Anti-inflammatory activity of Premna corymbosa (Burm.f.) Rottl. & Willd. leaves extracts in Wistar albino rats

ObjectiveTo evaluate the acute toxicity and to investigate the effect of Premna corymbosa ethanolic extract (PCEE) at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight in acute and chronic models of inflammation in experimental animals.MethodsIn the acute toxicity study, a single dose of PCEE of 2 000 mg/kg body weight, p.o. was administered and observed for 48 h. In acute models as egg albumin induced paw edema and chronic model as cotton pellet methods was followed.ResultsIn acute models, egg albumin induced paw edema PCEE significantly (P<0.01) inhibited the edema formation. In chronic model, cotton pellet induced granuloma formation in rats PCEE significantly (P<0.01) reduced the granuloma formation with percentage inhibition of 35.17% and 50.38 % respectively.ConclusionsThe present study establishes the antiinflammatory activity of Premna corymbosa leaves.     

Acute and subacute oral toxicity evaluation of Tephrosia purpurea extract in rodents

ObjectiveTo evaluate the acute and subacute toxicity of 50% ethanolic extract of Tephrosia purpurea (T. purpurea) in rodents.MethodsThe acute toxicity test was conducted in Swiss albino mice. The extract of T. purpurea was administrated in single doses of 50, 300 and 2000 mg/kg and observed for behavioral changes and mortality, if any. In subacute toxicity study, Wistar rats of either sex were administered two doses of T. purpurea i.e., 200 and 400 mg/kg (One-tenth and one-fifth of the maximum tolerated dose), p.o. for 4 weeks. During 28 days of treatment, rats were observed weekly for any change in their body weight, food and water intake. At the end of 28 days, rats were sacrificed for hematological, biochemical and histopathology study.ResultsIn the acute toxicity study, T. purpurea was found to be well tolerated upto 2000 mg/kg, produced neither mortality nor changes in behavior in mice. In subacute toxicity study, T. purpurea at dose level of 200 and 400 mg/kg did not produce any significant difference in their body weight, food and water intake when compared to vehicle treated rats. It also showed no significant alteration in hematological and biochemical parameters in experimental groups of rats apart from a decrease in aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase and alkaline phosphate content at the dose of 400 mg/kg. Histopathological study revealed normal architecture of kidney and liver of T. purpurea treated rats.ConclusionsThese results demonstrated that there is a wide margin of safety for the therapeutic use of T. purpurea and further corroborated the traditional use of this extract as an anti hepatocarcinogenic agent.     

Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of Passiflora foetida L

ObjectiveTo investigate the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of ethanol extract of Passiflora foetida (P. foetida) leaves.MethodsEthanol extract of P. foetida leaf was evaluated for analgesic action by acetic acid-induced writhing and hot plate method in albino mice. The anti-inflammatory property of ethanolic leaf extract was tested by carrageenan induced acute paw edema and histamine induced acute paw edema in rats.ResultsThe dose 200 mg/kg of P. foetida leaf extract exhibited highest significant analgesic activity [(13.50±0.43) min] at a reaction time of 20 min in hot plate method in mice. The ethanol extract of leaf dose 100 mg/kg produced a highly significant anti inflammatory effect [(1.302±0.079) mL] in rats.ConclusionsIt is very clear that P. foetida also has analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities for the pharmaceuticals.     

Investigation of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of leaves of Dalbergia paniculata (Roxb)

ObjectiveTo investigate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of orally administered methanolic leaf extract of Dalbergia paniculata (D. paniculata) in Carrageenan induced inflammation in rats.MethodsIn vitro antioxidant activity was evaluated for superoxide radical, Hydroxyl radical and DPPH radical scavenging activity. Three doses 200 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg and 800 mg/kg of D. paniculata were tested for anti-inflammatory activity in Carrageenan induced rat paw edema model and paw thickness was measured every one hour up to 6 h.ResultsThe methanolic leaf extract of D. paniculata produced dose dependent inhibition of Superoxide radical, Hydroxyl radical and DPPH radicals. In Carrageenan induced inflammation model, all three doses produced significant percentage inhibition of rat paw edema and 800 mg/kg dose produced maximum percent inhibition of rat paw edema (47.83%) at 3h compared to control group.ConclusionsIn the present study we found that methanolic leaf extract of D. paniculata showed good in vitro antioxidant activity and in vivo anti-inflammatory activity in rats.     

