血清HBV标志物阴性肾炎肾组织中HBV-DNA的原位杂交检测

目的 对血清HBV标志物阴性肾炎患者肾组织进行HBV—DNA的检测，为临床诊疗提供理论依据。方法 应用原位杂交（ISH）技术检测37份血清HBVAg阴性和18份血清HBVAg阳性的肾炎患者肾活检石蜡包埋组织切片中的HBV—DNA。结果 在血清HBVAg阳性的18例标本中HBV-DNA的检出率为88．9％（16／18），血清HBVAg阴性37例中检测出HBV—DNA5例（13．5％）。原位杂交显示两组检出的HBV-DNA均以肾小管上皮细胞质分布为主，与组织中HBVAg阳性颗粒的分布基本一致。结论 血清HBVAg阴性的HBV相关性肾炎临床上并非少见，应给予足够的关注。HBV—DNA在肾组织中的检出，表明HBV在HBV相关性肾炎的发病机理中有着重要作用。     

IgA肾病肾组织内乙型肝炎病毒感染的发病机制研究

目的：探讨乙型肝炎病毒感染致IgA肾病肾损伤的发病机制。方法： 随机选取48例IgA肾病肾穿刺组织，参照Meadow病变分级标准分为Ⅰ-Ⅴ级5个实验组，应用Envision免疫组织化学方法检测各级肾组织内HBsAg和HBcAg；同时用直接IS-PCR技术检测其中18例IgA肾病肾组织内HBV DNA。结果： 48例IgA肾病肾组织内HBcAg和HBsAg总的阳性检出率分别为75.00%(36/48)和43.75%(21/48)；18例IgA肾病肾组织内HBV DNA阳性检出率为61.11%(11/18)；3者均表现为肾小管阳性检出率高于肾小球(P＜0.05)，但各级之间，HBcAg、HBsAg和HBV DNA检出率均无显著差异(P＞0.05)。结论： HBV参与了IgA肾病的发生，其导致肾组织损伤的机制可能主要是由细胞免疫或一系列细胞因子介导，并非病毒直接所致；肾小管上皮细胞可能是HBV感染的靶对象。     

e抗原阳性慢性乙型肝炎患者血清HBV-DNA与HBsAg、HBeAg的相关性分析

目的 研究e抗原阳性慢性乙型肝炎患者外周血中HBV-DNA载量与乙型肝炎病毒表面抗原（HBsAg）、乙型肝炎病毒e抗原（HBeAg）的相关性,及其在不同性别、年龄群体中的差异.方法 收集319例e抗原阳性慢性乙肝患者血清,采用实时荧光定量PCR法检测HBV-DNA载量,用时间分辨免疫荧光法检测HBsAg和HBeAg的浓度,利用SPSS软件做统计分析.结果 HBV-DNA载量与HBsAg含量有良好的相关性（r=0.514,P〈0.001）;与HBeAg含量有相关（r=0.337,P〈0.001）;女性的HBeAg水平要高于男性患者（P〈0.05）;年龄（31～50）岁组、〉50岁组的HBV-DNA、HBsAg 及HBeAg值皆高于年龄 〈30岁组 （P〈0.001）.结论 e抗原阳性慢性乙型肝炎患者血清中HBV-DNA载量与HBsAg、HBeAg定量水平皆有相关性,其中与HBsAg相关性更佳.     

