以腺相关病毒为载体的小干扰RNA对肝星状细胞中金属蛋白酶组织抑制因子的抑制作用

目的 观察以腺相关病毒（AAV）为载体含有针对大鼠金属蛋白酶组织抑制因子（TIMP）-1具有较强抑制作用的小干扰RNA（siRNA）感染大鼠星状细胞系HSC-T6后TIMP-1的表达抑制作用。方法 针对大鼠TIMP-1mRNA基因序列挑选一段22bp片段，在体外构建为短发夹siRNA（short hairpin siRNA，shRNA）表达载体后，将其包装为重组AAV并感染大鼠肝星状细胞系HSC-T6后，于感染后30d及90d应用荧光定量PCR方法及Westem blot方法分别检测TIMP-1 mRNA及蛋白质表达情况，同时通过PCR技术以感染后细胞的基因组DNA为模板扩增外源基因验证其长效表达。结果 经PCR、酶切及序列测定证实含有siRNA-TIMP-1基因的重组AAV载体质粒已成功克隆。将重组质粒包装成病毒后感染HSC-T6细胞，与对照组细胞相比，感染后30d及90d细胞TIMP-1 mRNA水平明显降低（P〈0．01），感染后30d TIMP-1蛋白表达水平较对照组细胞相比下降约60％，而感染后90d，TIMP-1蛋白表达几乎下降90％。PCR结果显示在重组病毒感染后90d细胞基因组DNA中仍可扩增出外源基因，证实外源基因可长期表达。结论 重组病毒rAAV／siRNA-TIMP-1／neo可长期有效地抑制TIMP-1基因的表达。     

Infiltrative capacity of T leukemia cell lines: A distinct functional property coupled to expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 (TIMP-1)

Infiltrative capacity was found to distinguish separate T leukemia cell lines. Of seven T-cell lines four exhibited capacity to infiltrate Matrigel. Analysis of infiltration was performed at the single-cell level throughout the Matrigel using a depth meter. Further, we examined differences in migration capacity and metalloproteinase production between infiltrating and non-infiltrating T-cell lines. The capacity to infiltrate was not directly correlated to the capacity to adhere to the Matrigel or to migrate on/to extracellular matrix components. It is concluded that infiltration capacity does not simply reflect capacity to migrate but represents a distinct functional property. The production of metalloproteinases and their inhibitors by the separate T-cell lines was analyzed using rt PCR, biosynthetic labelling, zymography, immunoprecipitation and ELISA. All T-cell lines with capacity to infiltrate produced matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) while non-infiltrating cell lines did not express MMP-9. Expression of MMP-1, 2, 3, 10, 14 and 17 showed no correlation to capacity to infiltrate. Analysis of infiltration in the presence of a metalloprotease inhibitor showed an increased number of cells within the gel. This enhancement of infiltration suggests that the function of MMPs and/or their inhibitors in lymphocyte infiltration is more complex than previously thought. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Enhanced mRNA expression of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) in breast carcinomas is correlated with adverse prognosis

Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) has emerged as a multifunctional protein with the contrasting activities of inhibiting tissue-degrading enzymes and promoting cellular growth. In an attempt to elucidate the clinical significance of TIMP-1 in breast cancer, the expression of TIMP-1 mRNA was evaluated in 117 invasive breast carcinomas by mRNA in situ hybridization, in correlation with clinicopathological parameters, immunohistochemical prognostic factors (Ki-67, c-erb-B-2, bcl-2) and clinical outcome. TIMP-1 was detected in stromal cells in areas within the tumours and at the tumour margin. High TIMP-1 mRNA expression in the marginal portion of the tumours was significantly correlated with lymph node metastasis (p<0.05) and c-erbB-2 expression (p<0.05). On the other hand, increased TIMP-1 mRNA expression within the tumours showed a statistically significant correlation with ER detection (p<0.01). Multivariate analysis revealed worse survival for patients with high TIMP-1 mRNA expression in the marginal portion of the tumours; the subgroup of these patients co-expressing high levels of TIMP-1 mRNA within the tumours as well had even worse survival (p=0.042). In conclusion, our data support the multifunctional role of TIMP-1, particularly its growth-promoting activity, on the basis of its significant correlation with lymph node metastasis and adverse prognosis. In addition to the latter property, a probable association of TIMP-1 with tumour cell differentiation is suggested by its topographical correlation with ER detection.     

