Association of Vitamin D Receptor Genetic Polymorphisms With Nephrolithiasis and End-Stage Renal Disease: A Meta-Analysis

BackgroundOur objective was to evaluate the association between vitamin D receptor (VDR) BsmI, FokI, TaqI, and ApaI gene polymorphisms and the risk of renal disease. A meta?analysis was conducted to determine the correlation between these VDR gene polymorphisms and the renal disease.MethodsMeta-analysis was carried out to clarify the association of BsmI (2467 cases and 2651 controls), FokI (2460 cases and 3085 controls), TaqI (3181cases and 3713 controls), and ApaI (2512 cases and 3091 controls) polymorphisms with nephrolithiasis (NL), diabetic nephropathy (DN), and end-stage renal disease (ESRD).ResultsThe VDR BsmI C allele, under the allele contrast random effect model, was associated with renal diseases calculated for ESRD. Subgroup analysis revealed association of VDR FokI polymorphism with ESRD and no association with NL and DN. The VDR TaqI C allele, under the allele contrast fixed effect model, was associated with renal diseases calculated collectively for DN, ESRD, and NL. Cochran's Q test showed no evidence of heterogeneity for TaqI and ApaI polymorphisms and showed a significant heterogeneity for BsmI and FokI polymorphisms.ConclusionsThis meta-analysis identifies BsmI, FokI, TaqI and ApaI polymorphisms of the VDR gene as risk factors for renal diseases.     

维生素D受体基因多态性与白癜风的相关性研究

目的：探讨维生素D受体基因多态性与白癜风的相关性。方法：采用聚合酶链反应和限制性片段长度多态性方法，对749例白癜风患者和763例健康人的维生素D受体基因型进行分析。结果：白癜风患者维生素D受体BsmI、ApaI、TaqI位点基因型的分布与正常对照组相比有显著性差异，bb、aa、tt基因型在白癜风患者中频率较高，FokI位点基因型的分布与对照组无明显差异。单倍体型分析表明FokI位点和BsmI位点，BsmI位点和ApaI位点，BsmI和TaqI位点，ApaI位点和TaqI位点之间存在较强的连锁不平衡，白癜风患者中fbAT、FbAT和FbaT单倍体型的频率显著高于对照组。结论：维生素D受体基因多态性与白癜风有明显的相关性。携带维生素D受体基因纯合子bb、aa或tt基因型可能会增加对白癜风的易感性。     

Association of vitamin D receptor gene TaqI,BsmI, FokI and ApaI polymorphisms and susceptibility to extremity chronic osteomyelitis in Chinese population

Previous studies have indicated that vitamin D receptor (VDR) TaqI, BsmI, FokI and ApaI gene polymorphisms are associated with the risk of several inflammatory diseases. However, potential association of the VDR gene polymorphisms with susceptibility to extremity chronic osteomyelitis remains unclear. The present study aimed to investigate link between VDR gene polymorphisms and the risk of extremity chronic osteomyelitis in Chinese population. A total of 233 patients with chronic osteomyelitis and 200 healthy controls were genotyped for the 4 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (TaqI, BsmI, FokI and ApaI) in VDR gene using the SNaPshot genotyping method. The frequencies of mutant allele C in rs731236 (P = 0.044, OR = 1.830, 95% CI 1.009 − 3.319) and rs2228570 (P = 0.029, OR = 1.347, 95% CI 1.031 − 1.761) were significantly higher in patients than those in healthy controls. In addition, outcomes of the logistic regression analysis adjusted by gender and age revealed that significant links were found between rs731236 (P = 0.05, OR = 1.887, 95% CI 1.001 − 3.558), rs2228570 (P = 0.042, OR = 1.594, 95% CI 1.016–2.500) and the risk of developing chronic osteomyelitis by dominant genetic model. In addition, significant association was also found between rs2228570 and the risk of developing the disease by homozygous model (P = 0.034, OR = 1.803, 95% CI 1.046 − 3.106). However, no significant correlations were found between BsmI (rs1544410) or ApaI (rs7975232) gene polymorphisms and the susceptibility to the disease. To our knowledge, we reported for the first time that VDR gene TaqI (rs731236) and FokI (rs2228570) polymorphisms may contribute to the increased risk of chronic osteomyelitis in Chinese population.     

