快速同时检测大豆异黄酮保健食品中三种雌激素的HPLC法

〔目的〕研究检测大豆异黄酮类保健食品中三种雌激素 (雌二醇、雌酮、己烯雌酚 )含量的分析法。〔方法〕采用HypersilODS2C18色谱柱 (2 5 0mm× 4.6mmID ,5 μm) ,流动相甲醇 -水 (体积比 5 3 :47) ,流速 1.0mL/min ,检测波长 2 80nm等作为色谱条件 ,同时检测三种雌激素。〔结果〕该方法的线性范围在 0 .5～ 2 5 0mg/L ,相关系数r在 0 .998以上 ,相对标准偏差 (RSD)为 0 .9%～ 1.8% ,回收率在 91.3 %～ 98.3 %以上。〔结论〕该法具有快速、准确、灵敏等优点 ,适合大豆异黄酮中雌激素的检测     

保健食品中红景天甙的提取和测定方法研究

〔目的〕建立保健食品中红景天甙样品的前处理和高效液相色谱检测方法。〔方法〕保健食品中的红景天甙经 70 %乙醇超声波提取 ,聚酰胺柱净化后 ,以甲醇 -0 .0 1mol LNH4 Ac为流动相 ( 2 0∶80 ) ,用C1 8柱 ,紫外 2 15nm检测。〔结果〕优化了含红景天保健食品中红景天甙的提取、净化和测定条件 ,有效去除样品中的干扰成分 ,定量检测红景天甙。方法检出限为 0 .5 μg ml,样品测定的相对标准差 (RSD)小于 2 .5 % ,加标回收率为 97.1% -10 2 .4%。〔结论〕本方法操作简便 ,灵敏、可靠 ,适用于红景天原料和保健食品中红景天甙的分析测定。     

高效液相色谱法同时测定植物油中的BHA、BHT和游离棉酚

〔目的〕建立高效液相色谱法同时测定植物油中氧化剂BHA(叔丁基羟基茴香醚 )、BHT(二叔丁基羟基甲苯 )和有毒物质游离棉酚的方法。〔方法〕采用HypersilODS( 2 5 0mm× 4.6mm ,10 μg)色谱柱 ;流动相为甲醇 -磷酸水 ( 3 3 0 0 ) =84 16;流速 :1.2ml min ;检测波长 :2 3 0nm。〔结果〕此三种物质分离良好 ,BHA、BHT和游离棉酚的最低检出量分别为 5ng、10ng和5ng ,回收率为 90 .7%～ 10 5 .1% ,相对标准偏差为 0 .93 %～ 1.7%。〔结论〕该方法简便、快速、准确及重现性好     

HPLC法与香草醛比色法测定保健品中的人参皂甙

〔目的〕应用高效液相色谱法和分光光度法分别同时检测保健食品中人参总皂甙的含量。〔方法〕高效液相色谱法采用短色谱柱 ,低乙晴体积分数 ,非线性梯度洗脱对 6种主要人参皂甙Rg1,Rb1,Re,Rb2 、Rc、Rd进行分析。〔结果〕方法回收率 95 .6 %～ 97.7% ,检出限 2 .2ng ,RSD =1.30 %～ 6 .90 %。分光光度法用大孔吸附树脂吸附人参总皂甙 ,经梯度洗脱处理 ,香草醛显色后测定人参总皂甙含量。方法回收率 :95 .6 %～ 10 7.4 % ,检出限 :1.2 5 μg,RSD =3.5 1%～ 4 .17%。两种方法测定人参总皂甙结果有显著性差异 (t=4 .5 1>t( 0 .0 5) =1.895 )。〔结论〕HPLC法适用于单个皂甙的测定 ,比色法适用于总皂甙含量的测定     

青岛港国际航行客轮微小气候卫生质量调查

〔目的〕　为制定《国际航行客轮微小气候监测标准》提供科学依据。〔方法〕　根据《中华人民共和国公共交通工具卫生标准》对往返于青岛港与日本、韩国之间的 4艘国际航行客轮的微小气候进行了为期 1年的监测。〔结果〕　一氧化碳、温度、湿度、噪声、风速、照度 6项指标的合格率为 1 0 0 % ;二氧化碳的合格率为 91 .7% ;细菌总数合格率为 95 .6 %。〔结论〕　建议制定《国际航行客轮微小气候监测标准》时 ,各项卫生学监测指标的参考值可定为 :风速 <0 .3m/s ,夏季 >0 .1 5m/s ;CO2 咖啡厅、酒吧间、餐厅≤ 1 5 0 0ppm ,船员、旅客住舱 <1 0 0 0ppm ;CO≤ 4ppm ;相对温度 4 0 %～ 6 5 % ;噪声≤ 6 5db(A) ;照度 >1 0 0LX ;细菌总数≤ 4 0个 /皿 (沉降法 )。     