Analgesic and anti—inflammatory activities of the ethanol extract of the leaves of Helianthus Annus in Wistar rats

ObjectiveTo investigate the anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of the ethanol extract of leaves of Helianthus annus L. (H. annus) in acclimatized Wistar rats.MethodsIt was undertaken using the albumin induced paw edema model of inflammation as well as both the hotplate and tail immersion analgesic test methods. Doses of the extract tested in experimental rats were 0.5 g/kg, 2 g/kg and 4 g/kg while negative and positive control rats received distilled water and indomethacin respectively.ResultsIt was shown that treatment with the tested doses of the extract effectively inhibited paw edema induced by egg albumin. This effect was comparable if not better than the observations made in rats treated with 10 mg/kg of indomethacin orally. Treatment with the extract was also observed to have significantly increased the mean tolerance time of rats to thermal noxious stimuli compared to control animals that had distilled water and appeared to be more effective than 10 mg/kg of indomethacin treatment.ConclusionsThese observations confirmed the presence of a strong anti-inflammatory and anti-noiciceptive activity in the ethanol extract of the leaves of H. annus and therefore validated the folkloric use of the leaves of this plant in treatment of pro-inflammatory, post traumatic situations.     

The anti-inflammatory activity of garden egg (Solanum aethiopicum) on egg albumin-induced oedema and granuloma tissue formation in rats

ObjectiveTo evaluate the possible anti-inflammatory effect of garden egg [Solanum aethiopicum (S. aethiopicum)] using experimentally induced inflammatory models in rats.MethodsOedema was induced on the rat hind paw by the injection of 0.1 mL undiluted fresh egg albumin (philogistic agent) into the subplantar surface of the rat paw. Tissue granuloma was induced in the rats by the implantation of two autoclaved cotton pellets (30 mg) under the flank of previously shaved back of anaesthetised rats. Garden egg extract doses were administered to the rats for seven consecutive days. On day 8, the animals were killed and the pellets surrounded by granuloma tissue were dissected out and dried.ResultsExtracts of garden egg significantly (P<0.05) reduced the fresh egg albumin-induced rat paw oedema and also significantly (P<0.05) reduced the granuloma tissue formation in the treated groups when compared to the control.ConclusionsThis study shows that the fruits of garden egg (S. aethiopicum) have anti-inflammatory activity in the models studied.     

Phytochemical and pharmacological evaluation of prop roots of Pandanus fascicularis Lam

ObjectiveTo evaluate the anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of the ethanol and aqueous extracts of prop roots of Pandanus fascicularis (P. fascicularis) Lam (pandanaceae). And provide experimental evidence for its traditional use such as rheumatoid arthritis and spasmodic.MethodsThe anti-inflammatory activity was observed by carrageenan-induced edema of the hind paw of rats. Analgesic activities of prop roots of P. fascicularis were determined using acetic acid induced writhing model and tail clip method in mice and rat, respectively. The ethanol fraction was then subjected to chromatographic analysis and a compound has been isolated and characterized by IR, ¹H-NMR and mass spectroscopy.ResultsEdema suppressant effect of ethanol extract was found to be 37.03% inhibition whereas aqueous extract was found to be 63.22% inhibition after 3 h which was nearly equivalent to that of 10 mg/kg of indomethacin (67.81%). Percentage inhibition of writhing compared to control were 63.15%, 54.38%, 14.90% for aspirin, aqueous extract and ethanolic extract, respectively. Both ethanol and aqueous extracts show significant activity against appropriate controls after 60 min of treatment on tail clip method. The structure of the isolated compound is may be characterized as Hepta deca-5-ene-1-ol by analysis it's IR, ¹H-NMR and mass spectroscopy data.ConclusionsThe extracts of prop roots of P. fascicularis produce significant analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities, supporting the traditional application of this herb in treating various diseases associated with inflammation and pain.     

