ECG/PPG Integer Signal Processing for a Ubiquitous Health Monitoring System

A compact ubiquitous-health monitor operated by single 8-bit microcontroller was made. An integer signal processing algorithm for this microcontroller was developed and digital filtering of ECG (electrocardiogram) and PPG (photoplethysmogram) was performed. Rounding-off errors due to integer operation was solved by increasing the number of effective integer digits during CPU operation; digital filter coefficients and data expressed in decimal points were multiplied by a certain number and converted into integers. After filter operation, the actual values were retrieved by dividing with the same number and selecting available highest bits. Our results showed comparable accuracies to those computed by a commercial software. Compared with a floating-point calculation by the same microcontroller, the computation speed became faster by 1.45 ∼ 2.0 times depending on various digital filtering cases. Our algorithm was successfully tested for remote health monitoring with multiple users. If our algorithm were not used, our health monitor should have used additional microcontrollers or DSP chip. The proposed algorithm reduced the size and cost of our health monitor substantially.     

彩色多普勒超声诊断先心病左室右房通道

目的探讨先天性心脏病左室右房通道的二维声像图及彩色多普勒血流特征。方法应用彩色多普勒超声对7例左室右房通道不同血流束的表现进行了分析检测。结果彩色血流显像左室右房通道血流束呈偏心性右斜,连续多普勒为收缩期高速度、宽频带、负向湍流频谱。结论彩色多普勒超声心动图是诊断左室右房通道的可靠依据。     

A time domain mean frequency estimation algorithm of two-dimensional real-time Doppler imaging system

A time domain mean frequency estimator is proposed for use in the two-dimensional real-time Doppler ultrasound blood flow imaging system. Since the frequency domain techniques require a long observation period to resolve the frequency content of the Doppler signal spectrum, it is unsuitable for real-time two-dimensional applications. Performance characteristics of the Doppler mean frequency estimator are obtained using a computer simulation, which models the Doppler signal and the signal processing network.     

致密化不全心肌病超声及临床诊断

目的:提高对致密化不全心肌病(NVM)无创诊断的准确性。方法:采用ACUSON512彩色超声仪,探头频率2.5~6MHz,对8例NVM患者进行检查。结果:8例超声均见心室内有许多粗乱突起的肌小梁和深陷在小梁间隐窝,彩色血流显示隐窝内血流与心室腔交通,心肌收缩力减弱。其中双室型病变1例,左室型4例,右室型3例。合并各种心内畸形4例。结论:彩色多普勒超声可显示心肌致密化不全心肌病的特征,并可作为心肌致密化不全的诊断手段。     

彩色多普勒血流显像在睾丸肿瘤诊断中的作用

目的 探讨彩色多普勒血流显像（CDFI）在睾丸肿瘤诊断中的作用。方法 连续积累睾丸肿瘤病人25例。正常对照30例。异常对照睾丸炎15例。二维超声观察睾丸肿瘤的形态学改变，CDFI显示睾丸肿瘤有无血流、血流的多少、形态与分布，脉冲波多普勒测量异常血流最大速度（PSV）和阻力指数（RI）。结果 CDFI显示2例睾丸肿瘤为少血供。其余均为多血供，并呈条带、树枝状及网状分布，且84．2％（16／19）的睾丸肿瘤血流形态不规则。睾丸肿瘤的RI和PSV与正常睾丸相显著（P＜0．01），与睾丸炎的RI明显不同（P＜0．01），而PSV无明显差异（P＞0．05）。结论 CDFI显示睾丸内局灶性多血管改变且血管形态不规则，有助于睾丸肿瘤的诊断和鉴别诊断。     

子宫肌瘤及子宫腺肌瘤的彩色多普勒血流显像及多普勒频谱分析

目的探讨子宫肌瘤及子宫腺肌瘤的彩色多普勒血流分布及多普勒血流频谱特点,以提高超声对子宫肌瘤及子宫腺肌瘤的鉴别诊断符合率。方法对68例子宫肌瘤及33例子宫腺肌瘤进行彩色多普勒超声检测,检测结果与其病理进行对照分析。结果①子宫肌瘤彩色多普勒血流常环绕肿瘤周边,其内部血流常为周边血管分支进入,而子宫腺肌瘤彩色多普勒血流常平行或走向稍紊乱进入瘤体内,与瘤体外正常肌层内血管走行方向基本一致。②子宫肌瘤多普勒血流频谱常表现为肿瘤周边血流峰值速度及血流阻力指数（RI）明显高于肿瘤内部（P〈0.05）;而子宫腺肌瘤周边与其内部血流峰值速度及血流阻力指数（RI）比较常无明显差异（P〉0.05）。结论彩色多普勒血流分布特点及其多普勒血流频谱特征是鉴别子宫肌瘤及子宫腺肌瘤值得重视的指标。     