Osteoporosis risk and bone mineral density levels in patients with Parkinson's disease: A meta-analysis

IntroductionParkinson's disease (PD) and osteoporosis are common diseases which affect a substantial portion of the elderly population. Accumulating evidence supports that PD patients have a high risk for osteoporosis in recent years. The purpose of the present study is to perform a meta-analysis on the risk of osteoporosis and bone mineral density (BMD) levels in PD patients.MethodsWe searched all articles indexed in Medline, SciVerse Scopus and Cochrane Library published up to January 2012 concerning the association between PD and risk of osteoporosis or BMD levels. In total, 15 studies were included in the meta-analysis.ResultsThe results indicated that PD patients are at higher risk for osteoporosis (summary OR = 1.18, 95% CI = [1.09, 1.27]) than healthy controls. The gender subgroup analysis suggested that PD male patients have a higher risk for osteoporosis than female patients (female patients: summary OR = 1.16, 95% CI = [1.07, 1.26]; male patients: summary OR = 2.44, 95% CI = [1.37, 4.34]). Further meta-analysis showed that PD patients have a lower hip, lumbar spine and femoral neck BMD than healthy controls. The gender subgroup analysis found a lower BMD in PD female patients than controls, while no obvious difference was observed in PD male patients and controls.ConclusionsThis meta-analysis suggested that PD patients are at higher risk for osteoporosis and have lower BMD levels than healthy controls overall.     

The efficacy of dendritic cell vaccine for newly diagnosed glioblastoma: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies

IntroductionThe efficacy of dendritic cell vaccine to treat glioblastoma remained elusive and therefore we conducted a meta-analysis to explore the influence of dendritic cell vaccine on treatment efficacy of glioblastoma.MethodsPubMed, EMbase, Web of science, EBSCO and Cochrane library databases have been searched through October 2020, and we included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) assessing the efficacy of dendritic cell vaccine for glioblastoma.ResultsFour RCTs and 267 patients were included in the meta-analysis. Compared to control group for glioblastoma, dendritic cell vaccine demonstrated no obvious impact on overall survival (HR = 0.59; 95% CI = 0.34 to 1.04; P = 0.07), progression-free survival (PFS, HR = 0.72; 95% CI = 0.52 to 1.00; P = 0.05), nervous system disorders (OR = 0.61; 95% CI = 0.29 to 1.29; P = 0.20), or adverse events (OR = 1.44; 95% CI = 0.82 to 2.50; P = 0.20).ConclusionsDendritic cell vaccine may be not effective to treat glioblastoma.     

Vitamin D receptor allele combinations influence genetic susceptibility to type 1 diabetes in Germans

Vitamin D has been shown to exert manifold immunomodulatory effects. Because type 1 diabetes is regarded to be immune-mediated and vitamin D prevents the development of diabetes in the NOD mouse, we investigated the role of the vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene as a candidate for type 1 diabetes susceptibility. A total of 152 Caucasian families with at least one affected offspring were genotyped for four VDR restriction-site polymorphisms (FokI, BsmI, ApaI, and TaqI). Whereas the BsmI, ApaI, and TaqI polymorphisms are in strong linkage disequilibrium with each other, no significant linkage disequilibrium with the FokI site was observed. Extended transmission disequilibrium testing (ETDT) was used to detect preferential transmission of allelic combinations to affected offspring. We found significant haplotype-wise ETDT results for the BsmI/ApaI/TaqI (chi2 = 18.886, df = 7, P = 0.0086), the BsmI/TaqI (chi2 = 8.373, df = 3, P = 0.0389), and theApaI/TaqI (chi2 = 17.182, df = 3, P = 0.0006) haplotypes. The "At" and "Bt" alleles confer an increased risk, whereas "AT" and "at" are protective. The combination with the strongest susceptibility was the "BAt" haplotype (64% transmitted, P = 0.0106). Analysis of the FokI site does not provide more information on susceptibility (FokI/BsmI/ApaI/TaqI [chi2 = 24.702, df = 15, P = 0.0541]). These findings suggest a linkage of VDR itself or a nearby gene with type 1 diabetes susceptibility in Germans, confirming respective observations previously made in Indian Asians.     

