交锁髓内钉治疗漂浮膝的临床效果观察(附18例报告)

目的 观察和评价交锁髓内钉治疗漂浮膝的效果和价值。方法 采用交锁髓内钉治疗漂浮膝共18例(22个肢体)，其中用顺行股骨交锁髓内钉固定股骨干16个肢体，用逆行交锁髓内钉(倒打钉，髁上钉)固定股骨髁上骨折6个肢体，胫骨交锁髓内钉固定胫骨干骨折22个肢体。术后不加任何外固定，早期行功能锻炼。结果 18例均无死亡及术后感染。随访12～20个月，平均16个月，骨折愈合平均时间为24周(16～40周)，随访过程中未发生断钉。采用Karlstrom疗效标准判断，总优良率为91％。结论 应用交锁髓内钉治疗漂浮膝可提供有效的内固定，有利于肢体和全身症状的改善，远期随访患者可以获得满意的肢体功能，疗效优于传统的外固定支架或牵引治疗。     

A novel minimally invasive broken nail extractor for cannulated intramedullary nails: Trial and application in a few cases

Successful and minimally invasive extraction of a broken distal end of an intramedullary nail is challenging. This study introduces a simple and reproducible technique for the extraction of broken cannulated intramedullary nails using a novel minimally invasive broken nail extractor. Five amputated adult lower-leg specimens were used to create models of the broken distal end of the cannulated intramedullary nails remaining in the medullary cavity of the distal tibia. Two orthopedic resident physicians with experience in tibial intramedullary nail implantation were selected to blindly extract the broken intramedullary nail using the novel minimally invasive broken nail extractor. The extraction outcome was assessed. The broken nail extractor was applied to 3 patients with broken intramedullary nails remaining in the medullary cavity of the distal tibia. In the lower-leg specimens, the extraction success rate was 100%, the median number of extraction times was 1.9 (range 1–3.5), and the median duration of extraction was 38 s (range 20–52 s). All the broken intramedullary nails in the 3 patients were successfully extracted without complications related to the surgery. The study shows that our technique is simple, reproducible, and has a high extraction success rate, but more case applications are needed to verify its effect.     

Metachronous brain and intramedullary spinal cord metastases from nonsmall-cell lung cancer: a case report

A 44-year-old man had a brain tumor secondary to lung adenocarcinoma and underwent craniectomy to remove the brain tumor. After postoperative whole-brain radiation therapy, he underwent pneumonectomy followed by chemotherapy, mediastinal radiotherapy, and target therapy for lung cancer. Thirty-six months after the initial brain surgery, he suffered from neck pain and right upper limb numbness that rapidly progressed to upper extremity weakness and paralysis in 2 months. Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated an intramedullary spinal cord lesion at the C4 level. Laminectomy and gross intramedullary tumor removal were performed. The patient's neurological function improved after the operation. Nevertheless, 4 months after the intramedullary tumor removal, he began to show multiple metastases. Unfortunately, the patient died from respiratory failure 8 months after diagnosis with intramedullary spinal cord metastasis. In this case, early diagnosis and aggressive surgical treatment combined with postoperative radiotherapy and chemotherapy might have provided this patient with a prolonged survival and better quality of life.     

Isolated intramedullary cryptococcal granuloma of the conus medullaris: case report and review of the literature

Infection of the nervous system by Cryptococcus neoformans most often causes meningitis and meningoencephalitis. While there have been several cases of cerebral cryptoccal granuloma published in the literature, the isolated occurrence of intramedullary cryptococcal granuloma is very rare. We present an immunocompetent patient with such a lesion of the conus medullaris. The patient's clinical symptoms mimicked an intramedullary spinal cord tumor. The diagnosis was made by histopathology, rather than by image or laboratory examinations. The case was successfully managed with surgical removal of the lesion and postoperative anti-fungal treatment.     

Follow-up study of ankle arthrodesis in severe hind foot deformity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis using an intramedullary nail with fins

We report herein a retrospective study of 25 cases of ankle arthrodesis performed in 23 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) using an intramedullary nail with fins, developed in 1994. Surgical treatment, postoperative management, and clinical evaluation are described. Clinical evaluation, at an average follow-up period of 7 years 1 month, was based on foot disease scores from the Japanese Orthopedic Association; we compared these scores pre- and postoperatively, and during follow-up. These parameters showed a significant difference between preoperation and the follow-up period. However, instability only significantly improved when compared between pre- and postoperation. Arthrodesis using an intramedullary nail with fins was effective for the treatment of severe deformity of the hind foot. Nonunion was not observed and no remarkable changes of the Chopart joint were recognized between preoperation and the follow-up period. In our series, delayed wound healing was recognized in 6 of 25 joints. However, infection or neuropathy and other complications were not found. Arthrodesis using an intramedullary nail with fins is a viable treatment option for severe deformity of the hind foot in RA patients, because nonunion was not recognized and the clinical results over an average 7-year follow-up period were good or satisfactory.     