Effects of Gmelina arborea extract on experimentally induced diabetes

ObjectiveTo study the effects of aqueous extract of Gmelina arborea bark on normoglycemic levels and streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetes in rats.MethodsAfter single administration of the aqueous extract, plasma glucose level was determined up to 6 h. In subacute study, the aqueous extract was administered for 28 d and plasma glucose level was determined weekly. The diabetes was induced in rats by the intraperitoneal injection of STZ at a dose of 55 mg/kg body weight. The diabetic animals were divided into four groups containing six in each: Group I diabetic control, Group II and III treated with the aqueous extract respectively at a dose of 250 and 500 mg/kg body weight once daily and Group IV treated with glibenclamide at a dose of 0.6 mg/kg body weight once daily. In acute study, the aqueous extract and glibenclamide were administered orally to rats. Plasma glucose levels were determined at 30, 60, 120, 240 and 360 min after the administration of the test samples. To study subacute effects, test samples (the aqueous extract and glibenclamide) were administered for 28 d consecutively. The effects of each test sample on plasma glucose level, body weight as well as food and water intake were also monitored weekly. The oral glucose tolerance test and biochemical indicators were estimated on day 28.ResultsThe aqueous extract did not significantly decrease the plasma glucose level in the normoglycemic rats as shown by the acute and subacute assays. However, after oral administration of the aqueous extract, the plasma glucose level was significantly (P<0.001) decreased in the diabetic rats in the acute study. The long-term administration of the aqueous extract significantly (P<0.001) reduced plasma glucose levels of the diabetic rats. Additionally, the aqueous extract also reduced loss of body weight and significantly decreased food and water intake in the diabetic animals. Nevertheless, no effects on biochemical indicators were observed at the selected doses.ConclusionsThe aqueous extract of Gmelina arborea bark had antihyperglycemic activity against STZ induced diabetes in rats, after single and subacute oral administration. Moreover, it did not show significant glucose lowering effect in normoglycemic rats.     

Evaluation of in vivo and in vitro anti-inflammatory activity of Ajuga bracteosa Wall ex Benth

Ethnopharmacological relevance: Ajuga bracteosa Wall Ex Benth. (Labiateae) is described in Ayurveda for the treatment of rheumatism, gout, palsy and amenorrhea.ObjectivePresent study was aimed to investigate the in vivo and in vitro anti-inflammatory activity of Neelkanthi (whole plant) and to support its traditional use.MethodsMethanolic extract of plant Ajuga bracteosa (ABE) was investigated for its anti-inflammatory activity in carrageenan induced rat paw oedema, egg albumin induced inflammation in rats and the study was further supported with in vitro anti-inflammatory study by using Human red blood cell membrane stabilization (HRBC) method. Three doses of the extract (ABE-250, 500 and 750 mg/kg, i.p.) were used in the study and diclofenac sodium (5mg/kg, i.p.) was used as standard.ResultsABE (500 and 750 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly (P < 0.05) reduced increased in paw volume induced by carrageenan and egg albumin. ABE also showed significant stabilization toward HRBC membrane.ConclusionsABE at the dose of 500 and 750 mg/kg showed potent action on comparison with the standard drug diclofenac sodium.     

In-vivo anti-inflammatory and anti-pyretic activities of Manilkara zapota leaves in albino Wistar rats

Objective

To screen ethanolic extracts of Manilkara zapota leaves (Family: Sapotaceae) and its different solvent soluble fractions for possible anti-inflammatory, anti-pyretic activities in experimental albino Wistar rats.