Vitamin D receptor gene polymorphism is related to bone density, circulating osteocalcin, and parathyroid hormone in healthy adolescent girls

Bone mineral density (BMD) in adolescence is under strong genetic control and may influence the risk of future osteoporosis and resulting fracture. We investigated the vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene polymorphisms ApaI, BsmI, FokI, and TaqI, in relation to BMD, circulating calcium, osteocalcin, and parathyroid hormone (PTH) concentrations in healthy Caucasian girls (n = 99; mean (+/- SD) age 16.9 +/- 1.2 years). BMD of the total body, femoral neck, and lumbar spine, and bone area of the femur, lumbar spine, and total body were measured using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. BMD values were adjusted for age, body height, body weight, and physical activity. Using ANOVA, the ApaI genotype Aa had lower circulating levels of osteocalcin (P < 0.01), higher levels of PTH (P = 0.04), and there was a strong tendency toward a significantly higher lumbar spine BMD (P = 0.08) compared with aa subjects. BMD of the lumbar spine (P = 0.02), but not femoral neck or total body, was higher in Bb subjects compared with their bb counterparts. There was no difference in BMD at any measured site of the FokI alleles. There was a strong tendency for a higher BMD at the lumbar spine of Tt subjects compared with TT subjects (P = 0.05). Neither of the different VDR polymorphisms was related to BMD before adjustment for age, body weight, body height, and physical activity. In conclusion, VDR gene polymorphism, defined by ApaI, is related to differences in circulating osteocalcin and PTH, and BsmI is related to lumbar spine BMD in healthy adolescent girls. The results stress the importance of adjusting BMD for confounding factors, such as body weight and physical activity, in order to be able to find any genotype effect on BMD.     

Quimioterapia con estramustina en el manejo del cáncer de próstata resistente a la castración: metaanálisis de ensayos controlados aleatorizados

ObjectiveEstramustine, an agent with both hormonal and non-hormonal effects in men, is supposed to be effective in treating castration-resistant prostate cancer. However, previous studies have reported conflicting results. We conducted this meta-analysis to evaluate the efficacy and toxicity of additional estramustine to chemotherapy.MethodsData sources including PubMed, Medline, EMBASE, and Cochrane Controlled Trials Register were searched to identify potentially relevant randomized controlled trials. Prostate specific antigen (PSA) response, overall survival, and grade 3 to 4 toxicity were analyzed.ResultsSeven randomized controlled trials, a total of 839 patients, were enrolled. The pooled odds ratio for PSA response was 3.02 (95% CI = 1.69-5.39, P = .0002); the pooled hazard ratio for overall survival was .95 (95% CI = .80-1.14, P = .58); the pooled odds ratio for nausea/vomiting and cardiovascular toxicity were 3.90 (95% CI = 1.05-14.45, P = .04) and 2.22 (95% CI = 1.15-4.30, P = .02). No significant difference was detected for neutropenia, anemia, thrombocytopenia, diarrhea, fatigue, or neuropathy (P > .05).ConclusionsAccording to this meta-analysis, chemotherapy with additional estramustine increased the PSA response rate. However, it increased the risk of grade 3 or 4 adverse effects such as nausea/vomiting and cardiovascular events, and the overall survival was not improved for castration-resistant prostate cancer patients.     

Frailty as a predictor of fractures among community-dwelling older people: A systematic review and meta-analysis

PurposeTo identify prospective studies examining associations between frailty and fractures and to combine the risk measures to synthesize pooled evidence on frailty as a predictor of fractures among community-dwelling older people.MethodsA systematic literature search was conducted using five databases: Embase, MEDLINE, CINAHL Plus, PsycINFO, and the Cochrane Library for prospective studies on associations between frailty and fracture risk published from 2000 to August 2015 without language restriction. Odds ratios (OR) and hazard ratios (HR) extracted from the studies or calculated from available data were combined to synthesize pooled effect measures using random-effects or fixed-effects models. Heterogeneity, methodological quality, and publication bias were assessed. Meta-regression analyses were performed to explore the cause of high heterogeneity.ResultsOf 1305 studies identified, six studies involving 96,564 older people in the community were included in this review. Frailty and prefrailty were significantly associated with future fractures among five studies with OR (pooled OR = 1.70, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) = 1.34–2.15, p < 0.0001; pooled OR = 1.31, 95% CI = 1.18–1.46, p < 0.00001, respectively) and four studies with HR (pooled HR = 1.57, 95% CI = 1.31–1.89, p < 0.00001; pooled HR = 1.30, 95% CI = 1.12–1.51, p = 0.0006, respectively). High heterogeneity was observed among five studies with OR of frailty (I² = 66%). The studies from the United States were found to have a higher fracture risk than from those from other countries in a meta-regression model (regression coefficient = 0.39, p = 0.04). No evidence of publication bias was identified.ConclusionsThis systematic review and meta-analysis showed evidence that frailty and prefrailty are significant predictors of fractures among community-dwelling older people. Treating frailty may potentially lead to lowering fracture risks.     

