内镜超声在非确定性胆总管结石经内镜 逆行胰胆管造影术前的应用价值

目的研究非确定性胆总管结石患者在经内镜逆行胰胆管造影（endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography,ERCP）术前行内镜超声检查术（endoscopic ultrasound,EUS）的临床价值。方法回顾性分析2017年1月—2019年12月天津市南开医院因临床表现和磁共振胰胆管成像术（magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography,MRCP）结果不相符的132例非确定性胆总管结石患者的资料。将患者分为A、B两组：A组MRCP显示有结石、临床表现可疑无结石,B组MRCP显示无结石、临床表现可疑有结石。患者均行EUS,根据EUS结果决定是否行ERCP,以ERCP结果和随访结果为金标准分析EUS的诊断准确率。结果132例患者经诊断金标准最终确认胆总管结石阳性87例,阴性45例。44例（33.3%）患者EUS阴性,经随访结果确认无结石,避免了不必要的ERCP。EUS诊断胆总管结石的灵敏度、特异度、准确率、阳性预测值、阴性预测值分别为95.40%（83/87）、97.78%（44/45）、96.21%（127/132）、98.81%（83/84）、91.67%（44/48）,MRCP诊断胆总管结石的灵敏度、特异度、准确率、阳性预测值、阴性预测值分别为66.67%（58/87）、82.22%（37/45）、71.97%（95/132）、87.88%（58/66）、56.06%（37/66）。两者灵敏度、准确率、阳性预测值、阴性预测值相比,差异均有统计学意义（P均＜0.05）。EUS对胆总管结石的诊断和最终诊断结果具有显著一致性（Kappa=0.917,P＜0.001）,MRCP对胆总管结石的诊断和最终诊断结果一致性较好（Kappa=0.439,P＜0.001）。EUS对A组MRCP假阳性的检出率高于对B组MRCP假阴性的检出率[8/8比89.66%（26/29）,P＜0.001]。结论EUS对非确定性胆总管结石的诊断优于MRCP,ERCP术前应用EUS可减少不必要的ERCP操作或避免结石遗漏。     

超声内镜对核磁共振胰胆管造影术阴性胆总管结石的诊断价值

[目的]探讨超声内镜(endoscopic ultrasonography,EUS)对核磁共振胰胆管造影术(magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography,MRCP)显示阴性的胆总管结石的诊断价值。[方法]回顾性分析完善EUS、MRCP两项检查诊断为胆总管结石81例患者的临床资料。通过SPSS统计学方法、χ~2检验对比分析两项检查方法对胆总管结石的诊断差别,研究EUS对MRCP显示阴性的胆总管结石的影像特征及临床价值。以内镜逆行胰胆管造影术取出结石或采用Seldinger's技术经穿刺道取出结石、经T管胆道镜取出结石为金标准。[结果]81例均经临床治疗取出结石。EUS、MRCP对该81例胆总管结石的检出率分别为90.1%(73/81)、79.0%(64/81),差异有统计学意义(χ~2=9.225,P0.01)。经对EUS诊断为阳性、而MRCP诊断为阴性的12例患者基本信息分析表明,EUS对扩张胆总管的诊断高于MRCP,但二者对扩张胆总管最大直径的测量比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。[结论]EUS对胆总管结石的诊断优于MRCP,尤其对MRCP显示阴性的胆总管结石有独特的优势;二者对于扩张胆总管直径的测量,无显著差异。     

超声内镜诊断胆总管结石的临床价值分析

目的比较超声内镜（EUS）与B型超声波（US）、CT、磁共振胰胆管成像（MRCP）、内镜逆行胰胆管造影（ERCP）诊断胆总管结石的临床价值。方法对经手术及病理证实的96例胆总管结石患者的EUS、US、CT、MRCP、ERCP检查进行回顾性分析,比较其诊断胆总管结石的敏感性、特异性、阳性预测值（PPV）、阴性预测值（NPV）及准确率。结果 EUS诊断敏感性、特异性、PPV、NPV及准确率均显著高于US（P〈0.05）,敏感性和准确率均显著高于CT（P〈0.05）,各项诊断指标与MRCP和ERCP比较无显著差异。结论 EUS诊断胆总管结石具有准确性和安全性高等优点,与US、CT、MRCP及ERCP相比具有一定优势。     

EUS和MRCP对胆总管结石的诊断价值

目的比较超声内镜(EUS)和磁共振胰胆管成像(MRCP)对胆总管结石的临床诊断价值。方法回顾性分析2011年4月至2013年4月我院诊治的65例胆总管扩张患者的临床资料,比较分析EUS、MRCP检查结果,比较两者对胆总管下段结石诊断的准确率、敏感性及特异性。结果 65例患者中,经手术或ERCP证实合并胆总管结石56例,EUS和MRCP诊断胆总管结石准确率分别为93.8%和83.1%,敏感性分别为94.6%和85.7%,特异性分别为88.9%和66.7%。通过计算Youden指数,JEUS=0.89;JMRCP=0.76,说明EUS在胆总管结石的诊断价值要高于MRCP。结论 EUS诊断胆总管结石较MRCP具有敏感性、特异性及准确性高的优势。     

