氢醌乳膏在聚丙烯盒中的稳定性研究

目的 考察氢醌乳膏在聚丙烯盒中的稳定性.方法 以性状、微生物限度及含量等为指标,进行影响因数试验、加速试验和长期试验考察.结果 在温度30℃±2℃、相对湿度65％±5％的条件下放置2个月,在室温25℃±2℃、相对湿度60％±10％的条件下放置6个月,样品的各项指标均符合质量标准.结论 根据稳定性考察结果,氢醌乳膏在聚丙烯盒中的有效期可暂订为6个月.     

复方替硝唑栓剂的稳定性研究

目的考察复方替硝唑栓剂的稳定性。方法以性状、融变时限、pH值、微生物限度及含量为指标，进行加速试验和长期试验考察。结果在温度（30±2）℃、相对湿度（65±10）％的条件下放置6个月，在室温（25±2）℃、相对湿度（60±10）％的条件下放置24个月，样品的各项指标均符合质量标准。结论根据稳定性考察结果，复方替硝唑栓剂的有效期可暂订为2年。     

银花清咽片的稳定性研究

目的:考察银花清咽片的稳定性,为制定银花清咽片的有效期提供参考。方法:按2010年版《中国药典》(二部)附录中对薄膜衣片稳定性试验的有关要求,对银花清咽片进行影响因素试验、加速试验和长期试验,考察其在不同条件下的性状、崩解时间和主要成分含量的变化;采用高效液相色谱法测定制剂中绿原酸、木犀草苷、连翘苷和连翘酯苷A的含量。结果:样品分别在60△、相对湿度(90±5)%、照度为(4 500±500)lx的条件下放置10 d,在温度(40±2)△、相对湿度(75±5)%的条件下放置6个月,在温度(25±2)△、相对湿度(60±10)%的条件下放置12个月后,各项考察指标均未见明显变化,符合2010年版《中国药典》(二部)的质量标准规定。结论:银花清咽片稳定性较好,建议有效期暂定为1年。     

铂类抗癌药物奥沙利铂原料药的稳定性研究

目的考察铂类抗癌药物奥沙利铂原料药的稳定性。方法分别在强光(4 500 lx±500 lx)照射10 d、高温(60℃)存放10 d、高湿(25℃,相对湿度90%±5%)存放10 d、加速试验(40℃±2℃,相对湿度75%±5%)6个月、长期试验(25℃±2℃,相对湿度60%±10%)12个月后,考察奥沙利铂原料药的性状、鉴别以及溶液的外观、pH、比旋度、有关物质、杂质D、干燥失重和含量变化。结果经光照试验、高湿试验、高温试验、加速试验和长期试验后,奥沙利铂原料药的各项指标均符合质量标准要求。结论奥沙利铂原料药稳定性较好。     

康肤霜制剂的稳定性考察

目的 对康肤霜制剂的稳定性进行考察。方法 采用影响因素试验、加速试验和冷处储藏试验等考察方法,对康肤霜制剂进行稳定性考察,稳定性考察指标为制剂的外观性状及主药含量变化。康肤霜中氧化锌和醋酸氯己定的含量测定采用紫外分光光度法,测定波长分别为619 nm、259 nm。结果 康肤霜在60℃条件下放置10 d明显变质,40℃条件下放置10 d相对稳定;在25℃、相对湿度（RH）(90±5)%的环境下放置10 d不稳定,样品吸湿增重<5%;加速试验放置1个月,氧化锌和醋酸氯己定的含量均略有下降;冷处储藏15个月样品外观有明显变化。结论 本品在高温环境下存储极易变质;40℃条件下放置10 d稳定;高湿度条件下存储霜剂的均匀度及基质性质改变,不稳定;加速试验放置1个月样品稳定;样品外观性状在冷处储藏15个月环境下不稳定。     

齐墩果酸生物黏附型缓释胶囊的稳定性评价

目的:研究齐墩果酸生物黏附型缓释胶囊的稳定性。方法:以主药含量、累积释放度、水分、有关物质为指标,对齐墩果酸生物黏附型缓释胶囊进行影响因素试验[高温(避光,60℃)、高湿(25℃,相对湿度90%)、光照(4 500 lx)条件下放置10 d]、加速试验(40℃、相对湿度75%放置6个月)、长期试验(30℃、相对湿度65%放置12个月)。结果:本品在高温、光照条件下和加速试验、长期试验中各指标无明显变化,在高湿条件下胶囊颗粒湿质量增加。结论:本品应放置于干燥、密闭的环境中,其有效期暂定为1年。     