Collagen gene polymorphisms influence fracture risk and bone mass acquisition during childhood and adolescent growth

Fractures are common in childhood with incidence maximal during puberty, around the time of peak height velocity. The relationships between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in COL1A1 and COL1A2, bone mass acquisition, and childhood fractures are unclear.We recruited 394 children and adolescents aged 4 to 16 years into a noninterventional case control study. All had suffered an episode of trauma leading to hospital presentation; 205 had sustained a fracture. We determined the frequency of COL1A1 Sp1 and COL1A2 PvuII SNPs. Lumbar spine dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) measurements were compared between fracture and control groups according to genotype. Subgroup analyses were performed according to sex, pubertal status, and site of injury.We found that the COL1A2 ‘PP’ genotype approximately halved the odds of fracture in the study group as a whole (OR = 0.45 [95% CI = 0.24–0.82], p = 0.01). In particular, possession of the same genotype by subjects who had not yet progressed beyond midpuberty was associated with reduced odds of fracture (OR = 0.38 [95% CI = 0.19–0.79], p = 0.01) and significantly increased lumbar spine bone mineral content (p = 0.03) and areal bone mineral density (p = 0.007). The COL1A1 Sp1 binding site ‘s’ allele was associated with a trebling of the odds of fracture in prepubertal children (OR = 3.1 [95% CI = 1.43–6.61], p = 0.004), but there was no association with any DXA measures.This is the first paediatric study to our knowledge that shows an association of the COL1A2 PvuII restriction site ‘PP’ genotype with a reduced risk of fracture and of the COL1A1 Sp1 binding site ‘s’ allele with an increased risk. The association of these variants with fracture risk is greatest during periods of predominantly appendicular bone growth.     

A systematic review of vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms and prostate cancer risk

PURPOSE: Polymorphisms in the vitamin D receptor gene have been hypothesized to alter the risk of prostate cancer. However, studies investigating the associations between specific vitamin D receptor polymorphisms and prostate cancer risk have yielded inconsistent results. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed a meta-analysis of 26 studies evaluating the association between vitamin D receptor TaqI, poly(A), BsmI, ApaI, and/or FokI polymorphisms, and prostate cancer risk. RESULTS: The studies were heterogeneous in terms of study design, selection of cases and controls, and racial composition. Random effects models were used to estimate the pooled OR and 95% CI of each vitamin D receptor polymorphism under codominant, additive, dominant and recessive genetic models. Overall we did not find evidence to support an association between any of the vitamin D receptor polymorphisms and the risk of prostate cancer. For TaqI, which is the most studied vitamin D receptor polymorphism with 18 studies (total of 2,727 cases and 3,685 controls), the pooled OR was 1.00 (95% CI 0.85 to 1.18) for the Tt vs TT genotypes, 0.94 (95% CI 0.78 to 1.13) for the tt vs TT genotypes and 0.89 (95% CI 0.71 to 1.10) for the recessive model (tt vs Tt plus TT). ORs for the poly(A) microsatellite, BsmI, ApaI and FokI polymorphisms were similar. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this meta-analysis suggest that the vitamin D receptor TaqI, poly(A), BsmI, ApaI and FokI polymorphisms are not related to prostate cancer risk.     

Efficacy of repair techniques of the Achilles tendon: A meta-analysis of human cadaveric biomechanical studies

PurposeAchilles injuries are very common, mainly among young athletes. When indicated, the surgical treatment aims for strong repairs that can resist distraction and consequently ruptures. The majority of the published clinical meta-analyses reported comparisons between broad treatment modalities such as conservative treatment, open, and minimally invasive surgery.MethodsA meta-analysis has been conducted to assess further clinical and biomechanical variables on human cadavers related to the efficacy of Achilles repair. A total of 26 studies with 596 legs met the inclusion criteria. The maximal load to failure was set as the primary outcome. Eleven studies were amenable to meta-analysis.ResultsIn the reinsertion group, the analysis of the single row vs. double row subgroup showed a significantly higher strength for the latter (1.27, 95% CI = 0.748–1.806, I² = 81%, P < 0.0001). In the mid-tendon repair group, the Achillon vs. Krackow sutures and the Bunnell vs. Krackow sutures subgroups showed no difference while the Bunnell and Krakow sutures were significantly stronger than the Kessler sutures (0.96, 95% CI = 0.510–1.405, I² = 63.3%, P < 0.0001 and 1.37, 95% CI = 2.286–0.468, I² = 83.4%, P = 0.003; respectively).ConclusionsThe assessment of heterogeneity located variables such as age, suture/material type, number of strands, type of testing machine and software, preloading, ankle position and loading type as potential confounders. The results of this meta-analysis are likely to have a significant impact in clinical practice.     