Detection of Carotid Artery Disease by Using Learning Vector Quantization Neural Network

Doppler ultrasound has been usually preferred for investigation of the artery conditions in the last two decades, because it is a non-invasive, easy to apply and reliable technique. In this study, a biomedical system based on Learning Vector Quantization Neural Network (LVQ NN) has been developed in order to classify the internal carotid artery Doppler signals obtained from the 191 subjects, 136 of them had suffered from internal carotid artery stenosis and rest of them had been healthy subject. The system is composed of feature extraction and classification parts, basically. In the feature extraction stage, power spectral density (PSD) estimates of internal carotid artery Doppler signals were obtained by using Burg autoregressive (AR) spectrum analysis technique in order to obtain medical information. In the classification stage, LVQ NN was used classify features from Burg AR method. In experiments, LVQ NN based method reached 97.91% classification accuracy with 5 fold Cross Validation (CV) technique. In addition, the classification performance of the LVQ NN was compared with some methods such as Multi Layer Perceptron (MLP) NN, Naive Bayes (NB), K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN), decision tree and Support Vector Machine (SVM) with sensitivity and specificity statistical parameters. The classification results showed that the LVQ NN method is effective for classification of internal carotid artery Doppler signals.     

彩色多普勒超声诊断锁骨下动脉窃血征的价值及血流动力学分析

目的探讨彩色多普勒超声（CDU）在锁骨下动脉窃血综合征（Subclavian Steal SyndromeSSS）应用价值,分析锁骨下动脉窃血综合征椎动脉血流频谱特征及流速与锁骨下动脉狭窄程度的关系。方法回顾性分析我院自2006年9月至2009年9月来我院应诊的患者42例锁骨下动脉窃血患者,进行锁骨下动脉、椎动脉、颈动脉及上肢动脉的二维图像及彩色多普勒和脉冲多普勒分析。结果彩色超声显示椎动脉血流方向完全逆流28例,部分逆流10例,血流速度明显减慢4例;直接显示锁骨下动脉内膜增厚38例,斑块形成36例,闭塞性改变2例,另外4例虽锁骨下动脉起始部显示欠清晰,但依据椎动脉血流提示锁骨下动脉窃血。结论患侧椎动脉、锁骨下动脉、上肢动脉的二维图像、彩色多普勒血流显像、脉冲多普勒有典型特征,结合临床,可明确诊断锁骨下动脉窃血。根据椎动脉反流程度来推测锁骨下动脉或无名动脉的狭窄程度,彩色多普勒超声诊断此病具有重要的意义。     

Model TJ-IV Computer-Assisted Vectorcardiogram Analysis System

During the last1 6years,we have successfullydeveloped the computer- assisted vectorcardiogramanalysis systems:model TJ- , , .Due to thetechnical limitations at the times,some problems re-mained with the previous versions,such asthe recog-nition accuracy for vectorcardiograms,the measure-ment of trough and peak point of complex QRS,thecalculation of the ratio of T loop length to its width,and the area of spatial vectors etc.In this study,wedeveloped a new version of the computer- assisted ve…     

基于超声粒子图像测速技术的大鼠动脉二维血流速度测量

目的动脉粥样硬化及血栓的形成与动脉管腔内的血流动力学参数变化密切相关。然而,目前普遍应用的超声多普勒成
像技术不能精确测量复杂血流流场信息。二维的动脉血流速度场能为心血管疾病提供重要的临床信息。方法应用超声粒子
图像测速技术,通过B型超声记录超声造影剂粒子图像,获得二维血管全流场的信息。本研究使用5组大鼠数据,计算其左侧颈
动脉的全场血流速度分布,统计3个心动周期的血流速度并与超声多普勒测速方法的结果对比。结果和结论实验结果表明,超
声粒子成像技术测速结果与超声多普勒测速结果相似。超声粒子图像测速方法的结果较超声多普勒的方法结果偏小,平均血
流速度、峰值速度误差为2%~8%和5%~10%。两种测速方法经t检验（P>0.05）无显著的统计学差异。超声粒子图像测速技术
能够无创、实时评估全流场血流动力学变化情况,通过测速可区分不同分组的大鼠。它为进一步探讨狭窄血管中复杂多变的血
流场提供新的影像学方法。
     

