创伤性肩关节后方不稳定的关节镜表现与MR关节造影的对比研究

目的 对创伤性肩关节后方不稳定关节镜下表现与MR关节造影(MRA)的影像进行对比分析。方法 诊断为创伤性肩关节后方不稳定的27例(27肩)，均在术前接受MRA检查，然后都在关节镜下进行检查和治疗。所有的MRA影像、关节镜下表现均记录在光盘内。结果 创伤性肩关节后方不稳定MRA影像表现分为三型：Ⅰ型为后侧关节囊轻度分离，没有移位，伴盂唇损伤；Ⅱ型为不完全撕裂，囊性变；Ⅲ型为完全撕裂，关节囊袋明显增大，轮廓丧失。将创伤性肩关节后方不稳定的关节镜下表现分为四型：Ⅰ型为关节盂缘不完全撕裂；Ⅱ型为边缘型裂纹；Ⅲ型为侵蚀状磨损；Ⅳ型为瓣状撕裂。MRA影像表现和关节镜下表现之间存在对应关系，MRI影像的Ⅰ型与关节镜下表现的Ⅰ型对应，MRA的Ⅱ型与关节镜的Ⅱ型对应，MRA的Ⅲ型与关节镜Ⅲ型和Ⅳ型对应。结论 通过对创伤性肩关节后方不稳定关节镜下表现与MRA影像的对比分析，有利于提高对创伤性肩关节后方不稳定影像诊断的认识。     

肩关节不稳定因素的影像学评估

肩关节不稳定因素种类很多,首选X线检查可准确而快速显示骨性病变;X线造影多作为CT关节造影(C1A)或MR关节造影(MRA)检查时的辅助检查;常规CT检查常用于肩关节外伤后骨折诊断;常规MRI检查对急性肩关节不稳定的诊断敏感性较高,是肩袖完全性撕裂诊断的金标准;CTA检查对盂唇、关节囊损伤及肩袖完全性撕裂等的诊断敏感性和准确性较高;MRA检查对肩袖部分撕裂的诊断敏感性较常规MRI和CTA检查高,时盂唇、关节囊和韧带等细微软组织损伤的显示较CTA检查清晰,是肩关节不稳定因素的最佳检查方法。     

关节镜下Bankart修补术后肩关节不稳定复发的危险因素

背景：关节镜手术治疗创伤性复发性前肩不稳定与切开修补术相比有较高的失败率，本研究的目的是评估关节镜下带缝线锚钉法行Bankart修补术治疗的效果并确定术后肩关节不稳定复发的危险因素。 方法：91例连续入院的复发性创伤性前肩不稳定病例行关节镜下稳定性重建术。平均年龄（标准差）在手术时为26．4±5．4岁，其中71例为男性，79例涉及运动损伤（40例为高危运动）。采用可吸收带缝线锚钉（平均4．3个，范围2-7个）重新固定关节囊盂唇的附着点并紧缩关节囊。全部病例进行了前瞻性随访，在最后一次随访中由与手术无关的专人进行体检和功能评估。 结果：平均随访时间为36个月，14例（15.3％）肩关节不稳定复发，6例有明显脱位，8例为半脱位。平均术后复发的时间是17．6个月，术后发生再脱位明显相关的危险因素是骨缺损，可以是肩盂侧（肩盂压缩骨折p=0．01）或肱骨头侧（巨大Hill—Sachs损伤，p=0．05）。相比之下，肩盂撕脱骨折与术后复发肩脱位或半脱位不相关。肩下方关节囊松弛（p=0．03）和（或）肩前方关节囊松弛的患者会有更高的复发率。多因素分析表明，肩盂骨缺损和肩关节囊下方松弛的患者可导致75％的复发率（p〈0．001）。最后，所用带缝线锚钉的数量非常关键：如患者使用的锚钉为三个或更少则复发的危险性更高（p=0．03）。 结论：复发性创伤性肩关节前方不稳定的治疗中，患者如有骨缺损或肩部关节囊松弛则关节镜Bankart修补术后有不稳定复发的危险。为保证肩关节稳定性重建的安全至少要用4个锚钉固定。 可信水平：治疗性研究，Ⅳ级。进一步可信度参见作者介绍。     