Methods

Anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by carrageenan induced paw edema method; anti-pyretic potential was determined by yeast-induced pyrexia method in albino Wistar rats.

Results

In evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity the crude ethanolic (300 mg/kg) and ethyl acetate extract (300 mg/kg) showed significant inhibition of paw edema by 91.98% and 92.41% (P<0.001) respectively at 4th h compared to standard diclofenac (86.08% inhibition). In anti-pyretic study by yeast-induced pyrexia in albino Wistar rats, the ethanol extract (300 mg/kg) reduced temperature from 37.90 °C to 37.41 °C (P<0.01) and 37.07 °C (P<0.001) in 3rd and 4th h respectively. Similarly, both petroleum ether and ethyl acetate fractions exhibited significant anti-pyretic property (P<0.001). The maximum body temperature lowering effect (36.86 °C) was noticed by petroleum ether fraction.

Conclusions

The findings of the studies demonstrated both anti-inflammatory and anti-pyretic activities of the leaves of Manilkara zapota which could be the therapeutic option against inflammatory disease and pyrexia.     

Pharmacological properties and related constituents of stem bark of Pterocarpus erinaceus Poir. (Fabaceae)

ObjectiveTo screen methanol and dichloromethane extracts of stem bark of Pterocarpus erinaceus for anti-inflammatory, analgesic, in vitro antioxidant activities and phytochemical analysis.MethodsAnti-inflammatory activity was determined by using carrageenan induced-edema of mice paw and croton oil-induced edema of mice ear; analgesic effect was evaluated using acetic acid-induced writhing. Phytochemical screening of extracts was performed by thin layer chromatography. The chromatographic fractionation led to the isolation of main active components as friedelin, lupeol and epicathechin. The structures were established by TLC and nuclear magnetic resonance studies.ResultsBoth methanol and dichloromethane extracts, friedelin, lupeol and epicatechin showed a significant anti-inflammatory effect using croton oil induced-ear edema. Furthermore, the action of dichloromethane extract was more important. At the doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg, the methanol extract was able to reduce the carrageenan induced-hind paw edema, while at the doses of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg, it showed an important analgesic effect against writhing induced by acetic acid injection of 38.8%, 68.0% and 74.3%, respectively. Antioxidative properties of methanol extract and its dichloromethane and ethyl acetate fractions were assessed by using the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl method. The methanol extract showed the stronger radical scavenging activity than dichloromethane and ethyl acetate fractions, with an antiradical power of 5, 3.5 and 2 respectively. The main components isolated from these extracts as friedelin, lupeol and epicathechin were responsible of these activities.ConclusionsThe results suggest that the stem bark extracts of Pterocarpus erinaceus possessed important anti-inflammatory, analgesic activities and strong antioxidant properties, therefore, they could be used as natural potential ingredients for pharma ceutical industry.     

Cardioprotective effect of hydroalcoholic extract of Tecoma stans flowers against isoproterenol induced myocardial infarction in rats

ObjectiveTo investigate the cardioprotective effect of 70% ethanolic extract of Tecoma stans (T. stans) flowers against isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction in rat myocardium.MethodsWister rats were pretreated with 70% ethanolic extract of T. stans flowers (250 and 500 mg/kg) orally for 14 d and then intoxicated with isoproterenol [200 mg/(kg · day), s.c.] for 2 consecutive d. The biochemical markers for myocardial infarction such as alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, creatinine kinase, total cholesterol, triglycerides, low density lipoproteins and high density lipoproteins were determined. In addition the antioxidant status on heart tissue is also evaluated by testing the activities of antioxidant enzymes such as lipid peroxidation, superoxide dismutase, reduced glutathione and catalase.ResultsThe results indicated that pretreatment with 70% ethanolic extract of T. stans flowers prevented fall in antioxidants and retarded elevation of cardiac damage markers in isoproterenol treated rats, significantly. In addition, these findings were evidently supported by the remarkable protection revealed in the histopathological studies, even GC-MS analysis data also substantiated out investigation.ConclusionsIt was concluded that, in addition to poly phenolics, some of the phyto fragments found during GC-MS analysis might also contributed to the cardiac protection offered by the extract.     

