Biofuel production via the pyrolysis of sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) leaves: Characterization of the optimal conditions

Sugarcane leaves, a lightweight lignocellulosic biomass from a harvested crop, represent a feedstock for in situ pyrolysis to biofuels and valuable chemicals, facilitating the collection and transportation of pyrolyzed oil to industry. In this paper, the pyrolyzed products were separated into water/aqueous and bio-oil fractions, and the yield was characterized. Pyrolysis was performed in a screw-driven custom-built pyrolysis reactor. The effects of pyrolysis parameters, including the temperature (400–650 °C), feedstock feed rate (0.3–1.8 kg h^?1), average size distribution (250 µm, 500 µm and 750 µm) and N₂ sweeping gas flow rate (80–240 cm³ min^?1) were investigated systematically. The results show that the temperature and residence time according to the N₂ sweep gas also mainly affects the bio-oil yield and properties such as the acidity, heating value, viscosity and chemical composition, with the highest bio-oil yield (40.16 wt%) obtained at 500 °C, a feed rate of 0.4 kg h^?1, an average biomass feedstock particle size of 500 µm, and an inert N₂ flow rate of 120 cm³ min^?1. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of the chemical composition revealed aromatic derivatives, phenols, ketones, and oxygenated compounds of high molecular weight that might be useful chemical products. These results indicate that pyrolyzed oil cannot be utilized as a biofuel directly but instead must be pretreated. The oil should be treated by a co-catalytic pyrolysis process to be considered a potential source for energy and valuable chemicals. In addition, the biochar was analyzed to determine whether it can be used for the production of activated carbon.     

稀土元素处理对甘蔗体内氮素同化作用的影响研究

本文报道应用稀土元素处理甘蔗（Soccharum officinarum L.)叶片，分析测定了硝态氮、氨态氮、总氮、游氨基酸组分及游离氨基酸含量、硝酸还原酶（NR）活性等变化以及NR活性与硝态氮含量的关系。研究稀土元素处理对甘蔗体内氮素同化作用的影响。结果表明，应用100－600ppm稀土元素处理甘蔗叶片均能不同程度地减少其硝态氮含量，提高其氨态氮、总氮、游离氨基酸总含量以及NR活性，但游离氨基酸组分没发生变化，各处理浓度中以300ppm处理的效果为最显著，高浓度稀土元素处理则呈抑制效应。甘蔗叶片硝态氮含量与叶片NR活性具有平行关系，即凡硝态氮含量高，NR活性也高，凡硝态氮含量低，NR活性也低，以上结果，说明一定浓度范围的稀土元素处理能促进甘蔗的氮素同化作用。     

Catalytic pyrolysis of polymers with brominated flame-retardants originating in waste electric and electronic equipment (WEEE) using various catalysts

The increasing volume of plastics in waste electric and electronic equipment (WEEE) together with the existence of potentially hazardous compounds make it of paramount importance to explore advanced recycling techniques for controlling the formation of undesirable products while enhancing the formation of the desirable ones. Harmful compounds could be formed during their recycling by pyrolysis because of the brominated flame-retardants usually incorporated into the plastics originating in WEEE. This paper examines catalytic pyrolysis of polymeric blends that consist of acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS), high-impact polystyrene (HIPS), polycarbonate (PC) and polypropylene (PP), in the absence and presence of a brominated additive: tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), with a view to reducing the bromo-compounds formed during their pyrolysis, while favouring the production of valuable compounds, such as phenols. Five catalysts: Al₂O₃, Fe/Al₂O₃, MgO, Fe/MgO and ZSM-5 with different textural properties were evaluated for their performance during pyrolysis of the mentioned blends at 440 °C (peak degradation temperature). It was found that all catalysts promoted the production of phenolic compounds, which are valuable products that can be further used in chemical industries. Among all catalysts tested, the best one was considered to be Fe/Al₂O₃, since it led to larger amounts of phenols for all blends examined. As for their debromination efficiency, attention was given on the reduction of dibromophenol formed, due to the presence of TBBPA in the polymeric blends. Results showed that Fe/Al₂O₃ was the optimal catalyst since it led to bromine reduction greater than ～75%. Fe/MgO was the second one leading to reduction greater than 60% and MgO led to an important reduction (greater than ～55%).     

Formation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from tobacco: the link between low temperature residual solid (char) and PAH formation.