盐酸普鲁卡因注射液稳定性考察

目的考察温度和湿度对普鲁卡因注射液的稳定性影响。方法取3批供试品,在温度(40±2)℃、相对湿度(75±5)%的条件下,分别取放置0、2、4、6个月的样品。用高效液相色谱法测定盐酸普鲁卡因注射液中盐酸普鲁卡因和其降解产物对氨基苯甲酸的含量。结果普鲁卡因注射液中盐酸普鲁卡因的含量随时间延长逐渐下降,6个月下降了10.42%,降解产物对氨基苯甲酸随时间延长逐渐增加,6个月增加了412.89%。结论普鲁卡因注射液在温度(40±2)℃和相对湿度(75±5)%条件下不稳定。     

溶媒结晶法两性霉素B稳定性考察

采用溶媒结晶法生产的注射级两性霉素B在高温、高湿及光照条件下放置10d,温度25℃、相对湿度(RH)60%条件下放置6个月和2℃~8℃条件下放置36个月,分别取样考察其外观、两性霉素A、干燥失重、生物效价、含量及相关物质。结果表明,本品对强光、高温不稳定,加速及长期试验稳定性较好。     

醋酸溴茶碱胶囊的稳定性研究

目的:探讨醋酸溴茶碱胶囊的稳定性与药品质量控制方法.方法:以性状、内容物色泽、含量、降解产物、溶出度、水分等稳定性重点考察项目,进行强光照射、高温、高湿、加速、长期试验等稳定性考察.结果:样品在(4500±500)Lx强光照射、60℃高温10天后内容物为类白色,含量略降低,有关物质增大.室温暴露空气、相对湿度(RH)=75％高湿10天后、RH=92.5％高湿10天后内容物仍为类白色.在(40±2)℃,RH=(75±5)％的条件下放置6个月及在(25±2)℃,RH=(60±10)％的条件下放置12个月,各项指标均无明显变化.结论:醋酸溴茶碱胶囊样品避光密封贮存,模拟有效期2年内内置阴凉处保存稳定性符合胶囊剂要求,本研究方法适用于胶囊剂的稳定性考察.     

HPLC-ELSD法检测消癌平丸中通关藤苷H的含量及稳定性考察

目的:测定消癌平丸中通关藤苷H的含量,并考察其稳定性。方法:采用高效液相色谱-蒸发光散射检测器(HPLC-ELSD)法测定消癌平丸中通关藤苷H的含量;分别于下列条件测定消癌平丸中通关藤苷H的含量:(1)温度(25±2)℃、相对湿度(60±10)%,将3批消癌平丸放置0、3、6、9、12个月;(2)温度(30±2)℃、相对湿度(65±5)%,将3批消癌平丸放置0、1、2、3、6个月;(3)温度(40±2)℃、相对湿度(75±5)%,将3批消癌平丸放置0、1、2、3、6个月。结果:通关藤苷H的进样量在0.390 2³.902 0μg范围内与峰面积积分值呈良好线性关系(r=0.998 0);平均加样回收率为99.03%,RSD=1.75%。通关藤苷H在条件(1)下基本稳定,在条件(2)和(3)下不稳定,其RSD>3%。结论:采用HPLC-ELSD法测定消癌平丸中通关藤苷H的含量,样品中通关藤苷H与其他色谱峰完全分离,且峰形良好,可作为消癌平丸中通关藤苷H的含量测定方法。稳定性试验结果显示,通关藤苷H在消癌平丸中不稳定,不宜作为消癌平丸的质量控制指标。     

对临床试验中显著性检验、区间检验及置信区间检验之间关系一致性的认识

显著性检验是最基本的统计假设检验,它的基本思想是小概率原理;区间检验是传统显著性检验的延伸,它用来检验两个总体的差异是否在某范围之内;置信区间检验是先找到药物疗效差值的置信区间,通过置信区间下限或(和)上限与界值的关系来判断两种药物非劣效、等效、优效的关系。通过公式推导发现,区间检验与显著性检验的主要区别是前者的假设中包含了有临床意义的界值△,而区间检验和置信区间检验是一致的,可以用置信区间检验实现区间检验的目的。     

谈谈两总体比较的非参数检验方法

针对不同的数据类型,探讨选用不同的非参数检验方法,并通过实例说明这些非参数检验方法的应用。     

A Comparison of Two-Sample Tests of Significance When Used With Variable Treatment Effects

This article compares the performance of many two-sample tests of significance that might be used to test the equality of means when the effect of the treatment is variable. Of the 19 tests that were compared, the normal scores test is recommended for general use in testing the null hypothesis of no treatment effect against the alternative that the distributions are stochastically ordered when the ratio of the larger standard deviation to the smaller standard deviation does not exceed 1.3. The Baumgartner-Weiß-Schindler tests and an adaptive test also have higher power than the pooled t-test, the unequal variance t-test, and the rank-sum test for many distributions. In the simulation studies, data in the first sample are generated from nine distributions, including long-tailed and skewed distributions. Data in the second sample are generated by adding a random treatment effect to a random variable that was generated from the same distribution that was used in the first sample. Because we restricted our power studies to treatment effects that are positive or zero, the population distributions will be stochastically ordered. The results of these studies demonstrate that the normal scores test is often more powerful than the t-tests and the rank-sum test. If the ratio of the standard deviations does exceed 1.3, then one of the t-tests is recommended.     