Follow-up study of ankle arthrodesis in severe hind foot deformity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis using an intramedullary nail with fins

Abstract

We report herein a retrospective study of 25 cases of ankle arthrodesis performed in 23 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) using an intramedullary nail with fins, developed in 1994. Surgical treatment, postoperative management, and clinical evaluation are described. Clinical evaluation, at an average follow-up period of 7 years 1 month, was based on foot disease scores from the Japanese Orthopedic Association; we compared these scores pre- and postoperatively, and during follow-up. These parameters showed a significant difference between preoperation and the follow-up period. However, instability only significantly improved when compared between pre- and postoperation. Arthrodesis using an intramedullary nail with fins was effective for the treatment of severe deformity of the hind foot. Nonunion was not observed and no remarkable changes of the Chopart joint were recognized between preoperation and the follow-up period. In our series, delayed wound healing was recognized in 6 of 25 joints. However, infection or neuropathy and other complications were not found. Arthrodesis using an intramedullary nail with fins is a viable treatment option for severe deformity of the hind foot in RA patients, because nonunion was not recognized and the clinical results over an average 7-year follow-up period were good or satisfactory.     

Intramedullary Nail Versus Plate Fixation for Humeral Shaft Fractures: A Systematic Review of Overlapping Meta-analyses

Multiple meta-analyses have been published to compare intramedullary nail and plate for treating humeral shaft fractures; however, results are discordant.The purposes of current study were to perform a systematic review of overlapping meta-analyses comparing intramedullary nail and plate fixation for the treatment of humeral shaft fractures, to appraise the methodological quality and the quality of reporting of meta-analyses, and to propose a guide through the currently discordant available evidence.This systematic review was performed according to the guidelines of Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis. The literature was systematically reviewed to identify meta-analyses comparing intramedullary nail and plate fixation for the treatment of humeral shaft fractures. Only meta-analyses exclusively including randomized clinical trials (RCTs) met eligibility criteria in this systematic review. Methodological quality for each included study was assessed using the Oxford Levels of Evidence and the Assessment of Multiple Systematic Reviews Instrument. We extracted all variables from the included studies and listed the results reported by them. Heterogeneity information of each variable was extracted for the included studies. An I² of <60% is accepted in this systematic review. The Jadad algorithm was then applied to determine which meta-analyses provided the best evidence.Seven studies met the inclusion criteria in this study. All studies included RCTs or quasi-RCT and were Level II of evidence. Assessment of Multiple Systematic Reviews scores varied from 6 to 10 with a median of 7.86. Heterogeneity of each outcome was acceptable in those meta-analyses pooled results. The Jadad algorithm suggested that the meta-analyses can be selected based on the search strategies and application of selection. As a result, 2 meta-analyses with more RCTs were selected in this systematic review. The best available evidence suggested that the differences between intramedullary nail and plate fixation were not significant in fracture union, radial nerve injury, and infection. But intramedullary nail significantly increased the risk of shoulder complications (shoulder impingement and restriction of shoulder movement) and reoperation.We concluded that plate fixation is superior to intramedullary nail for the treatment of humeral shaft fractures.     