Coordinate regulation of matrix metalloproteinase-1 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 expression in human vascular smooth muscle cells

The expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their inhibitors (TIMPs) by human vascular smooth muscle cells (SMC) was monitored as a function of the phenotypic modulation in vitro. Cell phenotype was manipulated by varying serum concentration and cell density. Synthetic phenotype was characterized by a minimum expression of the contractile proteins and a maximal proliferation rate. Contractile phenotype was quiescent and expressed a maximal level of contractile proteins. Synthetic cells expressed the highest levels of both MMP-1 and TIMP-1 and displayed maximal collagenolytic activity. No significant change was detected in MMP-2 expression or catalytic activity. Enzyme immunoassays revealed that MMP-1 expression fell by 77+/-2.4-95+/-0.5%, and that of TIMP-1 by 34+/-0.5-59+/-1.9%, as the cells acquired a contractile phenotype. The level of the MMP-1/TIMP-1 complex was similarly reduced by 78+/-2.9-85+/-1.6%. These data demonstrate that the expression of MMP-1 and TIMP-1 are coordinately regulated with SMC phenotype.     

组织金属蛋白酶抑制剂TIMP—2基因转染对胃癌细胞体内外侵袭能 …

了解ＴＩＭＰ－２基因转地胃癌细胞侵袭行为的影响，进行阻断肿瘤细胞侵转移的筛选尝试。     

Overexpression of tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases-1 (TIMP-1) in metastatic MDCK cells transformed by v-src

This article discusses the transformation of epithelial Madin-Durby canine kidney (MDCK) cells with v-src induced expression of membrane-type 1-matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP) and metastatic growth in nude mice (Kadono Y et al., Cancer Res 1998; 58: 2240–44). To analyze genes associated with invasive phenotype of v-src MDCK cells, mRNA differential display was performed between control and the transformed cells. A clone 12, the expression of which was clearly up-regulated in the transformed cells, encoded a protein 81% homologous to human tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases-1 (TIMP-1). Northern hybridization showed that only MT1-MMP expression was enhanced and other matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) were undetectable or rather repressed in the transformed cells. Proteolytic activity against type I gelatin was observed in v-src MDCK cells, which was inhibited only by TIMP-2 but not by TIMP-1. MDCK cells stably transfected with the MT1-MMP gene also degraded gelatin, which was selectively inhibited by TIMP-2. These results suggest that MT1-MMP, the expression of which is induced in v-src MDCK cells, degrades extracellullar matrix by itself rather than through the activation of progelatinase A, which in turn contributes to the metastasis of the transformed cells.     

Suppression effects of human recombinant tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1(TIMP-1) on tumor proliferation using in vivo treatment model of well-differentiated colon cancer cell line, HT29

To investigate the suppressive effect of human recombinant TIMP-1 (rh-TIMP-1) on tumor proliferation using an in vivo xenograft system, HT29 was suspended in 0.1 ml phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and then subcutaneously injected in the back of female mice (BALB/C nu/nu). The mice were divided into 2 groups an and the tumor diameter was measured after rh-TIMP-1 (2 mg/kg) (rh-TIMP-1 group) or PBS (control group) was administered injections according to the following schedules. Schedule 1 : Beginning 2 weeks after the subcutaneous injection of HT29, an intraperitoneal injection of rh-TIMP-1 or PBS were performed twice a day (every 12 h) for 14 consecutive days. Schedule 2 : Beginning 1 week after the subcutaneous injection of HT29, an intraperitoneal injection was performed twice a day for 14 consecutive days. Schedule 3 : Intraperitoneal injections were started simultaneously with the subcutaneous injection of HT29, and then performed twice a day for 21 consecutive days. The mice were sacrificed and the tumors extirpated for immunohistochemical investigation. In addition, gelatin zymography and a cell proliferation assay were performed. With Schedule 1, the changes in the tumor diameter in the rh-TIMP-1 group followed the same course as those in the control group, and no suppressive effect on tumor proliferation was observed. However, with Schedule 3, a remarkable suppressive effect was observed throughout the treatment period. In immunostaining, more cases negative for MMP-9 were observed in the rh-TIMP-1 group than in the control group. Cases negative for CD34 were significantly more observed in the rh-TIMP-1 group than in the control group with Schedule 3. All of the results were obtained through the suppressive effect of rh-TIMP-1 on angiogenesis.     