Vitamin D receptor gene polymorphism in children with urinary tract infection

It is known that small alterations leading to different vitamin D receptor (VDR) alleles affect resistance or susceptibility to infections. In this study, we examined VDR gene polymorphisms in urinary tract infections (UTI), which are common and an important cause of morbidity in children and subsequently of renal scar formation. We evaluated 92 patients diagnosed with UTI and 105 children without prior history of UTI as a control group. The VDR gene polymorphisms BsmI, FokI, ApaI, and TaqI were evaluated in patients and controls. BsmI polymorphism genotype distribution was similar between groups. There was a significant difference between groups for FokI (p = 0 < 001); for the ff genotype, the risk of UTI was significantly increased (p < 0.01) ,at 3.94 times higher (odds ratio = 3.94; 95% confidence interval 1.71-9.09). ApaI polymorphism was significantly increased in the control group (p < 0.01) and evaluated as a protective factor. Comparing the TaqI genotype between groups, there was no statistically significant difference, but in both Tt and tt genotypes, there was minimal increased risk of UTI. The results of this study suggest that VDR gene polymorphisms can be important for susceptibility to UTI and renal scar formation. Association between VDR polymorphisms and UTI is in accordance with the understanding of how vitamin D modulates the immune response against infections.     

A meta-analysis of the efficacy of anodal transcranial direct current stimulation for upper limb motor recovery in stroke survivors

Study DesignSystematic review and meta-analysis.IntroductionPrior reviews on the effects of anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (a-tDCS) have shown the effectiveness of a-tDCS on corticomotor excitability and motor function in healthy individuals but nonsignificant effect in subjects with stroke.PurposeTo summarize and evaluate the evidence for the efficacy of a-tDCS in the treatment of upper limb motor impairment after stroke.MethodsA meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials that compared a-tDCS with placebo and change from baseline.ResultsA pooled analysis showed a significant increase in scores in favor of a-tDCS (standard mean difference [SMD] = 0.40, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.10–0.70, p = 0.010, compared with baseline). A similar effect was observed between a-tDCS and sham (SMD = 0.49, 95% CI = 0.18–0.81, p = 0.005).ConclusionThis meta-analysis of eight randomized placebo-controlled trials provides further evidence that a-tDCS may benefit motor function of the paretic upper limb in patients suffering from chronic stroke.Level of EvidenceLevel 1a.     

Association of Vitamin D Receptor Gene TaqI,BsmI, FokI,and ApaI Polymorphisms and Susceptibility to Hallux Valgus in the Chinese Population

Previous studies have indicated that vitamin D receptor (VDR) TaqI, BsmI, FokI and ApaI gene polymorphisms are associated with the risk of skeletal malformations with inflammation. However, the potential association of VDR gene polymorphisms with the susceptibility to hallux valgus remains unclear. To clarify this association, we compared the genotypes of 228 patients with hallux valgus with those of 200 controls using the Multiplex SNaPshot system. The χ² test was used to compare the allele and genotype frequencies between groups, and p ≤ .05 was considered statistically significant. The frequencies of the mutant allele C in TaqI (p?=?.036; odds ratio [OR] 1.57; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.03-2.39) and mutant allele A in BsmI (p?=?.036; OR?1.33; 95% CI 1.02-1.74) were significantly greater in the patients than in the controls. In addition, after adjusting for sex and age, TaqI (p?=?.047; OR 1.61; 95% CI 1.00-2.58) and BsmI (p?=?.025; OR?1.67; 95% CI 1.06-2.61) were associated with the risk of hallux valgus through a dominant genetic model. A homozygous genetic model of BsmI was also significantly associated with the risk of hallux valgus (p?=?.033; OR?1.81; 95% CI 1.05-2.57). However, neither ApaI nor FokI were associated with increased susceptibility. To the best of our knowledge, we have reported for the first time that VDR gene TaqI and BsmI polymorphisms might contribute to the increased risk of hallux valgus in Chinese population.     