肩关节后方不稳定

肩关节是人体具有最大活动范围的关节,也是稳定性相对较低的关节。肩关节不稳定通常是指盂肱关节的失稳和半脱位。肩关节后方不稳定(Posteriorshoulderinstability ,PSI)相对较少见,因此诊断和治疗难度较大。它通常表现为复发性肩关节后方半脱位,而急性肩关节后脱位不常见[1 ] 。1　维持肩关节后方稳定的解剖结构1 1　肩关节静力性稳定结构包括:关节囊、盂唇、盂肱韧带、喙肱韧带。在肩关节的旋转中,关节囊的长度、紧张性经历了周期性的变化。关节囊韧带的交替紧张、松弛,导致了“分配负荷效应”(Load -sharigeffect) ,从而满足肩关节运…     

创伤性肩关节前不稳定的诊断与治疗

目的:探讨创伤性肩关节前不稳定患者的临床诊断、治疗原则.方法:52例患者根据临床症状、体征,肩X线片,气、碘双重造影CT提供的信息,确定创伤性肩关节不稳定的诊断;根据病程,盂唇损伤、关节囊撕裂、松弛程度,选择治疗方法:1.病程在3个月以内,关节囊无或者轻度撕裂,采用康复治疗.2.病程3个月以上,或康复治疗后症状无缓解、甚至加重,或关节囊明显撕裂,采用前关节囊修复成形术治疗.结果:本组病例平均随访21个月,康复治疗组3例剧烈活动后肩部不适,2例后伸受限20°,4例无效改行手术治疗;手术治疗组1例后伸活动受限20°,其余病例症状消失,关节活动度正常.结论:创伤性肩关节前不稳定的诊断应结合病史、症状、体征、气碘双重造影CT全面分析.康复治疗适用于病程短,关节囊完整的患者.前关节囊修复成形术后,关节功能恢复较传统的肩胛下肌腱移位重叠术完善.     

切开修补关节囊盂唇治疗肩关节前方不稳定

目的评价切开修补关节囊盂唇复合体治疗肩关节前方不稳定的疗效。方法从2001年3月～2005年6月,34例(36肩)肩关节前方不稳定患者,27肩CT造影显示Bankart损伤,9肩有关节囊韧带肩胛颈撕脱损伤(ALPSA损伤)。按肩关节不稳定方向分型,25肩均为前方单向不稳定,11肩合并有下方不稳定。其中27例有明显的外伤史,12例合并有肱骨头后缘缺损(Hill-Sachs征)。采用带线的铆钉进行切开修补关节囊盂唇复合体的方法治疗肩关节前方不稳定,观察评价患肩的功能。结果术后随访6个月～4年,平均2．2年。肩关节功能按Walch-Duplay评分：优19肩,良12肩,中3肩,差2肩,优良率为86．1%。1例术后发生再脱位,由再次创伤造成,该患者行关节镜检查,发现修补处撕脱并盂缘缺损,再次行喙突移位固定术。结论采用切开修补关节囊盂唇复合体治疗创伤性肩关节前方不稳定,疗效肯定,肩关节功能恢复良好,并发症少,再脱位发生率低。     

肩关节不稳：前方软组织损伤

肩关节不稳定临床常见,肩关节前方软组织损伤如Bankart损伤、HAGL损伤、肩袖损伤、GAGL损伤等是引起肩关节不稳的常见原因。Bankart损伤是创伤性肩关节前向不稳定的常见损伤,其损伤机制为肩关节过度外展时关节盂受到轴向压力而无外旋,包括纤维Bankart损伤和骨性Bankart损伤。影响其修复效果的因素包括肩关节盂缺损的大小、有无Hill-Sachs损伤、有无肩关节囊松弛、盂肱下韧带有无牵拉以及术中修复损伤时使用锚钉的数量。ALPSA损伤是指肩关节盂唇关节囊骨膜袖状撕脱损伤,临床诊断较为困难,需注意与Bankart损伤进行鉴别。HAGL损伤指肩关节囊从肱骨侧撕裂,其损伤机制为肩关节过度外展、外旋。盂肱下韧带是肩关节外展90°外旋时的主要前方稳定结构,其前部起点为2点到4点,后部起点为7点到9点。该结构在肱骨侧的止点可分为两种类型：一种是围领型,其止点均至于关节面边缘;一种是V型,其前后束止于关节面边缘。有研究表明,盂肱下韧带可能撕裂的3个位置分别是肩胛盂起点（40%）、体部（35%）、肱骨侧止点（25%）。Wolf前瞻性观察了64例肩关节前方不稳定患者,发现Bankart损伤47例（73.5%）、关节囊松弛11例（17.2%）、HAGL损伤6例（9.3%）。导致创伤性肩关节不稳软组织损伤的类型多样,根据其损伤类型不同,其治疗方法也有所区别,不同类型的损伤术后复发率也不同。     