Inhibitory activity on matrix metalloproteinases and cell-proliferating activity of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 (TIMP-1)-contrastive difference between human and bovine TIMP-1s on mouse cell proliferation

Either human or bovine TIMP-1 inhibited matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activities, such as collagenolytic, gelatinolytic and caseinolytic, expressed by mouse cells as well as those expressed by human cells. Bovine TIMP-1 stimulated the proliferation of both human and mouse cells, but human TIMP-1 only proliferate human cells and not mouse cells indicating that the cell-proliferating activity has more strict species specificity than MMP inhibitory activity. All the results from [(3)H]thymidine incorporation, the phosphorylation of tyrosine-containing cellular proteins and extracellular-signal-regulated protein kinases supported the cell-proliferating properties of both human and bovine TIMP-1s. Human TIMP-1 seems not to bind to TIMP-1 receptors on mouse cells.     

Increased expression of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases type 1 (TIMP-1) in a more tumourigenic colon cancer cell line

Genetic changes occurring in the late stages of colonic tumour progression have received much less attention than those occurring in the early stages. As described in the accompanying paper, SW480 and SW620 cell lines provide a useful model for studying the advanced stages of progression for colon cancer. Comparison of the two cell lines by differential display reveals that SW620 cells express lower levels of the CC3 tumour suppressor gene and also lower levels of the tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-3 (TIMP-3) gene. Northern blot analysis for TIMP-3 confirms this finding and shows a similar difference in the expression of TIMP-2, which seems logical since TIMPs inhibit enzymes that play a role in tumour invasion. For this reason, it was surprising to find that TIMP-1 messenger RNA expression is markedly increased in SW620 cells. Consistent with this finding, western blot analysis shows a ten-fold increase in TIMP-1 protein secretion by SW620 cells. It is noteworthy that high TIMP-1 expression is associated with poor prognosis in colorectal cancer. This association between TIMP-1 expression and tumour progression may be related to additional growth factor-like effects described for TIMP-1 in some systems.     

Down-regulation of tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloprotease-1 (TIMP-1) in aged human skin contributes to matrix degradation and impaired cell growth and survival

Up regulation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), particularly collagenase-1 (MMP-1), stromelysin-1 (MMP-3) and gelatinase A (MMP-2) is responsible for the lysis of dermal collagen and elastin fibers during chronological skin aging. Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) is one representative of the natural MMP inhibitor family, encompassing four members. Its expression is decreased with fibroblast senescence, both ex vivo and in vivo, thus contributing to increased catabolic activity within dermis. TIMP-1 displays multiple biological functions. It inhibits most MMPs, except membrane-type MMP subfamily, with Ki in the subnanomolar range, but also interacts with the hemopexin-like (PEX) domain of pro MMP-9. Besides, it exhibits keratinocyte and fibroblast growth factor-like activity and has been described as a cell survival factor.     