Interventions for Treating Displaced Midshaft Clavicular Fractures: A Bayesian Network Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Displaced midshaft clavicle fractures are frequent injuries. There are 3 treatment methods including conservative treatment, plate fixation, and intramedullary pin fixation. However, which is the best treatment remains a topic of debate.To establish the optimum treatment for displaced midshaft clavicular fractures, we did a network meta-analysis to compare 3 treatments in terms of postoperative nonunion and infection.We searched PubMed, the Cochrane Library, and Embase for relevant randomized controlled trials (RCTs) until the end of October 2014. Two investigators independently reviewed the abstract and full text of eligible studies and extracted information. We used WinBUGS 1.4 (Imperial College School of Medicine at St Mary''s, London) to perform our Bayesian network meta-analysis. We used the graphical tools in STATA12 (StataCorp, Texas) to present the results of statistical analyses of WinBUGS14. Nonunion and infection were presented as odd ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). We also presented the results using surface under the cumulative ranking curve (SUCRA). A higher SUCRA value suggests better results for respective treatment method.Thirteen RCTs were included in our network meta-analysis, with a total of 894 patients randomized to receive 1 of 3 treatments. Nonunion rates were 0.9%, 2.4%, and 11.4% for intramedullary pin fixation, plate fixation, and conservative method, respectively. Nonunion occurred more commonly in patients treated with conservative method than in patients treated with either plate fixation (OR, 0.18; 95% CI, 0.05–0.46) or intramedullary pin fixation (OR, 0.12; 95% CI, 0.01–0.50). There was no significant difference between plate and intramedullary pin fixation in nonunion (OR, 3.64; 95% CI, 0.31–17.27). Furthermore, SUCRA probabilities were 87.8%, 62.0%, and 0.2% for intramedullary pin fixation, plate fixation, and conservative method, respectively. Infection rates were 3.6% and 3.9% for intramedullary pin fixation and plate fixation, respectively. There was no significant difference between plate and intramedullary pin fixation in infection (OR, 3.64; 95% CI, 0.31–17.27). SUCRA probabilities were 46.5% and 8.5% for intramedullary pin and plate fixation, respectively.Our network meta-analysis suggested that intramedullary pin fixation is the optimum treatment method for displaced midshaft clavicle fracture because of the low probabilities of nonunion and infection.     

Lady with pain in both legs

46-year-old lady presented with pain in bilateral legs for two years. X-ray and bone scan revealed typical features of intramedullary osteosclerosis. Onset in adults, female predominance, lack of a similar condition in family members, without extensive periosteal new bone formation and soft tissue involvement are characteristics of idiopathic intramedullary osteosclerosis.     

Comparison of serum phenobarbital levels after single versus multiple attempts at intraosseous infusion

Serum drug levels from a single intraosseous attempt in nontraumatized bone have proven comparable to levels from IV drug infusions. However, in the clinical situation, inexperienced personnel may make multiple intraosseous attempts, which could allow significant extravasation from multiple intramedullary entrance sites. Serum drug levels arising from multiple intraosseous attempts in traumatized bone were compared with those arising from single intraosseous attempts in nontraumatized bone. We administered phenobarbital to 24 dogs randomly divided into single- (11) and multiple-attempt (13) groups. In the multiple-attempt group, we created three intramedullary insertion sites in a linear fashion and infused through only the central site. In the single-attempt group, only a single infusion site was created. Phenobarbital then was infused into the intramedullary space, and central venous phenobarbital samples were collected at one-, three-, six-, and ten-minute intervals. The single-attempt group attained significantly higher serum phenobarbital levels at each interval compared with the multiple-attempt group (P less than .0001). Therefore, to be an effective mode of therapy, it is critical to achieve single-attempt intraosseous needle placement for intraosseous infusion.     

Plate Versus Intramedullary Fixation Care of Displaced Midshaft Clavicular Fractures: A Meta-Analysis of Prospective Randomized Controlled Trials

In recent decades, there has been a growing trend to the operative treatment of displaced midshaft clavicular fractures. Open reduction and internal plate fixation, and intramedullary nailing fixation are 2 of the widely used techniques for operative treatment, but the optimal fixation method for these types of fractures remains a topic of debate. The objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of plate fixation versus intramedullary nailing fixation for displaced midshaft clavicle fractures by comparing their clinical results.Literature searches of the Pubmed, EMBASE, and Web of Science were performed from 1966 to April, 2015. Only randomized controlled clinical trials comparing plate and intramedullary nailing treatment for displaced midshaft clavicle fractures were included. Literature was screened, data were extracted, and methodological quality of the eligible trials was assessed by 2 independent reviewers accordingly.Seven randomized controlled trials involving 421 patients were included. Compared to intramedullary nailing fixation, plate fixation had a relatively longer mean surgical time and a trend towards a faster functional improvement during the first 6 months after surgery; apart from this, the pooled results revealed no significant differences in functional scores after 6 months postoperatively, complication rate and patients’ satisfaction between plate fixation and intramedullary fixation.Our results demonstrated that these 2 methods were comparable and safe in the treatment of displaced midshaft clavicle fractures. We advocate both techniques for the treatment of displaced midshaft clavicle fractures, and the superior surgical technique was those that the surgeon was originally trained to perform.     