The formation of condensed ring polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from the pyrolysis of ground tobacco in helium over the temperature range of 350-600 degrees C was investigated. PAH yields in the ng/g range were detected and the maximum yields of all PAHs studied including benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) and benzo[a]anthracene (B[a]A) occurred between 500 and 550 degrees C. The pathway to PAH formation in the 350-600 degrees C temperature range is believed to proceed via a carbonization process where the residual solid (char) undergoes a chemical transformation and rearrangement to give a more condensed polycyclic aromatic structure that upon further heating evolves PAH moieties. Extraction of tobacco with water led to a two fold increase in the yields of most PAHs studied. The extraction process removed low temperature non-PAH-forming components, such as alkaloids, organic acids and inorganic salts, and concentrated instead (on a per unit weight basis) tobacco components such as cell wall bio-polymers and lipids. Hexane extraction of the tobacco removed lipophilic components, previously identified as the main source of PAH precursors, but no change in PAH yields was observed from the hexane-extracted tobacco. Tobacco cell wall components such as cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin are identified as major low temperature PAH precursors. A link between the formation of a low temperature char that evolves PAHs upon heating is established and the observed ng/g yields of PAHs from tobacco highlights a low temperature solid phase formation mechanism that may be operable in a burning cigarette.     

Identification of pyrolysis products of the new psychoactive substance 2‐amino‐1‐(4‐bromo‐2,5‐dimethoxyphenyl)ethanone hydrochloride (bk‐2C‐B) and its iodo analogue bk‐2C‐I

2‐Amino‐1‐(4‐bromo‐2,5‐dimethoxyphenyl)ethanone hydrochloride (bk‐2C‐B) has recently emerged as a new psychoactive substance (NPS). It is most commonly consumed orally, although there are indications that it might also be ingested by inhalation or ‘smoking’. Information about the stability of bk‐2C‐B when exposed to heat is unavailable and the potential for pyrolytic degradation and formation of unknown substances available for inhalation prompted an investigation using a simulated ‘meth pipe’ scenario. Twelve products following pyrolysis of bk‐2C‐B were detected and verified by organic synthesis of the corresponding standards. In addition, 2‐amino‐1‐(4‐iodo‐2,5‐dimethoxyphenyl)ethanone hydrochloride (bk‐2C‐I) was characterized for the first time and subjected to pyrolysis as well. Similar products were formed, which indicated that the replacement of the bromo with the iodo substituent did not affect the pyrolysis pattern under the conditions used. Two additional products were detected in the bk‐2C‐I pyrolates, namely 1‐(2,5‐dimethoxyphenyl)‐ethanone and 1‐iodo‐4‐ethenyl‐5‐methoxyphenol. The potential ingestion of pyrolysis products with unknown toxicity adds an element of concern. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Physico-chemical properties of the lectin from winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) DC) tubers

A galactose specific lectin from the tubers of winged bean, Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) DC, has been isolated and purified to homogeneity by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, Biogel P-60, and CM-Sephadex C-50 columns. It is a glycoprotein containing 6% total sugar, comprising mannose, fucose, and xylose in a ratio of 7:2:1, and 0.85% amino sugars. The M_r of the lectin by SDS-PAGE and analytical ultracentrifugation is 29000. In contrast, gel filtration gave an M_r of ca. 48 000. The lectin has a pI value of ～ 9.5 and a sedimentation coefficient value of 3.0. The purified lectin agglutinates both trypsinized and untrypsinized erythrocytes of human (types A, B, and AB), rabbit, and rat erythrocytes but not human (type O) and sheep erythrocytes. The hemagglutinating activity of the lectin is inhibited by D(+) galactose and other galactose containing oligosaccharides, and its derivatives. The sugar specificity of the lectin appears to be directed to glycosides containing non-reducing α-d -galactopyranosyl residues; v-d -galactosides are poor inhibitors. The amino acid composition of the lectin has revealed that it is rich in aspartic acid and poor in sulphur-containing amino acids. Lysine alone appears to be the NH₂-terminal residue of the lectin. The purified lectin is fairly stable over a wide range of pH and temperature. The lectin is found to be mitogenic by transforming normal human lymphocytes at a concentration of 0.1 mg/mL.     