Antipyretic, anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties of nilavembu kudineer choornam: a classical preparation used in the treatment of chikungunya fever

ObjectiveTo investigate the efficacy of ethanolic extract of nilavembu kudineer choornam (EENKC) in inflammation, pain and fever using animal models to support its actions.MethodsAcute toxicity study of EENKC was performed in mice to fix the effective dose. The antipyretic, anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity of EENKC was evaluated in brewer's yeast induced pyrexia in rats, carrageenan-induced inflammation in rats and acetic-acid induced writhing in mice model.ResultsAcute toxicity revealed that EENKC didn't show death and toxic signs up to 2 000 mg/kg. In brewer's yeast induced pyrexia and carrageenan-induced inflammation EENKC at the doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg inhibited fever and inflammation significantly (P<0.01 and <0.05) compared to control animals. In mice, the number of writhing induced by acetic-acid was significantly (P<0.01) reduced after treatment with both the dose of EENKC than control animals. EENKC 200 mg/kg inhibits inflammation higher level in carrageenan-induced paw edema, but there is no significant difference when compared to indomethacin 10 mg/kg.ConclusionsThe present findings revealed that EENKC possesses antipyretic, anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity which supports nilavembu kudineer choornam efficacy in chikungunya fever.     

Hepatoprotective potential of ethanolic extract of Ziziphus oenoplia (L.) Mill roots against antitubercular drugs induced hepatotoxicity in experimental models

ObjectiveTo evaluate the hepatoprotective potential of ethanolic (50%) extract of Ziziphus oenoplia (L.) Mill (Z. oenoplia) root against isoniazid (INH) and rifampicin (RIF) induced liver damage in animal models.MethodsFive groups of six rats each were selected for the study. Ethanolic extract at a dose of 150 and 300 mg/kg as well as silymarin (100 mg/kg) were administered orally once daily for 21 d in INH + RIF treated groups. The serum levels of glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT), glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT), alkaline phosphatase (SALP), and bilirubin were estimated along with activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione S-transferase, glutathione peroxidase, and hepatic melondialdehyde formation. Histopathological analysis was carried out to assess injury to the liver.ResultsThe considerably elevated serum enzymatic activities of glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, glutamate pyruvate transaminase, alkaline phosphatase and bilirubin due to INH + RIF treatment were restored towards normal in a dose dependent manner after the treatment with ethanolic extract of Z. oenoplia roots. Meanwhile, the decreased activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione S-transferase and glutathione peroxidase were also restored towards normal dose dependently. In addition, ethanolic extract also significantly prevented the elevation of hepatic melondialdehyde formation in the liver of INH + RIF intoxicated rats in a dose dependent manner. The biochemical observations were supplemented with histopathological examination of rat liver sections.ConclusionsThe results of this study strongly indicate that ethanolic extract of Z. oenoplia has a potent hepatoprotective action against INH + RIF induced hepatic damage in rats.     