Suture button versus syndesmosis screw constructs for acute ankle diastasis injuries: A meta-analysis and systematic review of randomised controlled trials

BackgroundAnkle syndesmotic injuries can be surgically managed with syndesmosis screws (SS) or suture button (SB) fixation. We performed a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) aiming to compare the clinical and complication profiles of both modalities.MethodsA multi-database search up to 4th of March 2018 was performed according to PRISMA guidelines. All RCTs comparing both techniques and published in English were included.ResultsFive RCTs with a total of 280 patients (140 SB, 140 SS) were included for analysis. SB had a statistically significant higher AOFAS score at 1 year (mean difference = 5.46, 95% CI = 0.40–10.51, p = 0.03) and lower implant failure rate (OR = 0.03, 95% CI = 0.01–0.15, p < 0.001). Infection and wound issues were marginally higher with SB (OR = 1.4, 95% CI = 0.4–4.85, p = 0.60). No other parameters showed statistically significant difference.ConclusionsBoth constructs yielded similar clinical outcomes. The 1 year AOFAS score was higher in SB but clinical significance is unlikely. SB had significantly fewer implant failures.Level of evidence: Level I.     

Polymorphisms in the vitamin D receptor gene and the risk of calcium nephrolithiasis in children

OBJECTIVE: Polymorphism in the Vitamin D Receptor (VDR) gene has recently been reported to be associated with calcium metabolism disorders. This study was conducted to investigate the association of VDR gene polymorphism with the risk of calcium nephrolithiasis. METHODS: We investigated the VDR ApaI, BsmI and TaqI polymorphisms, in relation to serum calcium, phosphate, intact parathyroid hormone and 1.25(OH)(2)D(3) in 64 hypercalciuric stone-forming children and 90 healthy children. DNA was isolated from peripheral blood, and genotyping was performed with PCR-based methods. RESULTS: The frequency of ApaI AA genotype was significantly higher in the children with calcium nephrolithiasis than the controls (chi(2)=9.5; p=0.008). The distribution of BsmI and TaqI genotypes in stone-forming patients was similar to those in the control group. There was a significant association between TaqI TT genotype and the strength of the family history. The patients with TT genotype were observed to have a 8 times more risk than patients with Tt/tt genotype for recurrent stone episodes (OR 8, 95%CI 1.61-39.6). CONCLUSION: VDR genotype determination may provide a tool to identify individuals who are at a risk for calcium nephrolithiasis.     

Association between family history of cancers and risk of prostate cancer

IntroductionFamily history of prostate cancer is an established risk factor for prostate cancer. However, the relationship between family history of cancers other than prostate cancer and prostate cancer risk is inconclusive. This study sought to examine the association between family history of cancers and prostate cancer.MethodsA case–control study was conducted in which cases and controls were randomly selected from a large urology clinic in Central Virginia. Cases were 600 histologically confirmed prostate cancer patients who were diagnosed between January 2000 and December 2005, and controls were 686 patients who visited the clinic during the same period and were diagnosed with urological illnesses other than cancers and prostate-related problems. Data on family history of cancers, lifestyle and demographic factors were collected through mail survey utilizing the method suggested by Dillman. Unconditional logistic regression analysis was used to estimate the odds ratios (OR) and the corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) after adjustment for potential confounding factors including body mass index (BMI), alcohol intake, physical activity, smoking, diet, history of vasectomy and sexually transmitted disease (STD), age, race, marital history, education, and income. Multiple comparisons adjustments were made using the Bonferroni adjustment.ResultsMen with a family history of any cancer in first-degree relatives including parents (OR = 2.42, 95% CI = 1.53–3.84) and parents only (OR = 1.90, 95% CI = 1.23– 2.94) were at increased risk of developing prostate cancer. Significant increased risk was also observed with family history of prostate cancer in first-degree relatives (OR = 2.68, 95% CI = 1.53–4.69) and parents only (OR = 3.26, 95% CI = 1.71–6.24). Even after adjustments for multiple comparisons, the significance persisted both in first-degree relatives (OR = 2.68, 95% CI = 1.16–6.21) and parents alone (OR = 3.26, 95% CI = 1.24– 8.63).ConclusionThis study demonstrated an increased prostate cancer risk for men with a family history of any cancer or prostate cancer in first-degree relatives and parents alone. Health care providers need to be aware of the potential risk of family history of cancers on prostate cancer.