两种Borden截骨术的生物力学模拟对比实验

目的　通过生物力学加载实验 ,比较改良Borden截骨术和Borden截骨术的纵向稳定性 ,截骨端面载荷的分布规律。方法　用四具成年男尸的左右股骨 ,左股骨按Borden术式制成截骨模型 ,右股骨按改良Borden术式要求制成截骨模型 ,在相同部位贴电阻片。在SWL -Ⅰ型生物力学万能试验机上施加纵向载荷 ,进行同步测量两种术式的纵向稳定性 ,截骨端面的载荷分布规律。结果　在相同载荷作用下 ,改良Borden截骨术的纵向位移小于Borden截骨术。改良Borden截骨术的截骨端面的应力分布均匀性优于Borden截骨术。结论　改良Borden截骨术比Borden截骨术有较好的稳定性 ,截骨端面的应力分布较均匀 ,为术后骨折愈合创造良好的力学环境 ,是一种较好的治疗严重髋内翻的术式     

三叶草钢板治疗肱骨近端移位骨折

目的探讨肱骨近端移位骨折采用三叶草钢板治疗的临床价值。方法用三叶草钢板治疗肱骨近端骨折38例,按N eer分类,二部分骨折20例,三部分骨折13例,四部分骨折5例,其中骨折伴脱位3例。结果36例获得平均13个月(3~28个月)随访,2例失访。36例均骨性愈合,无畸形愈合,无肱骨头坏死。按N eer评分标准评分,优27例,良6例,可2例,差1例,总优良率91.6%。结论采用三叶草钢板内固定治疗肱骨近端移位骨折,固定牢靠,可早期功能训练,术后功能恢复满意,值得提倡。     

股骨近端解剖型钢板治疗股骨粗隆间骨折

目的探讨股骨近端解剖型钢板治疗股骨粗隆间骨折的临床疗效。方法自2000年1月至2005年1月，采用切开复位，股骨近端解剖型钢板治疗股骨粗隆间骨折36例，根据术前、术后X线片及术后髋关节功能恢复情况评价内固定效果。结果术后随访6个月～3年，平均18个月，所有病例均在术后3～5．5个月获得骨性愈合，髋关节功能根据Harris评分标准进行评定，优32例，良4例。结论股骨近端解剖型钢板适用于治疗大多数类型的股骨粗隆间骨折，能达到良好的骨折复位和坚强的固定，促进关节早期功能锻炼，骨折愈合率高，是治疗股骨粗隆间骨折的理想选择。     

Clinical and Biomechanical Effects of Femoral Neck Buttress Plate used for Vertical Femoral Neck Fractures

PurposeTo investigate both the biomechanical and clinical effect of an inferomedial femoral neck buttress plate (FNBP) used to augment a sliding hip screw (SHS) and anti-rotational screw (ARS) in the treatment of traumatic vertical femoral neck fractures.MethodsPart 1: Clinical - Retrospective review of patients under age 65 treated with open reduction of a vertical femoral neck fracture. Patients were divided into two groups: Group 1 patients (18 patients) had SHS/ARS fixation augmented with a FNBP, while Group 2 patients (18 patients) had SHS/ARS fixation alone and were matched for age and sex. Demographic data, OTA fracture classification, immediate post-operative and follow-up radiographs were analyzed for quality of reduction, femoral neck shortening (FNS), neck-shaft angle (NSA), avascular necrosis (AVN) and union.Part 2: Biomechanical - Pauwels III femoral neck osteotomy was created in five pairs of cadaveric specimens, then each fracture was reduced and stabilized with a SHS/ARS construct. Specimens were matched and split into Groups 1 and 2, similar to Part 1. Cadaveric specimens were axially loaded in cyclical fashion to analyze for construct stiffness, fracture displacement femoral neck shortening and changes in the neck shaft angle.ResultsPart 1: There were 18 matched patients (14 males and 4 females) in both Group 1 and Group 2. There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups with respect to Pauwels angle, femoral neck shortening, changes in neck-shaft angle, AVN or nonunion. One reoperation in Group 1 and four in Group 2.Part 2: All five cadaveric specimens in both groups survived the 10,000-cycle loading regimen. We were unable to detect any significant differences between the two groups with respect to construct stiffness, change in neck-shaft angle or amount of femoral neck shortening.ConclusionBased on the results of both clinical case series and biomechanical testing, an inferomedial neck buttress plate does not appear to offer long-term benefits with respect to maintenance of alignment or achieving union but may potentially help in obtaining the reduction.     