Toxicological evaluation of ethanolic extract of Anacyclus pyrethrum in albino wistar rats

ObjectiveTo evaluate the sub chronic toxicity of ethanolic extract of Anacyclus pyrethrum (A. pyrethrum) in albino wistar rats.MethodsIn sub chronic toxicity study ethanolic extract of A. pyrethrum prepared in 2%v/v tween 80 was administered to rats at the dose of 1 000 mg/kg per day for 90 days by oral gavage. A control group received only 2%v/v tween 80. During study period the rats were observed for changes body weight. At the end of dosing period rats relative organ weight of the liver, kidney, brain, lungs and spleen in rats treated with A. pyrethrum extract and control group were examined and also rats were subjected to haematological, biochemical and histopathological examination.ResultsThe administration of ethanolic extract of A. pyrethrum had no effect on body weight, growth and survival. There was no significant difference in the relative organ weight of the liver, kidney, brain, lungs and spleen in rats treated with A. pyrethrum extract and control group. In the present study, all the haematological and biochemical parameters at the end of dosing and observation period did not reveal difference between drug treated and control groups. Studies on histopathological examination of vital organs showed normal architecture suggesting no evidence of pathological lesions.ConclusionsThe studies on sub chronic toxicity reveals that no mortalities or evidence of adverse effects on oral administration of extract. The findngs of the study indicate that ethanolic extract of A. pyrethrum had no treatment related toxicological abnormalities and can be considerd as safe for long-term treatment.     

Hepatoprotective effect of Premna corymbosa (Burm. f.) Rottl. & Willd. leaves extract on CCl4 induced hepatic damage in Wistar albino rats

ObjectiveTo investigate the hepetoprotective activity of Premna corymbosa leaves against carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄) induced hepatic damage.MethodsHepatotoxicity was induced in wistar rats of both sexes by intraperitoneal injection of CCl₄, 1 mL/kg body weight for every 72 h. The ethanolic extract of Premna corymbosa leaves were administrated at doses of 200 & 400 mL/kg body weight, p. o., daily for 14 days. The hepatotoxicity and its prevention was assessed by serum markers like serum alkaline phosphatase (SALP), serum triglycerides (STG), serum total protein (STP), serum cholesterol (SC), and liver wet weight and histopathological studies of the liver.ResultsIn treatment with the ethanolic extract, the toxic effect of CCl₄ was controlled significantly (P < 0.01) by restoration of the levels of biochemical parameters as compared to normal and standard drug silymarin treated groups. The liver weight was reduced by the ethanolic extract treated groups. The histopathology of the liver sections evidenced the hepatoprotective activity.ConclusionThe ethanolic extract of the leaves of Premna corymbosa possess significant acute hepatoprotective activity. Premna corymbosa can be recommended for the liver disorders.     

Phytochemical screening and evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity of methanolic extract of Abroma augusta Linn

ObjectiveTo evaluate the Phytochemical and anti-inflammatory property of the different parts of methanolic extracts of Abroma augusta Linn.Materials and methodsAbroma augusta Linn (Family-Malvaceae) commonly known as Ulatkambal in Hindi and Devil's cotton in English, found in tropical Asia, South and eastern Africa, and Australia. It is mainly used for dysmenorrhoea, ammenorrhoea, sterlilty and other menstrual disorder. The present study aimed at evaluation of Phytochemical and anti-inflammatory study of different parts of Abroma augusta Linn methanolic extract by the carrageenan induced rat paw oedema method.ResultsThe result showed significant anti-inflammatory property of different parts of Abroma augusta Linn methanolic extract.ConclusionsThe methanolic extract of different parts of Abroma augusta Linn showed potent activity comparing with the standard drug diclofenac sodium perhaps due to the alkaloids and flavonoids present in the plant.     

Pharmacognostic study and anti – inflammatory activity of Phyllanthus reticulatus Poir. fruit

ObjectiveTo study pharmacognostic evaluation and anti – inflammatory activity of Phyllanthus reticulatus Poir. (P. reticulatus) fruit.MethodsThe fruit sample was studied by macroscopical, microscopical and other WHO recommended methods for standardisation. The hydroalcoholic extract of ripe fruit was also screened for anti-inflammatory activity by carrageenan induced left hind paw oedema in rat at doses of 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg, orally.ResultsTransverse section of fruit and powder study showed the presence of epicarp, mesocarp, endocarp, fibres and sclereids. Hydroalcoholic extract of fruit showed significant (P < 0.01) reduction of paw volume when compared with diclofenac sodium. The extract showed anti – inflammatory activity at 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg and was comparable with diclofenac sodium.ConclusionsPharmacognostic profile of Phyllanthus reticulatus provides the simplest and quickest means to establish the identity and purity and thereby assure the quality of sample. The hydroalcoholic extract shows significant anti – inflammatory activity at both doses when compared with standard drug diclofenac sodium (100 mg/kg).     