分娩性臂丛神经麻痹后遗肩关节内旋挛缩致盂肱关节畸形的Waters分型

目的对分娩性臂丛神经麻痹(产瘫)后遗肩关节内旋挛缩导致的盂肱关节畸形进行CT或MR检查并按照Waters进行分型,探讨Waters分型与术前肩关节被动外旋角度的相关性。方法33例产瘫后遗肩关节内旋挛缩患儿,男12例,女21例;年龄10个月￣16岁,平均4.5岁。产瘫类型:TassinⅡ型19例,Ⅲ型13例,Ⅳ型1例。在肩关节横断面CT或MRI扫描图像上,按照Friedman的标准测量关节盂的后倾角及肱骨头向后脱位的比率。按照Waters分型标准对盂肱关节的畸形进行分型,同时测量患侧肩关节中立位被动外旋角度,对二者之间的相关性进行统计学分析。结果按照Waters分型标准,33例患儿中Ⅰ型4例,Ⅱ型4例,Ⅲ型7例,Ⅳ型6例,Ⅴ型5例,Ⅵ型7例。Ⅰ、Ⅱ型患儿肩关被动外旋多能超过中立位;Ⅲ、Ⅳ型患儿肩关节多不固定在内旋位,但被动外旋很难超过中立位;Ⅴ、Ⅵ型患儿肩关节多固定在内旋位,被动外旋角度平均>-30°。盂肱关节畸形的程度与肩关节被动外旋受限的角度呈直线正相关。结论Waters分型较准确地提示盂肱关节的畸形程度,盂肱关节畸形越严重其肩关节被动外旋受限越明显。     

关节镜下后盂唇关节囊折叠缝合治疗肩关节复发性后半脱位

目的探讨关节镜下后盂唇关节囊折叠缝合治疗肩关节复发性后半脱位的近期疗效。方法回顾性分析2015年1月至2018年12月,采用缝合锚技术行关节镜下后盂唇关节囊折叠缝合治疗16例肩关节复发性后半脱位患者资料,男12例,女4例;年龄18～37岁,平均22岁;11例为后盂唇全层撕裂(其中2例合并上盂唇自前向后的撕脱,7例合并后关节囊松弛),5例为后盂唇部分撕裂(均合并后关节囊松弛)。术后肩关节外展30°使用支具固定6周,防止肩关节内旋;术后2～3个月全范围主、被动活动,术后6个月恢复正常运动。使用美国肩肘外科协会(American Society of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery, ASES)评分和加州大学洛杉矶分校(University of California at Los Angeles, UCLA)最终结果评分评价肩关节功能,使用ASES评分中的不稳定评分评价肩关节稳定性。结果 16例患者均获得随访,随访时间平均19个月(范围,12～36个月)。ASES肩关节不稳定评分由术前(7.6±1.6)分降低到术后12个月(2.0±1.2)分;ASES评分由术前的(4...     

关节镜下手术治疗创伤性肩关节前不稳定

目的探讨关节镜下手术治疗创伤性肩关节前不稳定的治疗原则、操作要点以及临床效果。方法2002年9月至2005年5月,本组患者18例,其中运动伤12例,工伤5例,交通伤1例。受伤至就诊时间平均15周。临床表现为肩痛18例,肩活动受限15例。前惧痛征(apprehension)阳性18例;肱二头肌牵拉征(speed)阳性5例;X线出现Hill-Satchs征3例。气-碘双重对比造影CTⅠ度1例,Ⅱ度15例,Ⅲ度2例。手术情况镜下见前盂唇撕脱18例,前关节囊松弛4例,合并上方盂唇撕裂(SLAP损伤)4例,游离体3例,盂唇骨赘形成2例,肱骨头、肩胛盂软骨剥脱2例;分别给予关节镜下前盂唇缝合锚钉固定(18例),前关节囊松弛紧缩术(3例),肱二头肌腱刨削(2例),关节囊外重新附着固定(2例),上盂唇缝合(3例),刨削(1例)等处理。术前UCLA肩关节评分(14±3)分。结果18例患者平均随访18个月(10~32个月)。所有患者肩部疼痛消失。1例于剧烈活动后肩部酸困感。肩部活动受限3例,其中后伸受限10°1例,肩外旋受限2例(<20°),前惧痛征1例有轻度不适,余体征均为阴性。所有患者恢复原工作、运动。术后UCLA肩关节评分(32±5)分,与术前比较差异有统计学意义(t=14.081,P<0.01)。结论关节镜下治疗创伤性肩关节前不稳定可取得良好效果。熟练操作技术,准确判定前盂唇充分松解及复位、固定,并正确处理合并损伤十分重要。带线锚钉固定前盂唇可靠,操作简便。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.