鸦胆子抗肿瘤活性成分化学研究(II)

从苦木科植物鸦胆子（Ｂｒｕｃｅａｊａｖａｎｉｃａ（Ｌ．）Ｍｅｒｒ．）果实的抗肿瘤活性部位中经硅胶柱等分离得到４个四环三萜苦木内酯化合物，经波谱鉴定分别为鸦胆因Ｄ，鸦胆因Ｈ，鸦胆子甙Ａ和双氢鸦胆子甙Ａ．其中鸦胆子甙Ａ为主要活性成分之一．     

鸦胆子抗肿瘤活性成分化学研究(II)

从苦木科植物鸦胆子（Ｂｒｕｃｅａｊａｖａｎｉｃａ（Ｌ．）Ｍｅｒｒ．）果实的抗肿瘤活性部位中经硅胶柱等分离得到４个四环三萜苦木内酯化合物，经波谱鉴定分别为鸦胆因Ｄ，鸦胆因Ｈ，鸦胆子甙Ａ和双氢鸦胆子甙Ａ．其中鸦胆子甙Ａ为主要活性成分之一．     

中药黄蜀葵花化学成分的分离与鉴定（III）

目的 研究中药黄蜀葵（Abelmoschus manihot (L.）Medic)花的化学成分。方法 采用正相硅胶、反相ODS、Sephadex LH-20等柱色谱以及HPLC等手段进行分离纯化,并通过理化性质与光谱分析方法鉴定了化合物的结构。结果 从黄蜀葵花体积分数为95%的乙醇提取物中分离鉴定了9个化合物,分别为棉皮素 8-O-β-D-葡萄糖醛酸苷（gossypetin 8-O-β-D-glucuronide,1）、棉皮素 3-O-β-葡萄糖-8-O-β-葡萄糖醛酸（gossypetin 3-O-β-glucopyranoside-8-O-β-glucuronopyranoside,2）、棉皮素 3'-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷（gossypetin 3'-O-β-D-glucopyranoside,3）、tiliroside（4）、山奈酚3-O-[(3"-O-乙酰基-6"-O-(E)-对羟基桂皮酰基)]-β-D-葡萄糖苷（kaempferol 3-O-[3"-O-acetyl -6"-O-(E)-p-coumaroyl)]-β-D-glucopyranoside,5）、槲皮素 3-O-[β-D-木糖基(1→2)-a-L-鼠李糖基(1→6)]-β-D-半乳糖苷（quercetin 3-O-[β-D-xylopyranosyl(1→2)-a-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1→6)-β-D-galactopyranoside,6）、4-羟基苯甲酸 β-D-葡萄糖酯（4-hydroxybenzoic acid β-D-glucose ester,7）、原儿茶酸（protocatechuic acid,8）、原儿茶酸 3-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷（protocatecheuic acid 3-O-β-D-glucoside,9)。结论 其中化合物2、4-9为首次从秋葵属中分离得到,并首次报道了化合物5、6、9在DMSO-d₆中的光谱数据。     

铁包金总黄酮体内对S180实体瘤的抑制作用

目的研究铁包金总黄酮对小鼠移植性肿瘤S180的生长抑制作用,并探讨其可能的作用机制。方法用动物移植性肿瘤在体实验法,观察抑瘤率、胸腺脾脏及肝脏指数;检测血清中SOD、MDA变化;病理切片观察瘤细胞生长及病理形态变化情况;免疫组化检验肿瘤组织中p53、TNF-α、Caspase-3蛋白的表达。结果①铁包金总黄酮高、中、低剂量组的抑瘤率分别50.35%、35.66%、23.08%,阳性对照组的抑瘤率为83.22%,各组小鼠的胸腺、脾脏、肝脏指数与空白组比较差异无显著性(P>0.05),阳性对照组与空白组比较明显降低(P<0.01);②铁包金总黄酮各组升高小鼠血清的SOD值,且降低其MDA值,具有一定的量效关系。阳性组降低小鼠的SOD值,且升高MDA值。与空白组相比差异有显著性(P<0.01);③病理切片显示给药各组和阳性组坏死面积比空白组大;④免疫组化显示高、中、低各组p53蛋白表达依次升高,TNF-α和Caspase-3蛋白表达依次降低。结论铁包金总黄酮通过清除氧自由基和调节p53,TNF-α和Caspase-3蛋白的表达来抑制肿瘤生长。     

Conformation and stability of the chymotrypsin inhibitor from winged bean seed (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) DC)