Intramedullary Pressure in Reamed Femoral Nailing with Two Different Reamer Designs

Background and Objective: Reaming increases intramedullary pressure and can cause fat intravasation. A new generation of reamers have been developed to minimize these effects. This prospective consecutive nonrandomized clinical trial compares the intramedullary pressure changes of a modern reamer with a conventional one. Objective was to investigate whether intramedullary pressures are different in the use of a new Howmedica reamer compared to a conventionel AO reamer. Patients and Methods: Intramedullary pressures were measured in the distal femoral fracture fragment at the supracondylar region in nine patients and in the intact femur with an impending fracture in two patients with metastatic disease. Monitoring was carried out in 5 AO and 6 Howmedica intramedullary reaming procedures. Results: Significant differences between the two treatment groups could be shown for 9.5 mm, 10 mm, 10.5 mm, 11 mm and 13.5 mm reamers. Analysis of variance for repeated measurements of all diameters showed signigficant more increase of intramedullary pressure with the use of the AO compared to the Howmedica reamer. No clinical symptoms of fat embolism could be detected in both groups. Conclusions: The intramedullary pressures increased substantially with the use of both reamer designs but the highest peak pressures were measured during the reaming of an intact femur. Intramedullary pressure increased significantly with the AO reamer more than with the Howmedica reamer.     

Biomechanical Comparison of Periprosthetic Femoral Fracture Risk in Three Femoral Components in a Sawbone Model

BackgroundThe increasing use of orthopedic total hip arthroplasty implants has led to a consequent rise in the incidence of associated periprosthetic fractures (PPFs). Analysis of the National Joint Registry data showed the choice of cemented hip stem influenced the risk of a PPF occurring. However, the effect of implant design in relation to the risk of PPFs has not been investigated.MethodsThe main objective is to compare the biomechanics of PPFs as a failure of the Exeter V40, CPT, and DePuy C-Stem stems in a composite Sawbone model to identify whether a difference in the risk of fracture exists between them. Twenty-six Sawbones were divided into 3 groups, cemented with the Stryker Exeter, Zimmer CPT, or DePuy C-Stem and then torqued to fracture.ResultsWhen compared with the Exeter, the CPT- and C-Stem-implanted Sawbone models would sustain PPFs at a statistically significantly lower rotation to failure (20.1° and 26.7° vs 33.6°, P < .01) and torque to failure (124 Nm and 143 Nm vs 174 Nm, P < .01) values. The energy release rate at failure for the Exeter was significantly higher than that for the CPT and C-Stem (61.2 Nm vs 21.8 Nm and 38.6 Nm, P < .01), which led to more comminution.ConclusionThe CPT- and C-Stem-implanted femurs, although fracturing earlier, fractured in a simple pattern with less comminution. The differences in stem design mean higher stress at the critical point of failure in the CPT implanted femur compared with the Exeter and DePuy, which is likely the reason behind the observed increased risk of PPFs with the CPT implant.     