Doppler diagnosis in cases of acute stroke

Ultrasound techniques are employed increasingly for the evaluation of patients with cerebrovascular disease. We determined the accuracy of carotid Doppler ultrasonography, which incorporated spectral analysis and periorbital directional Doppler assessment, by comparison with conventional or digital-subtraction arteriography in 93 patients (186 vessels). We also reviewed our experience with the Doppler technique in consecutive patients who were admitted to hospital with established carotid-territory stroke. The Doppler technique had a sensitivity of 93% and a specificity of 97% as a screening test for the presence of carotid stenosis, and a high level of precision. The arteriography rate in patients with completed stroke was 40% before the introduction of Doppler ultrasonography but decreased to 24% after its introduction, and to 16% in the last 100 cases. The proportion of cases in whom an underlying cause for stroke could not be identified decreased from 31% of cases to 21% of cases. Extracranial carotid stenosis was implicated in only 22 of the last 100 patients with carotid-territory stroke. Doppler ultrasonography is a valuable diagnostic tool in patients with completed stroke. It aids in the selection of patients for arteriography and provides clues to the pathogenesis of stroke in patients in whom arteriography is inappropriate.     

彩色多普勒在肝癌诊断中的临床应用价值

目的对比分析彩色多普勒血流图及能量图在肝癌诊断中的敏感性。方法采用彩色多普勒血流图及能量图的血流动力学及形态学改变,对比分析102例肝癌病例。其中,原发性(HCC)73例,继发性(MHC)29例。结果彩色多普勒血流图与能量图血流形态学改变对比明显高于彩色多普勒血流图形态学改变,应用两组3个类型,分别对比分析表明:①CDFI及CDE检测显示:血流形态及血流动力学改变巨块型>结节型>弥漫型;②2种血流显像CDE优于CDFI,血流形态显示:血流随瘤体增大血流显示检出率增高;③肿瘤体增大其血流搏动指数(RI)、血流阻力指数(PI)随之增高,以结节型及巨块型增高为主。结论与中国医学影像技术中,多普勒指数在小肝癌定性诊断中的应用结果相一致[1]。对肝癌更进一步广泛应用、分析、诊断、鉴别诊断,有很高的临床应用价值。     

乳腺癌彩色多普勒血流特征的分析

目的：观察、分析乳腺癌彩色多普勒血流（CDF）分布特征及频谱形态,以提高超声检查对乳腺恶性肿块诊断的准确率。方法：对40例乳腺癌及47例乳腺纤维腺瘤患者进行CDF检查,重点观察肿块的血管分布形态及其频谱特征。结果：①乳腺癌肿块的血流检出率100.0％,其中Ⅱ、Ⅲ级血流为87.5％,穿人性动脉血管显示率67.5％。乳腺纤维腺瘤的血流检出率85.1％,其中0、I级血流为65.9％,穿人性血管显示率4.3％。②乳腺癌的CDF频谱形态表现为：收缩期峰值前移,其上升支速度快,下降支较缓慢,舒张末期血流信号少或无血流。乳腺纤维腺瘤的CDF频谱形态为：收缩期上升支及下降支均较缓慢,峰值流速低,舒张末期血流信号较丰富。结论：穿人性动脉血管及其多普勒频谱形态变化是诊断乳腺癌的重要参考指标。     

Tei指数对HIV感染/AIDS患者右室功能的评价

目的 用组织多普勒（TDI）技术测量右心Tei指数评价HIV感染/AIDS患者右心功能并探讨Tei指数的临床价值.方法 162例HIV感染/AIDS患者作为病例组,另选择100例健康正常人作为对照组,常规做超声心动图检查得到右心构型数据：右室横径（RVD）、右房横径（RAD）,右室前壁厚度（RVAD）,并同时应用TDI技术在标准心尖四腔观获得三尖瓣环右室游离壁侧及室间隔侧TDI频谱图,计算出右心Tei指数,比较HIV感染组、AIDS组与正常对照组的Tei指数.结果 HIV感染者及AIDS患者Tei指数较对照组明显升高,并且AIDS患者Tei指数明显高于HIV感染者（P＜0.05）.结论 Tei指数是一个敏感、简便、快速评价HIV感染/AIDS患者右心整体功能的指标.     