Spectrophotometric measurement was found to be a sensitive method for evaluating the stability of the chymotrypsin inhibitor from the winged bean. The thermal stability of this protein in aqueous solution was much greater at pH 3 than at pH 8 or pH 11. Evidence from u.v. absorption and from circular dichroism indicated that irreversible conformation changes occurred at higher temperature (> 70°). Circular dichroism and optical rotatory dispersion studies at pH 8 show that the inhibitor is rich in β-structure and virtually devoid of α-helix in aqueous solution. We conclude from experiments with denaturing solvents that the inhibitor is very stable and that high concentrations of denaturant are required before unfolding occurs. Chemical modification experiments with tetranitromethane were consistent with a tight stable structure; even in 6 M guanidine hydrochloride only three of the five tyrosine residues in the inhibitor molecule were nitrated. However, tyrosine does not seem to be implicated at the reactive site of the inhibitor. Interaction of the inhibitor with α-chymotrypsin and chymotrypsin B was also followed by difference spectroscopy in the ultraviolet region. Difference spectra were detected that were characteristic of changes in the environment of both tyrosine and tryptophan chromophores. Comparison of the spectral data obtained for the interaction of the inhibitor with bovine α-chymotrypsin and with chymotrypsin B indicated that a tryptophan residue may be involved at the reactive site of the inhibitor. Spectral changes were also detected for the interaction between the chymotrypsin inhibitor and trypsin, although it is well established that the specificity of this inhibitor is restricted to the chymotrypsins. However the complex formed between the inhibitor and the chymotrypsins (verified to have a 1:2 inhibitor: enzyme stoichiometry) was found to be stable to at least 50°, whereas the weaker “non-specific” interaction observed between the inhibitor and trypsin was largely destroyed on heating to 40°.     

中药黄蜀葵花化学成分的分离与鉴定(Ⅱ)

目的研究中药黄蜀葵(Abelmoschus manihot(L.)Medic.)花的化学成分,为进一步开发利用该植物资源提供依据。方法采用正相硅胶、反相ODS、Sephadex LH-20等柱色谱以及高效液相色谱等手段进行分离纯化,并通过理化性质与光谱分析鉴定化合物的结构。结果从黄蜀葵花体积分数为95%的乙醇提取物的大孔吸附树脂洗脱物中分离鉴定了9个以槲皮素为母核的黄酮类化合物,分别为槲皮素(quercetin,1)、金丝桃苷(hyperoside,2)、槲皮素-3-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside,3)、槲皮素-3-O-β-D-6″-乙酰葡萄糖苷(quercetin-3-O-β-D-6″-acetylglucopyr-anoside,4)、槲皮素-3-O-刺槐糖苷(quercetin-3-O-robinoside,5)、槲皮素-3-O-芸香糖苷(quercetin-3-O-rutinoside,6)、槲皮素-3-O-β-D-木糖基-(1→2)-β-D-半乳糖苷(quercetin-3-O-β-D-xylopyranosyl(1→2)-β-D-galactopyranoside,7)、槲皮素-3′-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(quercetin-3′-O-β-D-glucopyranoside,8)以及槲皮素-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(quercetin-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside,9)。结论化合物4、5、7和9为首次从秋葵属植物中分离得到。     

Biochemical characterization of phospholipase A2 (trimorphin) from the venom of the Sonoran Lyre Snake Trimorphodon biscutatus lambda (family Colubridae).

Phospholipases A(2) (PLA(2)), common venom components and bioregulatory enzymes, have been isolated and sequenced from many snake venoms, but never from the venom (Duvernoy's gland secretion) of colubrid snakes. We report for the first time the purification, biochemical characterization and partial sequence of a PLA(2) (trimorphin) from the venom of a colubrid snake, Trimorphodon biscutatus lambda (Sonoran Lyre Snake). Specific phospholipase activity of the purified PLA(2) was confirmed by enzyme assays. The molecular weight of the enzyme has been determined by SDS-PAGE and mass spectrometry to be 13,996 kDa. The sequence of 50 amino acid residues from the N-terminal has been identified and shows a high degree of sequence homology to the type IA PLA(2)s, especially the Asp-49 enzymes. The Cys-11 residue, characteristic of the group IA PLA(2)s, and the Ca(2+) binding loop residues (Tyr-28, Gly-30, Gly-32, and Asp-49) are conserved. In addition, the His-48 residue, a key component of the active site, is also conserved in trimorphin. The results of phylogenetic analysis on the basis of amino acid sequence homology demonstrate that trimorphin belongs to the type IA family, and it appears to share a close evolutionary relationship with the PLA(2)s from hydrophiine elapid snakes (sea snakes and Australian venomous snakes).     