髋动力带锁钢板与股骨近端锁定钢板治疗股骨转子部骨折的比较

目的 比较髋动力带锁钢板（anatomical dynamic hip locking plate,ADHLP）与股骨近端锁定钢板（locking proximal femur plate,LPFP）治疗股骨转子部骨折的疗效.方法 回顾性分析2009年7月至2012年3月我院收治的63 例股骨转子部骨折患者的临床资料,其中男38 例,女24 例;年龄35～89 岁,平均68.5 岁.骨折按AO分型,A1型15 例,A2型32 例,A3型16 例,分为髋动力带锁钢板治疗组35 例,股骨近端锁定钢板治疗组28 例,比较两种术式的临床疗效.结果 两组在手术时间、术中出血量、住院时间及骨折愈合时间方面差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）.两组术后并发症、平均下地时间、Harris评分优良率差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.结论 髋动力带锁钢板、股骨近端锁定钢板治疗各型股骨转子部骨折疗效满意.髋动力带锁钢板有固定牢靠、负重时间早、并发症少、功能恢复好等优点,是一种更有效的方法.     

External Fixation Using Femoral Less Invasive Stabilization System Plate in Tibial Proximal Metaphyseal Fracture

BackgroundThe locking plates are often used for internal fixation of closed tibial fractures. The use of a locking plate as an external fixator is still controversial, particularly for closed fractures. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the results of external fixation using the femoral less invasive stabilization system (LISS) plate in proximal metaphyseal fractures of the tibia.MethodsWe prospectively evaluated 35 patients (26 males and 9 females) with a mean age of 42 years (range, 21 to 62 years) who presented with fresh tibial proximal metaphyseal fractures. According to the AO Foundation and Orthopaedic Trauma Association (AO/OTA) classification, the fractures were identified as type 41-A2 in 18 cases and type 41-A3 in 17 cases, including 25 closed fractures and 10 open fractures. The femoral LISS plate was used to fix these fractures, which was placed on the anteromedial aspect of the tibia as an external fixator. The mean follow-up period was 18 months (range, 13 to 22 months).ResultsAll fractures healed in a mean time of 14 weeks (range, 10 to 20 weeks). There was no case of nonunion, deep infection, and loosening of screws and plates. One month after the appearance of cortical bridging on biplanar radiographs, the locking plate was removed within 3 minutes in the clinic without any difficulty. According to the Hospital for Special Surgery (HSS) knee scoring system and American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society (AOFAS) ankle scoring system, the mean HSS score was 91 (range, 85 to 100) and 98 (range, 93 to 100), and the mean AOFAS score was 94 (range, 90 to 100) and 98 (range, 95 to 100) at 4 weeks postoperatively and final follow-up, respectively.ConclusionsFor proximal metaphyseal fracture of the tibia, external fixation using the femoral LISS plate is a safe and reliable technique with minimal complications and excellent outcomes. Its advantages include ease of performing the surgery, use of a less invasive technique, and convenience of plate removal after fracture healing.     

Biomechanical Comparison of Fixation With a Single Screw Versus Two Kirschner Wires in Distal Chevron Osteotomies of the First Metatarsal: A Cadaver Study

Distal chevron osteotomy is a common procedure for surgical correction of hallux valgus. Osteosynthesis with 1 screw or 2 Kirschner wires has been commonly used. We compared the stability of the 2 techniques in distal chevron osteotomy. Sixteen first metatarsals from fresh-frozen human cadaver feet (9 different cadaveric specimens) were used. A standardized distal chevron osteotomy was performed. One first metatarsal from each pair was assigned to group 1 (3.5-mm cortical screw; n?=?8) and one to group 2 (two 1.6-mm Kirschner wires; n?=?8). Using a materials testing machine, the head of the first metatarsals was loaded in 2 different configurations (cantilever and physiologic) in succession. In the cantilever configuration, the relative stiffness of the osteosynthesis compared with intact bone was 59% ± 27% in group 1 and 68% ± 18% in group 2 (p?=?.50). In the physiologic configuration, it was 38% ± 25% in group 1 and 35% ± 7% in group 2 (p?=?.75). The failure strength in the cantilever configuration was 187 ± 105 N in group 1 and 259 ± 71 N in group 2 (p?=?.21). No statistically significant differences were found in stability between the 2 techniques. The use of 1 screw or 2 Kirschner wires had no significant differences in their biomechanical loading capacity for osteosynthesis in distal chevron osteotomies for treatment of hallux valgus.     

