and pheochromocytoma; high test specificity is not achieved in this population unless >3-5 times the upper reference limit.     

Comparative analysis of urinary schistosomiasis among primary school children and rural farmers in Obollo–Eke,Enugu State,Nigeria: Implications for control

ObjectiveTo determine the prevalence, sex-age related intensity of urinary schistosomiasis and to compare such parameters among rural school children and rural farmers in selected communities in Obollo-Eke located in Southeast, Nigeria.MethodsA cross-sectional survey involving 1 337 school children and farmers was conducted in Obollo-Eke community between September 2006 and July 2007. Demographic data of subjects was collected using a questionnaire prepared for this purpose. Urine samples were collected and examined for haematuria and ova of Schistosoma haematobium (S. haematobium) using Medi-test Combi 9 and sedimentation technique respectively.ResultsThe prevalence of urinary schistosomiasis based on microscopic examination of the urine sediment for the ova of S. haematobium was 17.5% while the prevalence of haematuria was 15.6%. Infection intensity varied from light to heavy. In general, the prevalence was higher among males (20.8%) than females (14.6%; P>0.05) and was slightly higher among primary school children (18.0%; n=762) than farmers (16.9%; n=575; P>0.05). The age-specific prevalence of schistosomiasis among the study subjects ranged from 8.3% to 21.2% in 0-5 years and 11-15 years age groups respectively.ConclusionsHaematuria and mean egg/10 mL urine (r = 0.95; P<0.01) showed that both procedures are reliable for the diagnosis of the disease and can be used to ascertain the prevalence of the disease in any community. The comparative analysis of urinary bilharziasis among primary school children and rural farmers demonstrated that the infection is moderately high in these two risk population groups at Obollo-Eke. A robust intervention strategy is clearly needed.     

Serum and urine metabolomic fingerprinting in diagnostics of inflammatory bowel diseases

AIM:To evaluate the utility of serum and urine metabolomic analysis in diagnosing and monitoring of inflammatory bowel diseases(IBD).METHODS:Serum and urine samples were collected from 24 patients with ulcerative colitis(UC),19 patients with the Crohn’s disease(CD)and 17 healthy controls.The activity of UC was assessed with the Simple Clinical Colitis Activity Index,while the activity of CD was determined using the Harvey-Bradshaw Index.The analysis of serum and urine samples was performed using proton nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR)spectroscopy.All spectra were exported to Matlab for preprocessing which resulted in two data matrixes for serum and urine.Prior to the chemometric analysis,both data sets were unit variance scaled.The differences in metabolite fingerprints were assessed using partial least-squaresdiscriminant analysis(PLS-DA).Receiver operating characteristic curves and area under curves were used to evaluate the quality and prediction performance of the obtained PLS-DA models.Metabolites responsible for separation in models were tested using STATISTICA10 with the Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon test and the Student’s t test(α=0.05).RESULTS:The comparison between the group of patients with active IBD and the group with IBD in remission provided good PLS-DA models(P value 0.002for serum and 0.003 for urine).The metabolites that allowed to distinguish these groups were:N-acetylated compounds and phenylalanine(up-regulated in serum),low-density lipoproteins and very low-density lipoproteins(decreased in serum)as well as glycine(increased in urine)and acetoacetate(decreased in urine).The significant differences in metabolomic profiles were also found between the group of patients with active IBD and healthy control subjects providing the PLS-DA models with a very good separation(P value<0.001 for serum and 0.003 for urine).The metabolites that were found to be the strongest biomarkers included in this case:leucine,isoleucine,3-hydroxybutyric acid,N-acetylated compounds,acetoacetate,glycine,phenylalanine and lactate(increased in serum),creatine,dimethyl sulfone,histidine,choline and its derivatives(decreased in serum),as well as citrate,hippurate,trigonelline,taurine,succinate and 2-hydroxyisobutyrate(decreased in urine).No clear separation in PLS-DA models was found between CD and UC patients based on the analysis of serum and urine samples,although one metabolite(formate)in univariate statistical analysis was significantly lower in serum of patients with active CD,and two metabolites(alanine and N-acetylated compounds)were significantly higher in serum of patients with CD when comparing jointly patients in the remission and active phase of the diseases.Contrary to the results obtained from the serum samples,the analysis of urine samples allowed to distinguish patients with IBD in remission from healthy control subjects.The metabolites of importance included in this case up-regulated acetoacetate and down-regulated citrate,hippurate,taurine,succinate,glycine,alanine and formate.CONCLUSION:NMR-based metabolomic fingerprinting of serum and urine has the potential to be a useful tool in distinguishing patients with active IBD from those in remission.     