Genotoxicity evaluation of the herbicide Garlon® and its active ingredient (triclopyr) in fish (Anguilla anguilla L.) using the comet assay

Triclopyr‐based herbicides are broadly used worldwide for site preparation and forest vegetation management. Thus, following application, these agrochemicals can inadvertently reach the aquatic ecosystems. Garlon^® is one of the most popular commercial denominations of this group of herbicides, considered as highly toxic to fish, even by its manufacturer. Although DNA is frequently regarded as a target of pesticide toxicity, the genotoxic potential of Garlon^® to fish remains completely unknown. Hence, the main goal of this study was to evaluate the genotoxicity of Garlon^® and its active ingredient (triclopyr), clarifying the underlying mechanisms. Therefore, the comet assay, implemented as the standard procedure, with an extra step involving DNA lesion‐specific repair enzymes (formamidopyrimidine DNA glycosylase and endonuclease III), was used to identify DNA damage in blood cells of Anguilla anguilla L. Short‐term exposures (1 and 3 days) to Garlon^® and triclopyr were carried out, adopting environmentally realistic concentrations (67.6 and 270.5 µg L^?1 Garlon^® and 30 and 120 µg L^?1 triclopyr). The results concerning the nonspecific DNA damage proved the risk of the herbicide Garlon^® and its active ingredient triclopyr in both tested concentrations and exposure lengths. In addition, the higher genotoxic potential of the formulation, in comparison with the active ingredient, was demonstrated. When the additional breaks corresponding to net enzyme‐sensitive sites were considered, none of the conditions revealed significant levels of oxidative damage. This identification of the genotoxic properties of triclopyr‐based herbicides to fish highlights the need to develop less hazardous formulations, as well as the adoption of mitigation measures related to the application of these agrochemicals in the framework of forestry and agriculture sustainable management. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 30: 1073–1081, 2015.     

Discrimination of haptens from prohaptens using the metabolically deficient Cpr(low/low) mouse

The murine local lymph node assay (LLNA) is a validated, well accepted method for identification of chemical contact allergens. Both direct acting haptens and prohaptens (requiring metabolic activation) can be identified, but not differentiated by this assay. This study was used to assess the utility of a pan microsomal metabolic deficient mouse to distinguish between direct acting haptens and prohaptens in the LLNA. Hapten and prohapten induced cell proliferation was compared in C57BL/6J (B6) wild type (WT) versus homozygous (HO) knockout mice with a hypomorphic NADPH-Cytochrome P450 Reductase (CPR) gene (termed Cpr^low/low) resulting in low CPR enzyme activity. Mice were dosed with known prohaptens; benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), carvone oxime (COx) and paracetamol (PCM) and haptens; oxazolone (OX), 4-ethoxymethylene-2-phenyl-2-oxazolin-5-one (EtOX), and N-acetylbenzoquinoneimine (NABQI) in this study. Skin microsomes from the WT, HO and heterozygous (HT) Cpr^low/low mice were compared and evaluated for CPR activity. Lymphocyte proliferative responses to BaP, COx and PCM were significantly abrogated by 36.4%, 45.2% and 50.8%, respectively; in Cpr^low/low knock out (KO) mice versus WT mice; while the lymphocyte proliferative responses to the direct acting haptens OX, EtOX and NABQI were comparable. CPR activity, determined as Units/mg protein, was determined to be significantly lower in the Cpr^low/low mice compared to the WT. Results of the present study suggest potential utility of the Cpr^low/low mice in the LLNA to differentiate prohaptens from direct acting haptens.     

Efficacy of the phosphorylation of synthetic peptides by purified catalytic subunit of PKA (PKAcat) from bovine lens depends on the amino acid sequence of the peptides

Abstract: Protein kinase (PK) A catalytic (PKAcat) subunit was purified to homogeneity from bovine lens using a 100‐kDa cut‐off membrane filtration followed by different chromatographic procedures. The molecular weight of PKAcat was found to be 41 kDa. The kinase phosphorylates histone IIIs and other synthetic modified peptides of VRKRTLRRL with different amino acid environment. The extent of phosphorylation depends not only on the presence of Ser or Thr (phosphorylating residues) but also on other surrounding amino acid residues. Although some peptides compete in phosphorylating histone, they are not very significant. The result suggests that the extent of phosphorylation depends on the amino acid residue(s) surrounding phosphorylable residue(s) on the peptide.     