大鼠ATG肾炎和人IgA肾病肾组织中ⅩⅧ型胶原的表达

目的观察ⅩⅧ型胶原在大鼠抗Thy-1系膜增生性肾小球肾炎（ATG）模型和人IgA肾病肾组织中表达，探讨ⅩⅧ型胶原在肾小球肾炎及肾脏硬化中的作用。方法尾静脉注射兔抗Thy-1血清制备大鼠ATG模型；Western blot检测大鼠ATG肾皮质组织中ⅩⅧ型胶原、Ⅳ型胶原蛋白的表达变化；原位杂交确定ⅩⅧ型胶原mRNA在ATG大鼠肾脏中的细胞定位；免疫组化ABC法观察ⅩⅧ型胶原蛋白在人IgA肾病肾组织的分布，并对其染色强度作定量分析。结果大鼠ATG模型中随着病变的进展肾皮质组织中ⅩⅧ型胶原、Ⅳ型胶原蛋白的表达都呈先持续增加而后回落的趋势；原位杂交显示ⅩⅧ型胶原mRNA在ATG大鼠肾组织中的表达细胞呈多样性；免疫组化结果证实ⅩⅧ型胶原是一种基膜胶原蛋白，在人IgA肾病的细胞外基质沉积中表达显著增加。结论ⅩⅧ型胶原是一种基膜成分，肾脏内多种细胞均可表达ⅩⅧ型胶原，其分布与Ⅳ型胶原相似。     

IgA肾病患者肾组织MAPK各亚类活化与肾小管上皮细胞转分化的关系

IgA肾病是我国青壮年人群最常见的慢性肾小球肾炎 ,其转归与肾小管间质病变的程度与进展密切相关。近年来发现 ,受损的肾小管上皮细胞 (RTEC)转分化为肌成纤维细胞而进入肾间质是肾间质纤维化发生的重要机制之一。有证据表明MAPK家族参与细胞增殖与分化的调控。目的 :通过检测I     

HBV携带者血清病毒标志物和HBV DNA与肝组织中HBVcccDNA相关性的研究

Objective To investigate the correlation of sera HBV DNA and serological makers with hepatic tissue HBVcccDNA in chronic HBV carriers. Methods Real time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) were used to detect HBV covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) and total intrahepatic HBV DNA from 30 needle-biopsy specimens as well as HBV DNA in sera in chronic HBV carriers. Quantification of the HBsAg, HBeAg in sera were quantified using Chemiluminescence immunoassay. Results HBVcccDNA can be detected in chronic HBV carriers, which rang from 3.15 × 103 copies/mg to 1.06 × 107 copies/mg. There was a positive correlation between the cccDNA and HBVtDNA (r =0. 375, P < 0. 05 ), but there was no correlation between the cccDNA and sera HBV DNA (P =0. 174). There was a positive correlation between cccDNA and sera HBsAg quantification (r =0. 562, P <0. 001 ) but no correlation with sera HBeAg qantification ( r = 0. 152, P > 0. 05 ). Conclusion HBV cccDNA can be replicated stably in hepatic tissue in all chronic HBV carriers. HBV DNA in sera can not be indicated hepatic tissue cccDNA level. While HBsAg quantification in sera can be used as a marker of cccDNA quantification in hepatic tissue to some extent.     

HBV携带者血清病毒标志物和HBV DNA与肝组织中HBVcccDNA相关性的研究

Objective To investigate the correlation of sera HBV DNA and serological makers with hepatic tissue HBVcccDNA in chronic HBV carriers. Methods Real time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) were used to detect HBV covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) and total intrahepatic HBV DNA from 30 needle-biopsy specimens as well as HBV DNA in sera in chronic HBV carriers. Quantification of the HBsAg, HBeAg in sera were quantified using Chemiluminescence immunoassay. Results HBVcccDNA can be detected in chronic HBV carriers, which rang from 3.15 × 103 copies/mg to 1.06 × 107 copies/mg. There was a positive correlation between the cccDNA and HBVtDNA (r =0. 375, P < 0. 05 ), but there was no correlation between the cccDNA and sera HBV DNA (P =0. 174). There was a positive correlation between cccDNA and sera HBsAg quantification (r =0. 562, P <0. 001 ) but no correlation with sera HBeAg qantification ( r = 0. 152, P > 0. 05 ). Conclusion HBV cccDNA can be replicated stably in hepatic tissue in all chronic HBV carriers. HBV DNA in sera can not be indicated hepatic tissue cccDNA level. While HBsAg quantification in sera can be used as a marker of cccDNA quantification in hepatic tissue to some extent.     