Sputum matrix metalloproteinase-9: tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 ratio in acute asthma

BACKGROUND: The ratio of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and its inhibitor, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) may be a marker of the balance between airway tissue destruction and repair. TIMP-1 may potentially contribute to the pathogenesis of increased submucosal extracellular matrix deposition in asthma. OBJECTIVE: Our purpose was to assess the variation in sputum MMP-9 and TIMP-1 during acute asthma. METHODS: We evaluated the MMP-9 and TIMP-1 balance in sputa of 16 asthmatic patients admitted with spontaneous exacerbation, conducting measurement before (day 1) and after methylprednisolone infusion therapy (days 2, 3, 5, and 7), and on remission days. RESULTS: Peak expiratory flow and eosinophilic cationic protein levels were significantly (P <.05) improved within 7 days in all patients. Sputum MMP-9 levels on day 2 tended to be lower than on day 1, but not significantly. Zymography revealed that the main enzyme was identified immunologically as MMP-9, and gelatinase activity on day 1 had a tendency to decrease for the following 7 days. The TIMP-1 levels gradually increased until day 5, were significantly (P <.05) high on day 5, and decreased on day 7. The MMP-9/TIMP-1 molar ratios were significantly (P <.05) decreased on days 2, 3, 5, and 7 compared with day 1. Sputum levels of MMP-9 and TIMP-1 and the MMP-9/TIMP-1 molar ratios on day 1 were significantly higher (P <.02) than those on remission days. CONCLUSIONS: An imbalance between MMP-9 and TIMP-1 was present in acute asthma, with an excess of MMP-9 resulting in a high ratio of MMP-9/TIMP-1 before treatment, and over time with glucocorticosteroid the TIMP-1 levels rose, dropping the ratio of MMP-9/TIMP-1. It was suggested that overproduction of MMP-9 and TIMP-1 after asthma exacerbation might contribute significantly to airway tissue remodeling and that TIMP-1 production in acute asthma might not be suppressed by glucocorticosteroid.     

基质金属蛋白酶2及其抑制因子2在子宫腺肌病中的表达及意义

目的 探讨基质金属蛋白酶2(MMP-2)及其抑制因子2(TIMP-2)在子宫腺肌病(AM)在位内膜与异位内膜的表达及意义.方法 选取广州医学院附属广州市第一人民医院2006年2月至2007年9月因AM行全子宫切除术的42例病例(取其在位及异位内膜分为AM在位内膜组和AM异位内膜组)和同期因子宫肌瘤在该院行全子宫切除术的32例病例(取其内膜作为正常子宫内膜组),应用半定量反转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)检测AM在位内膜、异位内膜及正常子宫内膜中MMP-2、TIMP-2mRNA的表达.结果 (1)MMP-2 mRNA在AM异位内膜组中相对表达量(1.43±0.32)高于AM在位内膜组和正常子宫内膜组(1.22±0.35,0.97±0.37,P＜0.05).TIMP-2 mRNA在AM异位内膜组和AM在位内膜组中均低表达,其相对表达量分别低于正常子宫内膜组(0.96±0.31,1.13±0.30,1.29±0.19,P＜0.05).(2)MMP-2 mRNA、TIMP-2 mRNA在子宫腺肌病在位内膜组、正常子宫内膜组的表达有周期性,分泌期均高于增生期(P＜0.05);而在AM异位内膜组中,两者分泌期与增生期则差异无统计学意义.(3)MMP-2/TIMP-2的比值在AM异位内膜组、AM在位内膜组、正常子宫内膜组中依次递减,其中AM异位内膜组与后两组差异有统计学意义(均P＜0.05).结论 AM异位和在位内膜组织中MMP-2高表达,TIMP-2低表达,使MMP-2/TIMP-2平衡失调,异位内膜组织侵袭降解细胞外基质的能力增强.     