Determination of heavy metals in albumen of hen eggs from the Markazi Province (Iran) using ICP-OES technique

Increase of distribution of environmental contaminants such as heavy metals have been caused the knowledge of the safety and hygiene of food is very important, especially eggs, because of its role in the daily diet. There are very few studies about the investigation of the heavy metal contents in egg-white. In this study, six heavy metals include Aluminium (Al), Arsenic (As), Lead (Pb), Cadmium (Cd), Mercury (Hg), Antimony (Sb) in egg-white from 32 industrial poultry farms were investigated, by ICP-OES. All the samples were collected in all area of Markazi Province, Iran in autumn 2013. The mean concentrations of heavy metals in egg-white as follows: 0.119 for Al, 0.785 for As, 0.750 for Pb, 0.249 for Cd, 0.270 for Hg and 0.186?mg/kg for Sb. Also, the concentration of the some heavy metals were higher than maximum allowable concentration that probably it is associated to use pesticides and activities of industrial factories around the poultry farms.     

Anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory activities of some isolated constituents from the stem bark of Allanblackia monticola Staner L.C (Guttiferae)

Stem bark of Allanblackia monticola has been used in association with others plant in the Cameroonian folk medicine for the treatment of various diseases such amoebic dysentery, diarrhoea, lung infections, and skin diseases. The methylene chloride fraction, its isolated compounds like α-mangostin, lupeol and acid betulinic were screened for antioxidant activity using free radical scavenging method. These isolated compounds were further tested for anti-inflammatory properties using carrageenan-induced model. Methylene chloride fraction, showed concentration-dependent radical scavenging activity, by inhibiting 1,1-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl radical (DPPH) with an IC₅₀ value of 14.60 μg/ml. α-Mangostin and betulinic acid (500 μg/ml), showed weak radical scavenging activity with a maximum inhibition reaching 38.07 μg/ml and 26.38 μg/ml, respectively. Betulinic acid, lupeol and α-mangostin (5 mg/kg and 9.37 mg/kg) showed anti-inflammatory activity with a maximum inhibition of 57.89%, 57.14% and 38.70%, respectively. Methylene chloride fraction of Allanblackia monticola and some derivatives, have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Received 7 July 2008; accepted 7 October 2008     

蛇床子挥发油对双氯芬酸钠经皮渗透的影响

目的　对蛇床子挥发油的促透作用进行探讨。方法　采用离体兔皮用蛇床子挥发油预处理作透皮吸收试验。结果　用 0 .5 %、1%、2 %的蛇床子挥发油预处理兔皮后 ,双氯芬酸钠的渗透系数分别为 0 .0 75 7± 0 .0 12 5、0 .10 46± 0 .0 492、0 .0 997± 0 .0 332mg/ (h·cm2 ) ,都显著高于阴性对照组 0 .0 2 78± 0 .0 0 78mg/ (h·cm2 ) (P <0 .0 1)和 1%的月桂氮酮组 0 .0 488± 0 .0 11mg/ (h·cm2 )(P <0 .0 1) ,但 0 .5 %、1%、2 %的蛇床子挥发油三者之间的促透作用无显著性差异。结论　蛇床子挥发没具有较好的促皮渗透作用。     

Antiproliferative,Antioxidant, and Antimutagenic Activities of Flavonoid-Enriched Extracts from (Tunisian) Rhamnus alaternus L.: Combination with the Phytochemical Composition

A pronounced antiproliferative effect on human leukemia K562 cells was shown with flavonoid-enriched extracts from Rhamnus alaternus roots and leaves, with, respectively, IC₅₀ values of 165 and 210.73 μg/mL. High DPPH radical-scavenging activity (7.21 and 18.84 μg/mL, respectively) and antioxidative effects using the xanthine oxidase assay (IC₅₀ values of 83.33 and 103.96 μg/mL, respectively) were detected in the presence of the two tested extracts. Although no mutagenic effect was observed when using the Salmonella typhimurium assay system with TA1535 and TA100 strains, the two tested extracts exhibited a high-level protection toward the direct mutagen, sodium azide–induced response.