HBV携带者血清病毒标志物和HBV DNA与肝组织中HBVcccDNA相关性的研究

目的探讨HBV携带者血清病毒标志物和HBV DNA与肝组织中HBVcccDNA之间的关系。方法应用实时荧光定量聚合酶链反应（RT-PCR）方法检测30例经肝组织活检病理检查确定为HBV携带者的肝组织中HBVcccDNA、HBVtDNA和血清HBV DNA,同时用化学发光免疫分析法检测HBsAg、HBeAg定量,分析感染者肝组织内HBVcccDNA与肝组织内HBVtDNA、血清HBVDNA、HBsAg及HBeAg定量水平之间的关系。结果HBV携带者肝组织中均可检出HBVcccDNA,范围在3．15×10^3拷贝／mg～1．06×10^7拷贝／mg（对数值：5．66±O．93）;肝组织cccDNA定量与肝组织总HBVDNA定量呈正相关（r=0．375,P〈0．05）,与血清HBVDNA无相关性（r=0．174,P〉0．05）。肝组织中HBVcccDNA水平与血清HBsAg定量呈高度正相关（r=0．562,P〈0．001）;而与血清HBeAg定量无相关性（r=0．152,P〉0．05）。结论HBV携带者肝组织内HBVcccDNA成稳定的中等水平复制;血清HBVDNA载量不能直接代表其肝组织中的HBVcccDNA水平;血清HBsAg定量可作为反映肝幺日织中HBVcccDNA水平的指标。     

IgA肾病肾组织纤连蛋白的表达

目的：探讨肾组织纤连蛋白的表达在ＩｇＡ肾病（ＩｇＡＮ）进展中的病理学及临床意义。方法：运用Ｓ－Ｐ法对６０例ＩｇＡＮ的肾活检标本进行纤连蛋白（ＦＮ）、增殖细胞核抗原（ＰＣＮＡ）的免疫组化染色，并与肾小球及肾小管间质损伤程度相对照，进行统计学处理。结果：肾小球系膜区ＦＮ与系膜细胞增生、肾小球损伤程度及肾小管间质损伤程度均呈正相关。基膜ＦＮ的出现与基膜内皮下沉着物、肾小球损伤程度及肾小管间质损伤程度均密切相关。结论：肾小球系膜区ＦＮ可作为肾活检组织病理中肾小球系膜的标志，尤其是基膜ＦＮ的聚集增多，是判断ＩｇＡＮ进展和预后不良的可靠指标     

肾小球肾炎肾组织中HBV感染的标志

为了解肾组织中ＨＢＶＤＮＡ与ＨＢＶ抗原存在的关系，探讨肾组织中ＨＢＶ抗原的来源及其与病理变化的关系，我们检测２４６例肾炎肾组织中三种ＨＢＶ抗原。发现除肾小球沉积外，肾小管常有阳性表达。肾小管ＨＢｃＡｇ阳性率达２１．５４％，高于肾小球（１０．９８％）。有１８例肾组织经Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎ印迹杂交检测ＨＢＶＤＮＡ，１５例阳性者中１４例肾组织ＨＢＶ抗原同时阳性，１２例血清感染标志亦阳性。结果提示某些肾炎可能与肾组织感染ＨＢＶ相关，肾组织中出现的ＨＢＶ抗原抗体免疫复合物除来自血循环外，有肾源性──原位形成的可能。     

Clinical and pathological characteristics of 5 children with HBV surface antigen (HBsAg)-negative hepatitis B virus-associated glomerulonephritis

BackgroundHepatitis B virus-associated glomerulonephritis (HBV-GN) mainly occurs in children. Patients with HBV-GN are frequently positive for serum HBV surface antigen (HBsAg), but they are rarely negative.ObjectiveTo explore the clinical and pathological characteristics of patients with HBV-GN who are serum HBsAg negative.Study designFive children with HBV-GN who are negative for HBsAg were included in this study. Their clinical and pathological characteristics were collected and analyzed.ResultsAll 5 children presented with different levels of proteinuria and microscopic hematuria. Renal biopsies showed membranous nephropathy accompanied by HBsAg and/or HBcAg deposits in glomeruli in all of the children. Steroids and/or other immunosuppressants were administered in all cases without antiviral therapy during the early stages of treatment. Two children achieved complete remission but relapsed after the drugs were tapered down. The other 3 children were initially non-responsive but achieved remission after lamivudine was added.ConclusionsTreatment of HBsAg-negative HBV-GN patients with immunosuppressants alone could not achieve satisfactory effects. Antiviral treatment is effective and may be necessary in this type of patient.     