氧化型胆固醇下调血管平滑肌细胞金属蛋白酶组织抑制剂基因表达

目的:研究氧化型胆固醇对血管平滑肌细胞MMP-9及TIMP-1表达的影响。方法:离体培养兔主动脉血管平滑肌细胞,分别用胆固醇、Triol与25-OH负载细胞,狭缝杂交测定TIMP-1mRNA表达,细胞免疫化学测定MMP-9与TIMP-1蛋白表达。结果:Triol与25-OH(1 mg/L,24 h)抑制TIMP-1 mRNA及蛋白表达,对MMP-9蛋白表达无影响。结论:氧化型胆固醇可以下调血管平滑肌细胞TIMP-1基因表达。     

Increased production of matrix metalloproteinase-3 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 by inflamed mucosa in inflammatory bowel disease

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are characterized by a sustained inflammatory cascade that gives rise to the release of mediators capable of degrading and modifying bowel wall structure. Our aims were (i) to measure the production of matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3), and its tissue inhibitor, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1), by inflamed and uninflamed colonic mucosa in IBD, and (ii) to correlate their production with that of proinflammatory cytokines and the anti-inflammatory cytokine, IL-10. Thirty-eight patients with IBD, including 25 with Crohn's disease and 13 with ulcerative colitis, were included. Ten controls were also studied. Biopsies were taken from inflamed and uninflamed regions and inflammation was graded both macroscopically and histologically. Organ cultures were performed for 18 h. Tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), IL-6, IL-1beta, IL-10, MMP-3 and TIMP-1 concentrations were measured using specific immunoassays. The production of both MMP-3 and the TIMP-1 were either undetectable or below the sensitivity of our immunoassay in the vast majority of uninflamed samples either from controls or from those with Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis. In inflamed mucosa, the production of these mediators increased significantly both in Crohn's disease (P < 0.01 and 0.001, respectively) and ulcerative colitis (P < 0.001 and 0.001, respectively). Mediator production in both cases was significantly correlated with the production of proinflammatory cytokines and IL-10, as well as with the degree of macroscopic and microscopic inflammation. Inflamed mucosa of both Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis show increased production of both MMP-3 and its tissue inhibitor, which correlates very well with production of IL-1beta, IL-6, TNF-alpha and IL-10.     

基质金属蛋白酶-9及其组织抑制物-1在人胎盘的表达及意义

目的研究基质金属蛋白酶-9(matrix metalloproteinases,MMP-9)及其组织抑制物-1(tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases,TIMP-1)在不同孕期胎盘中的表达及与滋养层细胞侵蚀、子宫-胎儿血管系统建立的关系.方法应用原位杂交法检测56例胎盘(早孕16 例、中孕20 例、晚孕20例)中MMP-9及TIMP-1mRNA的表达.结果 MMP-9及TIMP-1mRNA主要表达于滋养细胞、绒毛间质血管壁及蜕膜组织中;MMP-9mRNA的表达早、中孕组明显强于晚孕组,TIMP-1mRNA的表达晚孕组明显强于早、中孕组,差异均有极显著性(P<0.01).结论 MMP-9及TIMP-1协同表达可能在滋养层细胞侵蚀、孕卵着床、血管重建过程中发挥一定的作用.     

Gelatinases and their tissue inhibitors during human ovulation: increased expression of tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-1

Remodelling of the extracellular matrix (ECM) of the follicular wall by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases (TIMPs) has been suggested to be crucial in ovulation. To investigate the expression of the gelatinases, MMP-2 and MMP-9, together with their inhibitors, TIMP-2 and TIMP-1, in the perifollicular ovarian stroma from women just before and during ovulation, we obtained biopsies of the stroma adjacent to the leading follicle. Laparoscopic surgery was performed either before the LH peak or at any of three intervals after ovulation triggering by hCG. Immunoblotting, immunohistochemistry and quantitative RT-PCR were performed. All four proteins were expressed by immunoblots, with no detectable changes in the expression of MMP-2, MMP-9 and TIMP-2. Scattered immunostaining for MMP-9 and TIMP-2 was seen, and MMP-2 was demonstrated in a concentric layer. A significant increase in TIMP-1 protein and mRNA was seen during the three ovulatory phases, and a strong and patchy immunostaining for TIMP-1 was shown. This is the first study that has demonstrated an ovulation-associated expression of these ECM-remodelling enzymes around the human follicle at ovulation. The increased expression of TIMP-1 may reflect a specific temporal inhibition of collagenolysis and thereby a time-dependent regulation of ECM breakdown in areas surrounding the apex of the follicle.