Testing equality of proportions for correlated binary data in ophthalmologic studies

In ophthalmologic studies, bilateral correlated data often arise when information involving paired organs (e.g., eyes) are measured from each subject. Adjusted chi-square approach for testing the equality of proportions has been proposed in the literature. In this article, we investigate and derive three alter- native testing procedures for the problem. Our simulation results show the score testing procedure usually produces satisfactory type I error control with higher power, and therefore is recommended. Examples from ophthalmologic studies are used to illustrate our proposed methods.     

中国药品上市后抽验模式现状及问题

目的在综合分析中国药品上市后抽验模式现状及问题的基础上,提出药品上市后抽验的建议。方法通过文献研究的方法,发现中国药品上市后抽验模式中存在的问题,并提出相关建议。结果与结论在药品抽验中引入以风险为基础的抽验模式,将药品上市后抽验结果与药品监管相衔接。     

Mutagenicity testing of quinine with submammalian and mammalian systems

Quinine hydrochloride was assayed for genotoxic activity by using 4 different test systems with distinct genetic endpoints. No indications for point mutations were observed in the Ames system. In 3 cytogenetic tests performed on small rodents, Chinese hamsters showed no genotoxic activity, while inbred strains of mice revealed a dose dependent increase of SCEs, enhanced incidence of micronuclei and elevated chromatid breaks.     

刹毒草口服液的药理作用研究

目的:研究刹毒草口服液对小鼠的药理作用。方法:用小鼠分别进行爬杆实验、炭粒廓清实验、耳肿胀实验和墨汁推进实验,观察刹毒草口服液对小鼠的抗疲劳作用、非特异性免疫功能的影响、抗炎作用和抗腹泻作用。结果:刹毒草口服液能显著延长小鼠爬杆时间,有较好的抗疲劳作用;高剂量刹毒草口服液能显著提高小鼠对惰性炭粒的吞噬指数及吞噬活性,可提高小鼠免疫功能;刹毒草口服液3个剂量组均对二甲苯致小鼠耳炎症有较好的抑制作用,且能显著降低墨汁推进的速率,有较好的抗腹泻作用。结论:刹毒草口服液具有一定抗疲劳、抗炎、提高非特异性免疫功能和抗腹泻作用。     

Simultaneous Test for Superiority and Noninferiority Hypotheses in Active-Controlled Clinical Trials∗

The primary objective of the dose-escalation trial for NGX267 was to estimate the maximally tolerated dose (MTD) and to gather detailed clinical and pharmacokinetic observations near the MTD. The MTD was defined based on the weighted average of moderate and severe adverse events. An adaptive design was employed to concentrate dosage assignments at or near the MTD. Favoring the acquisition of data near the MTD, at the expense of information at lower dosage levels, resulted in a shorter trial and no loss of the type of information required to inform subsequent studies where larger normal volunteer or patient samples are evaluated.     

氢溴酸山莨菪碱注射液细菌内毒素检查法的建立

目的:建立氢溴酸山莨菪碱注射液的细菌内毒素检查方法。方法:按《中国药典》2010年版(二部)附录相关方法确定本品细菌内毒素限值,分别进行细菌内毒素检查凝胶法和动态浊度法的干扰试验。结果:凝胶法结果表明,样品稀释2倍(5 mg/ml)时对试验无干扰作用;动态浊度法结果表明,本品稀释2倍(5 mg/ml)时外加内毒素的回收率在50%²00%之间。每1 mg氢溴酸山莨菪碱中含内毒素应小于0.35 EU。结论 :本文初步建立的氢溴酸山莨菪碱注射液细菌内毒素检查方法,可为《中国药典》增订该制剂的细菌内毒素检查项提供参考。     

Bootstrap inference in a linear equation estimated by instrumental variables

Summary We study several tests for the coefficient of the single right‐hand‐side endogenous variable in a linear equation estimated by instrumental variables. We show that writing all the test statistics—Student's t, Anderson–Rubin, the LM statistic of Kleibergen and Moreira (K), and likelihood ratio (LR)—as functions of six random quantities leads to a number of interesting results about the properties of the tests under weak‐instrument asymptotics. We then propose several new procedures for bootstrapping the three non‐exact test statistics and also a new conditional bootstrap version of the LR test. These use more efficient estimates of the parameters of the reduced‐form equation than existing procedures. When the best of these new procedures is used, both the K and conditional bootstrap LR tests have excellent performance under the null. However, power considerations suggest that the latter is probably the method of choice.