Insecticidal and Repellant Activities of Four indigenous medicinal Plants Against Stored Grain Pest,Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)

ObjectiveThe present investigation was aimed to assess the impact of four indigenous plants for their insecticidal and repellent activity against Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), a stored grain pest and they were tested in the laboratory.MethodsFour widely distributed plants (Artemisia vulgaris, Sphaeranthus indicus, Tephrosia purpurea, and Prosopis juliflora) were sequentially extracted with increasing polarity of organic solvents such as, hexane, chloroform and ethyl acetate were evaluated for their insecticidal and repellent activities against Tribolium castaneum by adapting the standard protocol in in vitro.ResultsData pertaining to the present investigation clearly revealed that the percentage of mortality was maximum in(72 hr 58%) hexane extract of A. vulgaris, chloroform extract (72 hr 34%) of S. indicus, and ethyl acetate extract (72 hr 52%) of T. purpurea. Repellant activities of plant extracts were tested against T. castaneum, repellent activity was maximum in hexane extract of P. fuliflora, (EPI value for P. fuliflora in 2.5% was ?0.11 and ?0.33 at 1hr and 6 hr respectively) chloroform extract of T. purpurea (2.5% was ?0.17 at 6 hr) and ethyl acetate extract of S. indicus (2.5% was ?0.65 at 6 hr) against T. castaneum.ConclusionsThe present work for botanical products to control the insect pest of stored grain Tribolium castaneum (Herbst). These results suggest the presence of actives toxic substances acting after consumption or topical application.     

Effect of ethanolic extract of seeds of Linum usitatissimum (Linn.) in hyperglycaemia associated ROS production in PBMNCs and pancreatic tissue of alloxan induced diabetic rats

ObjectiveTo evaluate the effect of ethanolic extract of seeds of Linum usitatissimum (EELU) in hyperglycemia associated reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMNCs) and pancreatic antioxidant enzymes in alloxan induced diabetic rat.MethodsDiabetes was induced in male Wistar rats by alloxan (120 mg/kg, i.p.). After acute and subacute treatment serum glucose was determined. Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed in EELU pretreated animals. ROS production in PBMNCs and pancreatic antioxidant enzymes were measured in alloxan induced diabetic rat.ResultsOur results showed that, treatment of EELU (200 and 400 mg/kg) significantly reduced serum glucose level in acute and subacute study. The antihyperglycaemic effects of EELU showed onset at 4th h (P<0.001) and peak effect at 6th h (P<0.001). The effect was sustained until 24th h with 400 mg/kg. In subacute study, significant antihyperglycaemic effect was observed from 14th day (P<0.001) onwards. In EELU treated rat the body weight was significantly (P<0.001) increased as compared to diabetic group on 21st day onwards. In OGTT, increased glucose utilization was observed. Treatment of EELU 400 mg/kg showed significant reversal in pancreatic GSH (P<0.01) and SOD (P<0.05) indicating antioxidant nature of EELU. Flow cytometric estimation of total ROS production in PBMNCs in diabetic rats was significantly increased (P<0.001), whereas EELU treatment showed significant (P<0.001) decrease in PBMNCs ROS.ConclusionsIt is concluded from the investigation that EELU showed antihyperglycaemic effect mediated through inhibition of ROS level in PBMNCs and preservation of endogenous antioxidant enzymes in pancreatic tissue in alloxan induced diabetic rat.