Intramedullary pinning with tension-band wiring for surgical neck fractures of the proximal humerus in elderly patients

Most proximal humeral fractures in the elderly population are related to osteoporosis. Several methods have been proposed to treat surgical neck fractures of the proximal humerus in elderly people. This study investigates a new method of intramedullary pinning with tension-band wiring. From June 1998 to March 2001, 10 female patients with a mean age of 73.0 years and displaced two- or three-part surgical neck fractures of the proximal humerus were studied. Two intramedullary pins were used with tension-band wiring via a deltopectoral approach with minimum dissection. The mean follow-up was 20.6 months. Final outcome was evaluated using the constant score, visual analog scale (VAS) score, questionnaire, and an outcome assessment form. The outcome was excellent in four patients, good in five, and fair in one. The mean Constant score was 80.8 and the VAS score was 83.0. There was no nonunion, avascular necrosis, deep infection, or pin migration. No patient needed further revision open reduction with internal fixation or prosthesis replacement. We therefore concluded that intramedullary pinning with tension-band wiring is a safe, reliable method, with few complications, for treating surgical neck fractures of the proximal humerus in elderly patients.     

Disseminated fat necrosis with asymptomatic pancreatitis: a case report and review of the literature

A 62-year-old man with multiple nontender skin nodules is presented. Some of these nodules discharged a purulent looking fluid. At presentation, the patient did not have any other complaints. No infectious, neoplastic, or immunologic origin could be found for the nodular rash. Biochemical profile, imaging, and skin biopsy confirmed the diagnosis of disseminated fat necrosis (DFN) accompanying asymptomatic pancreatitis. The process involved the mesenteric, subcutaneous, and intramedullary fat. The skin lesions were surgically treated. Mesenteric and intramedullary fat necrosis were watched closely. A year later, the patient was readmitted with a diagnosis of pancreatitis. Subcutaneous and intramedullary necrosis were completely resolved at this time, and only mesenteric fat necrosis prevailed. The clinical syndrome of DFN, its etiology, pathophysiology, treatment, and prognosis are discussed.     

脊髓髓内肿瘤显微外科治疗

目的探讨脊髓髓内肿瘤显微手术治疗方法和疗效。 方法回顾性分析海南省人民医院神经外科自2014年6月至2019年6月收治的17例经显微手术治疗的髓内肿瘤患者的病例资料,其中肢体麻木为首发症状13例,有肢体运动功能障碍9例,大小便功能障碍2例,腰背部疼痛2例,痛温觉分离者1例,呼吸困难1例,肌肉萎缩1例。所有患者在术前均行MRI平扫+增强扫描明确髓内占位性病变。全部病例采取全椎板切开术后复位固定。对患者术后病理以及术前、术后症状体征和随访复发情况进行总结,评价外科显微手术治疗髓内肿瘤的效果。 结果本组患者中,11例室管膜瘤10例全切,1例次全切除;2例星形细胞瘤1例全切除,1例次全切除;表皮样囊肿、血管母细胞瘤、胶质母细胞瘤术后转移各1例均全切除;1例炎性组织部分切除。术后症状改善11例,1例术前双下肢瘫和大小便失禁,术后无变化,5例术后症状加重,经康复治疗后2例完全恢复,2例留有轻度功能障碍,1例仅轻微改善,遗留有中度功能障碍,没有死亡病例。17例随访0.1~4.5年,2例肿瘤复发,1例再次手术,1例转放射治疗。 结论对于不同病理和性质的髓内肿瘤采取不同的显微手术方法和手术技巧,获得较好的成功率。术前症状较重者,预后较差。因此,显微外科手术是脊髓内肿瘤有效、安全的治疗方法。     

Factors affecting healing following percutaneous intramedullary fixation of metacarpal fractures

Although percutaneous intramedullary nailing of metacarpal fractures is a straightforward and reliable technique, it is not without complications, and patients experience different outcomes. This study analyzed factors affecting fracture healing time and complication rates in patients who underwent percutaneous intramedullary fixation of metacarpal fractures.This study was a retrospective review of the 25 patients who underwent retrograde percutaneous Kirschner wire (K-wire) nailing for fracture of the metacarpal shaft or neck at a military hospital between May 2016 and October 2018. Correlation study and multiple regression analysis were performed to evaluate variables (age, smoking history in pack-years, body-mass index, fracture site, number of K-wires used) that affect time to bone union. Clinical features of patients with metacarpal neck fractures and those with metacarpal shaft fractures were also compared.The metacarpal shaft fractures (as opposed to metacarpal neck fractures) and higher number of K-wire used were associated with longer time to bone union. Mean union time was significantly longer for metacarpal shaft fracture (8.6 weeks) than for metacarpal neck fracture (6.1 weeks) and for patients who received more K-wires than for those who received less (regression coefficient 1.307). One patient suffered fixation failure and required revision operation, and another experienced superficial infection which was treated with intravenous antibiotics.Percutaneous intramedullary nailing is an effective technique for metacarpal fractures, but fracture site and number of K-wire used affect time to achieve bone union.     