Open Reduction and Internal Fixation of Proximal Humerus Fractures with a Cannulated Blade Plate

Objective Internal fixation of proximal humerus fractures with an implant assuring rotational and angular stability to restore form and function of the glenohumeral joint. Indications Proximal humerus fractures: two- and three-part fractures, meta- and diaphyseal fractures of the proximal second fifth. Contraindications Comminuted fractures of the humeral head. Proximal humerus fractures in children. Surgical Technique Anterior approach. Blunt dissection of the deltopectoral interval, retracting the cephalic vein medially. Judicious exposure of the fracture site and reduction of the fracture. A 90° blade plate opened up to 110–120° is inserted from anterolateral immediately proximal to or through the subcapital fracture gap. The blade of the blade plate is introduced into the proximal half of the humeral head. In the presence of an avulsion of the greater tuberosity, a wire cerclage is added. Results Between June 1998 and December 1999, we treated 20 patients (eight men, twelve women, age 65–92 years) and assessed them prospectively. All fractures were closes (AO types 11-A3 n = 8, 11-B1 n = 5, 11-B2 n = 3, 11-B3 n = 1, and 11-C2 n = 3). Loosening of plates was seen in three patients and a blade perforation in one, all requiring a revision (revision with plate blade twice, shoulder hemiarthroplasty once, early implant removal once). Five patients passed away, and two were too old to undergo a follow-up examination. The Constant score in 13 patients performed after 8 (7–10) months reached 62/100 (opposite shoulder 92/100). This corresponds to a satisfactory outcome.     

Freeze Dried Proximal Femoral Allografts in Revision of Femoral Stems

Background

Femoral bone deficiency is a challenging problem in revision femoral arthroplasty in younger patients. We evaluated outcomes of revision femoral arthroplasty using a freeze-dried allograft prosthetic composite (APC).

Algorithm for Femoral and Periacetabular Osteotomies in Complex Hip Deformities

Background  

Residual acetabular dysplasia of the hip in most patients can be corrected by periacetabular osteotomy. However, some patients have intraarticular abnormalities causing insufficient coverage, containment or congruency after periacetabular osteotomy, or extraarticular abnormalities that limit either acetabular correction or hip motion. For these patients, we believe an additional proximal femoral osteotomy can improve coverage, containment, congruency and/or motion.     

Proximal Femoral Plate,Intramedullary Nail Fixation Versus Hip Arthroplasty for Unstable Intertrochanteric Femoral Fracture in the Elderly: A Meta-analysis

IntroductionMultiple operative modalities are available for management of unstable intertrochanteric femoral fractures. This meta-analysis was conducted to find out if there is superiority of surgical fixation by proximal femoral plate or surgical fixation by intramedullary nail over hip arthroplasty for management of unstable intertrochanteric femoral fractures in the elderly.MethodsA search for relevant studies that published from January 2000 to November 2018 through the electronic literature database of Cochrane library, Medline, Trip Database and Wiley online library.ResultsA total of 19 studies including 14 prospective RCTs, and five retrospective studies. This meta-analysis showed that nail group had shorter operative time than plate group (P < 0.0001), and less blood loss than the plate and arthroplasty groups (P < 0.0001), cut-out was higher in nail group than the plate group (P < 0.0001), mortality rate was higher in hip arthroplasty compared to other groups (P < 0.0001), Harris hip score within 6 months of the operation was higher in the arthroplasty group compared with the nail and plate groups, while within 1 year of the operation, nail group had higher Harris hip score than arthroplasty group (P < 0.0001).ConclusionsThis meta-analysis suggested that the intramedullary nail fixation method is a preferred method for management of unstable intertrochanteric femoral fractures in the elderly over hip arthroplasty and proximal femoral plate fixation.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s43465-021-00426-1.     