血清乙肝病毒大蛋白在HBeAg阴性和低水平HBV-DNA乙肝患者中的检测意义

为了探讨血清乙肝病毒大蛋白在HBeAg阴性与低水平HBV-DNA乙肝患者中的检测意义。对162例HBV感染者及47名健康对照血清采用酶联免疫吸附试验检测乙肝病毒大蛋白、乙肝病毒前S1抗原、病毒前S2抗原及乙肝病毒标志物;FQ-PCR定量检测HBV-DNA。结果显示:162例HBV感染者血清中,HBV-LP浓度与HBV-DNA拷贝数间具有良好的正相关性(rs=0.64,P<0.001),不同HBV-DNA拷贝数组别间HBV-LP浓度存在差异显著性(P<0.01);HBV-LP与HBV-DNA、HBeAg、HBVpreS2、HBVpreS1间均关联显著(P<0.01)。HBV-LP与HBV-DNA、HBeAg、HBVpreS2、HBVpreS1间阳性率均存在差异显著性(P<0.05),HBV-LP阳性率为84.57%,较HBV-DNA、HBeAg、HBVpreS2、HB-VpreS1均敏感。其中HBeAg阴性组中HBV-LP与HBVpreS1、HBVpreS2、HBV-DNA间阳性率均存在差异显著性(P<0.05),HBV-LP阳性率为76.77%(76/99),较HBV-DNA,HBVpreS2,HBVpreS1均高(P<0.01);DNA阴性组中HBV-LP与HBVpreS2、HBVpreS1、HBeAg间阳性率均存在差异显著性(P<0.05),HBV-LP阳性率为73.33%,较HB-VpreS2、HBVpreS1、HBeAg均高。血清HBV-LP浓度是反映血清HBeAg阴性和低水平DNA的HBV感染者体内病毒复制、疾病进程、疗效与预后判断的新的敏感监测指标。     

Renal macrophage infiltration is associated with a poor outcome in IgA nephropathy

OBJECTIVES:

The objectives of our study were as follows: 1) to analyze the prognostic value of macrophage infiltration in primary IgA nephropathy (IgAN) and 2) to study the relationship between macrophages and other factors associated with the development of renal fibrosis, including mast cells, TGF-β1, α-SMA and NF-kB.

METHODS:

We analyzed 62 patients who had been diagnosed with IgAN between 1987 and 2003. Immunohistochemical staining was performed with monoclonal antibodies against CD68 and mast cell tryptase and polyclonal antibodies against TGF-β1, α-SMA and NF-kB p65. We also used Southwestern histochemistry for the in situ detection of activated NF-kB.

RESULTS:

The infiltration of macrophages into the tubulointerstitial compartment correlated with unfavorable clinical and histological parameters, and a worse clinical course of IgAN was significantly associated with the number of tubulointerstitial macrophages. Kaplan-Meier curves demonstrated that increased macrophage infiltration was associated with decreased renal survival. Moreover, the presence of macrophages was associated with mast cells, tubulointerstitial α-SMA expression and NF-kB activation (IH and Southwestern histochemistry). In the multivariate analysis, the two parameters that correlated with macrophage infiltration, proteinuria and tubulointerstitial injury, were independently associated with an unfavorable clinical course.

CONCLUSION:

An increased number of macrophages in the tubulointerstitial area may serve as a predictive factor for poor prognosis in patients with IgAN, and these cells were also associated with the expression of pro-fibrotic factors.     