Protective effect of penehvclidine hvdrochloride on ischemiareperfusion injury in rats

Objective:To investigate the protective effect of penehvclidine hvdrochloride on ischemiareperfusion injury in rats.Method:The model of ischemia-reperniston injury was established in rats through clamping rental pedicles for SO min followed by reperfusion.A total of 60 Wistar rats were randomly divided.into 4 groups including fake surgery group,model group,low PHC dosage group and high dosage penehvclidine hvdrochloride(PHC)group.Seven days before the experiment,rats in fake surgery group and model group were given 10 mL/kg normal saline,while rats in low PHC dosage group and high dosage PHC group were given 200 and SO mg/kg PHC,respectively.The urine volume,diet volume,Cre,PU,BUN,IL-6,IL-8,TNF-α,NO MDA concentration,SOD and GSH-Px were determined.Results:Compared with rats in model group,decreased urine volume,diet volume,Cre,PU,BUN,IL-6,IL-8,TNF-α,NO MDA concentration and increased SOD and CSH-Px activity could be seen in low PHC dosage group and high dosage PHC group(P0.05).Conclusions:Administration of PHC before ischemia-reperfusion injury can help protect ischemia-reperfusion injury.     

Identification of Chlamydia trachomatis genotypes in Mexican men with infertile women as sexual partners

BackgroundChlamydia trachomatis is considered a public health problem due to the high prevalence in sexually active women and men. The distribution of genital Chlamydia genotypes among Mexican men is unknown.ObjectiveTo assess the prevalence of Chlamydia genotypes in men with infertile women as sexual partners.MethodsA total of 659 urine samples were collected from men whose sexual partners were infertile women; the identifying Chlamydia infection was by means of a real-time nucleic acid amplification test (qPCR). OmpA gene PCR-RFLP and sequencing were used to confirm the genotypes of C. trachomatis. The association of genotypes with age, spermatic parameters and gynecological data of sexual partners was further analyzed.ResultsForty-nine urine samples were positive infection (7.4%). The Chlamydia infection was significantly associated with teratozoospermia, azoospermia, hypospermia, and oligozoospermia. Five genotypes (F 51%; 12.2% to D; 12.2% to E; 6.1% to L2 and 4.1% Ia) were correctly identified. None genotypes identified in this comparative study were positively associated with changes in some of the spermatic values because all of them typically produce some considerable damage to these cells.ConclusionsThe F genotype was the most frequent genotype identified in infertile men from Mexico City and all genotypes play an important role in the seminal alteration of Mexican men whose female partners are infertile.     

Susceptibility to first choice antimicrobial treatment for urinary tract infections to Escherichia coli isolates from women urine samples in community South Brazil

E. coli is the main pathogen of UTI. It is important to be aware the local epidemiological data for an appropriate initial treatment. Resistance to antimicrobial agents has increased, especially to first-choice antibiotics in the treatment of cystitis. There are few studies on the sensivity profile of community uropathogen in our region.ObjectiveTo characterize antimicrobials the sensitivity profile to E. coli isolated from urocultures of women treated at Basic Health Units and Emergency Care Units of Londrina- Paraná- Brazil during a period of 12 months (June 1, 2016 to June 1, 2017).MethodologyA cross-sectional study was carried out from June 2016 to June 2017. All urine samples collected in the Basic Health Units and Emergency Departments in the city of Londrina (Paraná State, Brazil) were sent to a Central Laboratory where the identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing were performed. Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) breakpoints were used for the interpretation of susceptibility testing results.Results56,555 urine cultures were performed in the period, of which 8,832 were positive, of which 5,377 were women. Of these samples, 4.7% were enterobacteria producing extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL) and 15.5% resistant to quinolones. TMP- SMX was resistant in more than 30% of the samples in all age groups. Among quinolone-resistant isolates, resistance to cephalothin, ampicillin and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim was greater than 60%. Nitrofurantoin was the only antimicrobial that showed 90% of sensitivity.ConclusionThe antimicrobials sensitivity profile was similar to that reported in the literature, with TMP- SMX resistance greater than 30% in the studied samples. Nitrofurantoin maintains high sensitivity rates greater than 90%. Resistance to quinolones increases proportionally with age, as well ESBL.