Intramedullary tuberculosis manifested as Brown-Sequard syndrome in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus

A 25-year-old girl presented with progressive deterioration of right side weakness with decreased sensation on the left trunk. She had been treated with high dose steroid due to autoimmune thrombocytopenia for 2 months. Clinical, laboratory and immunologic studies revealed that she had systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), MRI of spinal cord showed marginal contrast enhancing and fluid containing mass in the cord of the C5-6 level, suggesting intramedullary abscess. She underwent surgery of mass removal with biopsy. The pathologic findings from cord tissues revealed numerous acid fast bacilli (AFB) in necrotic tissues. After surgery and anti-tuberculous treatment, her neurologic symptoms were markedly improved with restoration of right side motor weakness. To our knowledge, this is the first case report of intramedullary tuberculosis in a patient with SLE. Since intramedullary tuberculosis may sometimes mimic neurologic complication of SLE itself, it may pose diagnostic and therapeutic confusion for clinicians. We report a case of spinal cord tuberculosis affecting C5, 6 level which was manifested as Brown-Sequard syndrome in a patient with SLE.     

交锁髓内钉与锁定加压钢板内固定治疗胫骨骨折的疗效比较

目的探讨交锁髓内钉与锁定加压钢板内固定治疗胫骨骨折的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析该院2010-02~2012-04分别采用交锁髓内钉（A组）与锁定加压钢板（B组）内固定治疗的68例胫骨骨折患者的临床资料,比较两组临床疗效。结果两组手术时间、术中出血量、骨折愈合时间比较差异均无统计学意义（P均〉0.05）;A组优良率为97.1%,B组优良率为97.0%,两组疗效比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论交锁髓内钉与锁定加压钢板内固定均是治疗胫骨骨折的有效方法。     

Two cases of intramedullary spinal cord metastasis of lung cancer detected with MRI]

We report two cases of intramedullary spinal cord metastasis of lung cancer detected by MRI. Case 1: A 77-year-old man underwent chemotherapy and left lower lung lobectomy for squamous cell carcinoma of the lung (T2N0M0). About one year later, he complained of paresthesia of the lower extremities and claudication on walking, and then of weakness of the lower limbs and bladder dysfunction. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed an enhanced mass in the dural sac at the level of the spines of L1-2. Volume reduction surgery was promptly performed. The pathological diagnosis was squamous cell carcinoma. Case 2: A small cell carcinoma of lung with metastasis to bone, kidney and cerebellum (T4 N3 M1) in a 73-year-old man was diagnosed. He showed a partial response to chemotherapies and to whole brain radiation (45 Gy). Three months later, he presented sudden onset paraplegia, paraesthesia and bladder dysfunction. MRI demonstrated an enhancing intramedullary lesion that delineated the conus of the cauda equina, and T 2-weighted MRI images showed multiple nodules in sacs.     

Multimodality therapy improves survival in intramedullary spinal cord metastasis of lung primary

BackgroundMost metastatic spinal cord lesions are located either in the intradural, extramedullary, or in the epidural compartments. Intramedullary spinal cord metastasis (ISCM) is a rare central nervous system spread of cancer. The aim of this report was to evaluate ISCM in the published literature.MethodsA literature review of PubMed from 1960 to 2016 was undertaken for the publications having demographic, clinical, histological, and outcome data.ResultsA total of 59 relevant papers were identified, showing 128 cases of intramedullary metastasis from lung cancer. The incidence of lung cancer as the primary malignancy with intramedullary metastasis was 56%. The median time from diagnosis of primary to intramedullary metastasis was 6 months. Survival improved with multimodality therapy compared to monotherapy (4 months vs. 6.3 months) (hazard ratio = 0.501; 95% confidence interval, 0.293–0.857).ConclusionLung cancer is the predominant cause of intramedullary involvement of the spinal cord. Overall prognosis is poor, although a multimodality approach was associated with improved survival.     

The principles and practices of intramedullary nailing for fracture fixation

Intramedullary nailing is fracture fixation for long bone fractures. The fixation system is stabilization at fracture site, using a metal rod, from the inside of medullary cavity of long tubular bone. This principle of fracture fixation is intramedullary splinting. The procedures of fixation are reduction at fracture site, decision of entry point, reaming, insertion of nail and interlocking screw fixation, additionally controlling of dynamization for acceleration of fracture healing. The development of intremadullary nailing has sequentially addressed the design of nail, fixation system and technical exploitation, and expanding of indication. This paper introduces the concept and recent development of intramedullary nailing.