超声内镜对胆总管结石的诊断价值

目的探讨超声内镜(EUS)对胆总管结石的诊断价值。方法选取2017年6月-2019月4月就诊于安徽医科大学第一附属医院并疑诊胆总管结石患者98例。患者在院期间行EUS及磁共振胰胆管造影(MRCP)检查。以开腹探查/腹腔镜胆总管探查及经内镜逆行胰胆管造影/内镜下十二指肠乳头括约肌切开术结果为金标准。将EUS、MRCP及二者联合诊断(以EUS与MRCP任一阳性则为阳性,二者均阴性则为阴性)结果分别与金标准相比较,计算3种检查方法的灵敏度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值及诊断准确度。以上指标差别比较采用χ2检验。结果 98例患者中EUS组阳性共92例,假阳性5例;阴性共6例,假阴性3例。MRCP组阳性69例,假阳性2例;阴性29例,假阴性23例。联合组阳性94例,假阳性5例;阴性4例,假阴性1例。EUS组灵敏度明显高于MRCP组(96. 67%vs 74. 44%,χ2=17. 982,P 0. 05); EUS组与联合组灵敏度差异无统计学意义(96. 67%vs 98. 89%,χ2=1. 023,P=0. 312)。微小结石(≤0. 5cm)疑诊患者共52例,EUS组阳性51例,假阳性3例;阴性1例,假阴性1例。MRCP组阳性36例,假阳性1例;阴性16例,假阴性14例;联合组阳性52例,假阳性3例。EUS诊断灵敏度明显高于MRCP组(97. 96%vs 71. 43%,χ2=13. 303,P 0. 05);EUS与联合检查灵敏度差异无统计学意义(97. 96%vs 100%,P=1. 0)。结论在诊断胆总管结石方面,EUS具有明显优势,尤其在胆总管微小结石中,EUS有较高的诊断价值,可作为有创操作前的首选检查方法。     

不同影像学检查方法在胆总管结石诊断中的应用

目的探讨不同影像学检查方法在胆总管结石诊断中的应用价值。方法选取82例疑为胆总管结石的患者,分别行B超、磁共振胆胰管成像(MRCP)及经内镜逆行性胰胆管造影(ERCP)检查,以ERCP为诊断标准,计算B超和MRCP的诊断灵敏度、特异度、阳性预测值和阴性预测值,对比B超和MRCP诊断不同大小结石的准确性。结果 82例患者均成功完成ERCP,其中82例确诊为胆总管结石。B超检查诊断灵敏度、特异度和准确率分别为82.09%、66.67%和79.27%。MRCP诊断灵敏度、特异度和准确率分别为91.04%、80.00%和89.02%。B超和MRCP诊断直径1.0 cm结石的准确率均高于诊断直径0.5 cm结石的准确率(P0.05)。结论 B超和MRCP诊断胆总管结石均具有一定价值,尤其对直径1.0 cm的结石诊断准确性较高,而在微小结石诊断方面均存在局限性,临床应灵活选用或联合应用不同检查手段,提高诊断准确率。     

超声内镜联合磁共振胰胆管造影对可疑胆总管结石的诊断价值

目的探讨联合应用超声内镜(EUS)与磁共振胰胆管造影(MRCP)能否提高二者诊断可疑胆总管结石的诊断效能。方法选取2014年1月-2016年6月就诊于中国医科大学附属盛京医院并诊断为可疑胆总管结石患者78例。所有患者均于同一次住院期间行EUS与MRCP检查。依据影像学检查分为EUS组、MRCP组以及二者联合诊断组。以开腹胆道探查、腹腔镜胆总管探查术、经内镜逆行胰胆管造影/内镜下十二指肠乳头括约肌切开术以及出院6个月内无腹痛症状就诊记录为金标准。将3组检查结果分别与金标准进行比较,分别计算3组影像学检查结果的敏感度、特异度、准确度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值及Youden指数。联合诊断采用平行诊断试验,EUS与MRCP任一结果为阳性则为阳性,两者皆为阴性则为阴性。上述指标的差别性比较采用χ2检验。结果 EUS检查阳性共22例,真阳性20例,假阳性2例;阴性共56例,真阴性53例,假阴性3例。MRCP检查阳性22例,真阳性15例,假阳性7例;阴性共56例,真阴性48例,假阴性8例。二者联合诊断阳性共29例,真阳性22例,假阳性7例;阴性共49例,真阴性48例,假阴性1例。EUS组诊断准确度明显高于MRCP组(93. 6%vs 80. 8%,χ2=5. 735,P=0. 017)。联合诊断组与EUS组的诊断敏感度、特异度、准确度、阳性预测值及阴性预测值比较,差异均无统计学意义(P值均 0. 05)。但联合诊断组的敏感度、阴性预测值均高于MRCP组,差异有统计学意义(95. 7%vs 65. 2%,χ2=6. 769,P=0. 009; 98. 0%vs 85. 7%,χ2=5. 000,P=0. 025)。结论EUS与MRCP诊断可疑胆总管结石各有优劣,可作为疾病诊断的首选检查,但EUS总体准确度更高,对于胆囊结石拟行腹腔镜胆囊切除术的患者,建议使用EUS排除可疑胆总管结石的存在,此方法更为可靠。EUS与MRCP联合诊断较单独应用MRCP可以提高敏感度与阴性预测值,建议当MRCP为阴性但与其他临床表现不符时,应进一步行EUS检查以明确可疑胆总管结石的存在。     