Digital Assessment of the Implantation Angle of Proximal Femoral Nail Antirotation Helical Blade Using CT Three-dimensional Reconstruction

Objectives: To facilitate simple and safe manipulation during proximal femoral nail antirotation (PFNA) operation, we studied the range of safe implantation angle of the helical blade of the PFNA system by using a digital-based three-dimensional reconstruction model of CT images. Methods: Thirty-five healthy volunteers were recruited. Original multilayer helical CT scan data of the left femur were collected and imported into Mimics software. Anatomic features of the femur, including the safe implantation angle, anterior and posterior angle, were measured. Differences in each angle between male and female subjects were compared using Student's t test, and the determinants of each angle were analyzed by linear regression. Results: The mean safe implantation angle was 30.09° ± 4.73°, the mean anterior angle was 15.82° ± 2.07°, and the mean posterior angle was 14.27° ± 3.19°. All the three angles were greater in males than females (P < 0.05). Neck shaft angle and the diameter of the femoral neck and head were linearly correlated with the safe implantation angle, the anterior and posterior angle, respectively. Femoral neck diameter was a significant determinant of the safe implantation angle and posterior angle, respectively. Moreover, femoral neck diameter and femoral head diameter were significant determinants of the anterior angle. Conclusions: The study has introduced and delineated a novel parameter, the safe implantation angle, for FPNA surgery, which may help orthopedic surgeons in deciding a safe range of PFNA operation and improve the accuracy of PFNA helical blade implantation.     

应用股骨近端髓内钉治疗股骨转子周围骨折

目的 评价股骨近端髓内钉(PFN)治疗股骨转子周围骨折的临床疗效.方法 对96例股骨转子周围骨折的治疗作回顾性总结分析.所有病例均通过闭合复位完成手术,年龄40～91岁,平均66.5岁.骨折按AO分型,31-A1型31例、31-A2型42例、31-A3型23例.结果 本组病例手术时间为35～90 min,平均为50 min;术中失血量为50～200 ml,平均为80ml,术中术后均未输血.本组病例均进行了6～24个月的随访,平均8.5个月.本组病例骨折全部愈合,平均愈合时间3.5个月,无髋内翻及头钉切割发生,无死亡病例.结论 对于股骨转子周围骨折,特别是不稳定型转子周围骨折,PFN具有微创操作,固定坚强,术后并发症少,系此类骨折内固定物的首选.     

Intramedullary Stabilization of Proximal Femoral Fractures

Abstract For nearly 40 years, extramedullary stabilization using the sliding hip screw and plate has been the standard fixation method for proximal femoral fractures. In patients with stable fractures, this device produces excellent results. However, in patients with unstable fractures, the sliding hip screw and plate is associated with an increased prevalence of complications, particularly cut-out, medialization of the shaft, shortening, and subsequent loss of reduction. For these reasons, there has been a sustained interest in the use of an intramedullary nail to treat proximal femoral fractures. However, intramedullary methods of therapy for trochanteric fractures require extensive operative experience. The incidence of complications, e.g. cut-out, femoral shaft fractures, and the learning curve has resulted in a loss off popularity of these devices in the past. The aim of this overview is to analyze and record the current standards by means of recent papers and to present the experience after intramedullary stabilization of more than 3,000 patients with proximal femoral fractures at our level I trauma center.     

股骨近端髓内钉治疗高龄股骨转子间骨折

目的通过回顾性分析股骨近端髓内钉(PFN)治疗高龄股骨转子间骨折的手术效果,评价PFN的临床疗效。方法2003年1月~2004年12月对42例高龄股骨转子间骨折患者应用PFN治疗,对其骨折类型、合并症及临床疗效进行分析比较。结果随访3~15个月,骨折平均愈合时间为3·2个月,骨折全部愈合。髋关节功能优良39例,占92·86%。结论PFN治疗高龄股骨转子间骨折具有创伤小、固定牢靠、手术时间短的优点,是治疗高龄股骨转子间骨折的良好选择,适用于各种类型的股骨转子间骨折。