乙肝母婴阻断"成功"儿童外周血中检出HBV DNA

目的 检测乙型肝炎母婴阻断成功儿童血清HBV DNA,提出应该完善母婴阻断效果评价指标的建议.方法 采集乙肝疫苗母婴阻断后HBsAg阴性的儿童血清标本,经试剂盒提取HBVDNA,采用巢式PCR方法 扩增HBV DNA S区基因片段后纯化测序.结果 140例儿童血标本中,12例HBV DNA阳性,阳性率8.6%;S基因测序检测未发现突变株.结论 鉴于血清学检测方法 敏感性低于PCR扩增方法 .在评价乙型肝炎母婴阻断效果时,加入HBV DNA指标,可使其更完善.     

慢性乙型肝炎患者血清HBsAg水平与肝脏炎症和纤维化程度相关性研究

目的 探讨慢性乙型肝炎患者HBsAg水平与肝脏炎症和纤维化的关系.方法 301例确诊为慢性乙型肝炎的患者纳入研究,同时进行肝脏活检术检查和生物化学、铁蛋白、血清HBsAg、HBV DNA定量检测.Spearman等级相关分析血清HBsAg水平与肝脏炎症分级和纤维化分期间的关系;logistic回归分析法分析相关指标的诊断意义,受试者工作曲线法评价血清HBsAg水平预测肝脏炎症分级和纤维化分期的准确性.结果 体质量指数、年龄、性别、基因型和家族史对CHB患者肝脏炎症和纤维化无明显影响(P＜0.05).AST、ALT随着炎症、纤维化进展而升高,差异具有统计学意义(x2=71.193、96.344、47.847、63.981;P =0.000、0.000、0.000、0.000).纤维化为S4时,HBV DNA明显下降(x2=33.322,P=0.000).HBsAg水平随着炎症和纤维化程度加重而逐步下降(x2=68.173,15.719;P =0.000,0.000).HBsAg水平预测≤G3和≤S3的曲线下面积分别为0.732和0.793,特异度分别为0.778、0.891,灵敏度依次为0.685、0.633.结论 中国CHB患者HBsAg水平随着肝脏炎症分级和纤维化分期程度加重而逐渐下降.血清HBsAg水平对CHB患者肝脏炎症≤G3和纤维化≤S3的预测具有较高的特异性,且对纤维化的预测优于炎症.     

HBV serum and renal biopsy markers are associated with the clinicopathological characteristics of HBV-associated nephropathy