比较彩超与磁共振胰胆管成像诊断胆总管结石的临床价值

目的 分析比较彩超与磁共振胰胆管成像（MRCP）检查诊断胆总管结石的价值。方法 我院疑诊为胆总管结石患者102例,均接受彩超和MRCP检查。以手术后病理学检查为金标准,应用受试者工作特征曲线（ROC）下面积（AUC）计算诊断的灵敏度、特异度和Youden指数。结果 在102例疑诊为胆总管结石患者中,经手术后病理学检查证实为胆总管结石90例;彩超检查发现单发结石39例（43.3%）,多发结石25例（27.8%）,而MRCP则分别检出46例（51.1%）和39例（43.3%）,MRCP检查结石检出率为94.4%,显著高于彩超检查的71.1%（P<0.05）;在直径>1.0 cm、0.5~1.0 cm和<0.5 cm结石,MRCP分别检出33例（36.7%）、45例（50.0%）和7例（7.8%）,与彩超检查比,差异显著（分别为31例（34.4%）、32例（35.6%）和1例（1.1%,P<0.05）;MRCP检出结石直径为（1.1~0.8）cm,显著小于彩超检出的（1.4~0.6）cm（P<0.05）,而两种方法未检出的结石直径无显著性差异【分别为（0.8~0.2）cm和（0.6~0.4）cm,P>0.05】;彩超检查诊断的灵敏度为71.1%,特异度为75.0%,Youden指数为0.5,而MRCP检查诊断的灵敏度为94.4%,特异度为91.7%,Youden指数为0.9（P<0.05）。结论 MRCP较彩超检查能发现更小的胆总管结石,并能准确判断结石数量,诊断价值更高。     

超声内镜与磁共振胰胆管成像对胆总管泥沙样结石的诊断价值

目的 本研究旨在探讨超声内镜(EUS)与磁共振胰胆管成像(MRCP)在胆总管泥沙样结石诊断中的价值。方法 回顾性分析2020年4月至2023年4月于保定市第一中心医院住院治疗的疑似胆总管泥沙样结石患者192例,经纳入与排除标准筛选,最终纳入182例患者作为研究对象。所有患者首先进行MRCP检查,若MRCP结果提示泥沙样结石则直接行内窥镜逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP)检查,其余患者依次行EUS和ERCP。以ERCP造影联合乳头括约肌切开取石(EST)作为诊断胆总管泥沙样结石的金标准,将各项检查结果与取石结果进行比较。结果 EUS、MRCP和EUS联合MRCP检出胆总管泥沙样结石的阳性率分别为81.76%、65.38%和86.49%;在经ERCP下EST所证实的阳性结果中,EUS检出胆总管泥沙样结石的敏感度、特异度和准确度分别为93.08%、83.33%和91.89%;MRCP为72.56%、77.78%和73.08%;EUS联合MRCP为98.46%、88.89%和97.30%。结论 EUS和MRCP在胆总管泥沙样结石的诊断中都具有一定潜力,但EUS在准确性方面更具优势。EUS联合MRCP可...     

磁共振胰胆管造影、超声内镜与逆行胰胆管造影诊断阻塞性黄疸的价值

目的：比较磁共振胰胆管造影（MRCP）、超声内镜（EUS）与内镜逆行胰胆管造影（ERCP）诊断阻塞性黄疸的价值。方法：39例阻塞性黄疸患者分别行MRCP、EUS和ERCP。MRCP采用重T2加权及超快速自旋回波水成像技术进行,EUS和ERCP按常规进行。结果：MRCP、EUS与ERCP诊断准确率分别为87．2％（34／39例）、94．9％（37／39例）和97．4％（38／39例）;对恶性狭窄的诊断准确率分别为61．5％（8／13例）、84．6％（11／13例）和92．3％（12／13例）;对胆总管结石的诊断准确率均为100．0％（21／21例）。结论：MRCP为无创性检查,在明确阻塞性黄疸病因时可作为首选方法,目前尚不能取代ERCP。EUS作为诊断胆、胰系统疾病的重要方法,与MRCP和ERCP结合,能提高阻塞性黄疸诊断 的准确率。     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Language of CTO interventions – Focus on hardware

The knowledge of variety of chronic total occlusion (CTO) hardware and the ability to use them represents the key to success of any CTO interventions. However, the multiplicity of CTO hardware and their physical character and the terminology used by experts create confusion in the mind of an average interventional cardiologist, particularly a beginner in this field. This knowledge is available but is scattered. We aim to classify and compare the currently used devices based on their properties focusing on how physical character of each device can be utilized in a specific situation, thus clarifying and simplifying the technical discourse.