火焰原子吸收分光光度法测定陈皮中微量元素

〔目的〕应用不同温度对陈皮样品进行高温灰化处理 ,并用原子吸收分光光度法测定样品中钾、钠、钙、镁、铜、锌、铁、锶和锰的含量。〔方法〕以 6 0 0℃为最佳灰化温度 ,对样品进行各个元素加标回收试验。〔结果〕测定的回收率(n =5 )在 90 .6 %～ 10 8.3%范围 ,相对标准偏差RSD(n =5 )在 2 .8%～ 6 .0 %之间。〔结论〕结果令人满意。     

ICP-AES测定清凉类中成药中Cu、Zn的研究

〔目的〕分析探讨清凉类中成药中Cu、Zn的组成。〔方法〕采用硝酸—双氧水—高氯酸湿法消解样品 ,用电感藕合等离子体原子发射光谱 (ICP -AES)法同时测定了中成药中的锌、铜等元素。〔结果〕锌、铜元素的回收率分别为99.9%、10 3 .3 %之间 ,RSD为 0 .4%、3 .7%,Cu/Zn为 0 .42 -0 .0 68。〔结论〕结果满意。     

非典型肺炎与肺炎支原体感染的关系

〔目的〕探讨肺炎支原体感染与非典型肺炎 (AP)的关系。〔方法〕对 85例疑似AP患者血清用间接凝集试验 (IAT)检测肺炎支原体 (MP)IgM抗体。〔结果〕 85例患者中抗 -MP -IgM阳性 4 6例 ,阳性率为 5 4 .1% ,而对照组阳性率为 11.6 % ,P <0 .0 1,显示两组有非常显著性差异。同时 2月份上中旬患者与中下旬患者抗 -MP -IgM检出率也不同 ,两者阳性率分别为 70 .5 %和 12 .5 % ,P <0 .0 1有显著性差异。〔结论〕非典型肺炎与肺炎支原体感染有一定的关系。     

反相高效液相色谱法同时测定广州部分地区肉类4种抗生素的残留量

〔目的〕高效液相色谱法同时测定肉类中磺胺嘧啶 (SD)、磺胺二甲基嘧啶 (SMZ)、土霉素 (OTC)、磺胺甲恶唑(SN2 )抗生素的残留量。〔方法〕色谱柱为ODS -C1 8,以 2mmol L醋酸铵 :乙腈 :80 :2 0 (pH =2 .0 3 )为流动相 ,流速 0 .8ml/min ,486紫外检测器 ,检测波长为 2 70nm。〔结果〕该方法各抗生素的线性范围均为 0 .0 1～ 1.0 μg/ml ,相关系数均为 0 .99以上 (n =5 ) ;最低检测限为 0 .0 1μg/ml;回收率均为 95 .6%～ 10 6.0 % ;日内、日间变异系数均在允许范围内 (小于 15 % )。〔结论〕该方法操作简便 ,是动物性食品残留抗生素的快速而准确的检测方法。     

高效液相色谱法测定淀粉类食品中丙烯酰胺研究

〔目的〕研究检测淀粉类食品中丙烯酰胺的高效液相色谱测定方法 ,用于实际样品测定。〔方法〕用水提取食品中丙烯酰胺 ,采用固相萃取小柱对样品液进行纯化 ,以二极管阵列高效液相色谱法测定其含量。〔结果〕方法检出限为 10ng/g,回收率在 80 .0 %～ 115 .0 %之间 ,精密度为 5 .34% (低浓度 )、3.4 0 % (中等浓度 )和 4 .30 % (高浓度 )。〔结论〕该方法测定食品中丙烯酰胺具有操作简单、干扰少、快速、准确可靠等特点 ,可以用于食品中丙烯酰胺测定的推广应用。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.