Background: Accumulated evidence has shown that hepatitis B virus infection is associated with numerous types of nephropathy but it remains to clarify the different role of HBV markers, either in serum or deposit in kidney, in the pathogenesis of HBV-associated nephropathy. In this study, we investigated the relationship between HBV markers and HBV-associated nephropathy by using multi-linear regression in Chinese patients with HBV-associated membranous nephropathy (MN). Methods: A total of 196 cases of HBV-associated MN, which were diagnosed based on renal biopsy, were collected during the period of January 2000 to December 2009 from our hospital. Serum and renal biopsy HBV markers included HBsAg, anti-HBs, HBeAg, anti-HBe, and anti-HBC. HBV-associated nephropathy was characterized by a panel of clinical manifestations and pathological parameters, which included proteinuria, hematuria, serum creatinine, hypertension, and renal damage in glomeruli, tubules, interstitium, and blood vessels. Multilinear regression was used to analyze the relationship between the HBV markers in serum and renal biopsy and the clinicopathological characteristics of HBV-associated nephropathy. Results: After analysis of the clinical and pathological data in 196 cases of HBV-associated membranous nephropathy, this study revealed that glomerular lesion was marginally associated with serum HBsAg (P = 0.0528), Anti-HBs (P = 0.0978), but significantly associated with the presence of IgA (P = 0.0242), IgG (P < 0.0001) and C3 (P = 0.0064) in renal biopsy. There was no significant association between glomerular lesion and HBV markers in kidney. The presence of crescent and renal tube impairment was not related to HBV markers. The renal fibrosis was significantly related to gender (P = 0.023), age (P = 0.0211), HBsAg (P = 0.0001) and HBcAg (P = 0.0083) and C3 (P = 0.0299) in renal biopsy. Notably, the renal blood vessel impairment was significantly related to systolic Blood Pressure (SBP) (P < 0.0001), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (P = 0.0002), serum HBsAg (P = 0.0428), serum HBeAg (P = 0.0766), FRA (P = 0.0002), and HBsAg (P = 0.0241) and HBcAg (P = 0.0599) in renal tissues. Also, the renal interstitial infiltration was related to patient age (P = 0.015, SBP (P < 0.0001), DBP (P = 0.0001), C3 (P = 0.0028), FRA (P = 0.0165), HBsAg (P = 0.0016) and HBcAg (P = 0.0203) in kidney biopsy. These results suggest that the major pathological changes in kidneys in HBV patients are related to one or more HBV markers, such as HBsAg, HBeAg, or anti-HBs antibody. Besides, most of the pathological changes in kidneys are related to C3 and FRA in kidney tissues. The clinical markers of nephropathy, such as proteinuria, hematuria and creatine serum levels, were also evaluated for their relationship with HBV markers in serum and kidney tissues. We found proteinuria was marginally related to HBV DNA (P = 0.0537), significantly related to IgA (0.0223). Hematouria was significantly related to IgA (P = 0.0434), IgG (P < 0.0001), and C1q (P = 0.0282). The serum creatine level was related to patient gender (P = 0.0077), SBP (P < 0.0001), DBP (0.0049), IgG (P-0.0006), and C3 (P = 0.0113). These clinical manifestations were not related to HBV markers in either serum or kidney. These results indicate that some of clinical manifestations of nephropathy are related to HBV markers, but the relationship is limited.     

Expression of prorenin receptor in renal biopsies from patients with IgA nephropathy

Prorenin receptor (PRR) has been implicated in the onset and progression of various renal diseases, though its possible association with immunoglobulin A (IgA) nephropathy remains unclear. In the present study, we tried to clarify expression and pathophysiological significance of PRR in IgA nephropathy. We immunohistochemically assessed PRR levels in renal biopsy specimens from 48 patients with IgA nephropathy and evaluated its relevance to the clinical and pathological features of the disease. PRR was detected mainly in renal tubular cells, which was confirmed at the subcellular level using immunoelectron microscopy. The PRR-positive area (%PRR area) correlated with daily urinary protein, which is known to reflect disease severity (r=0.286, P=0.049). PRR levels were weaker in tubular cells bordering areas of severe interstitial fibrosis, where α-smooth muscle actin-positive myofibroblasts were present. We also used immunohistochemical detection of microtubule-associated protein-1 light chain 3 (LC3) and electron microscopy to assess autophagy, a cytoprotective mechanism downstream of PRR. We noted an apparent coincidence between autophagy activation in tubular cells and PRR expression in the same cells. Taken together, our findings suggest that renal expression of PRR in IgA nephropathy may be a compensatory response slowing disease progression by preventing tubular cell death and subsequent fibrosis through activation of cytoprotective autophagic machinery. Further studies using different type of kidney diseases could draw conclusion if the present finding is a generalized observation beyond IgA nephropathy.     

Detection of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with acute and chronic active hepatitis B

Seventy five patients with acute and chronic active hepatitis (CAH) were studied by indirect immunofluorescence with monoclonal antibodies for the presence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). The viral surface antigen was detected in the PBMC of all the patients with hepatitis B virus (HBV)-induced CAH and in acute patients with more than 2 months of evolution. No HBsAg was detected in the samples obtained from 12 normal controls or from 14 non-A, non-B CAH patients. Analysis of PBMC subsets revealed that HBsAg was present in non-T cells; dual fluorescence studies showed HBsAg on surface Ig-positive lymphocytes. The binding of anti-HBs monoclonal antibodies was higher than that of a goat anti-HBs serum, and the highest reactivity was observed with an antibody against the pre-S(2)-region sequence. Both HBsAg and hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg) were also detected in lysates of PBMC by dot blot analysis.