Classification of Aorta Insufficiency and Stenosis Using Neuro-Fuzzy System

Cardiac Doppler signals recorded from aorta valve of 60 patients were transferred to a personal computer by using a 16 bit sound card. The fast Fourier transform (FFT) method was applied to the recorded signal from each patient. Since FFT method inherently cannot offer a good spectral resolution at jet blood flows such as cardiac Doppler signals, it sometimes causes wrong interpretation. In order to do a good interpretation and rapid diagnosis, cardiac Doppler blood flow signals were statistically arranged and then classified using neuro-fuzzy system. The NEFCLASS model, which is used to create a fuzzy classification system from data, was used. The classification results show that neuro-fuzzy system offers best results in the case of diagnosis.     

利用多普勒成像联合高频超声定性诊断体表软组织肿块的临床意义

目的 探讨多普勒成像联合高频超声定性诊断体表软组织肿块的临床意义.方法 对2012年2～12月来句容市人民医院经手术证实为体表软组织肿块的60例患者采用直接探查法,在病变部位纵、横向十字交叉处观察肿块的发生部位、内部回声、形态、边界、Adler半定量分级等,并以多普勒成像观察肿块内外血流情况,脉冲测定肿块内最大血流速度.后与手术病理诊断对照.两种诊断方法的一致性比较利用Kappa检验.结果 多普勒成像联合高频超声诊断对60例体表软组织肿块病变检出率为100.0％.主要软组织肿块超声声像图特点显示,多普勒成像联合高频超声诊断的二维位置、形态、内部回声、边界及分级均符合病理学特征.60例体表软组织肿块38例（63.3％）有彩色血流显示,丰富者14例,散在者24例,平均最大流速为（12.30±6.12） cm/s,平均最小流速为（2.4±0.6） cm/s.结论 多普勒成像联合高频超声对定性诊断体表软组织肿块具有较高的临床应用价值,有助于鉴别诊断体表肿物良、恶性,且该方面迅速、安全,无严格的禁忌证,可作为首选的影像检查手段.     

彩色多普勒评价慢性肾病预后86例临床分析

为评价彩色多普勒在肾脏疾病进展中的意义,应用彩色多普勒测定８６例慢性肾病的肾门动脉、段内动脉、叶间动脉血流频谱参数,并用二维测量肾脏形态。结果发现最大流速、最小流速显著低于对照组,阻力指数显著高于对照组。肾形态与流速正相关,与阻力指数负相关。因此,血流频谱参数可成为慢性肾病预后的一个标记。     

黄柏饮片光谱成像指纹图谱的研究

目的 建立黄柏饮片的光谱成像指纹图谱,为其质量控制提供新的方法。方法 应用电可控液晶滤光光谱成像装置,测定10种不同市售来源的黄柏饮片,光谱分辨率为5 nm,光谱覆盖范围为480~680 nm,空间分辨率为4 000×4 000。从成像光谱立方体中提取特征光谱,构建其指纹图谱;采用标准欧氏距离等聚类分析方法解析其指纹图谱。结果 黄柏饮片的光谱成像指纹图谱用于其品种和质量的鉴定,结果与性状,显微及理化鉴定结果相吻合。结论 光谱成像分析技术可用于中药指纹图谱的构建和质量评价,操作方法简便、快速、无损。     

FEASIBILITY STUDY OF AN ULTRASOUND CONTRAST AGENT (LEVOVIST) IN COLOR DOPPLER IMAGING OF LIVER NEOPLASMS

The purpose of this study was to determine the of efficacy of using an ultrasound contrast agent (levovist)to ehhance the color Doppler imaging of liver neoplasms. Thirty patients with hepatic tumors were enrolled in this study. After intravenous administration of levovist, the color Doppler signals of normal hepatic vessels were enhanced. In various hepatic tumors,the different patterns of tumor vascularity were observed, which had not been demonstrated in conventional non-contrast color Doppler imaging. In 11 of 16 patients with hepatocarclnorna,additional color Doppler signals were observed in the central part of the turaors. On the contrary,3 patients with metastatic liver lesions the enhanced color Doppler signals appear only at the peripheral of tumors- A typical rim-like color enhancement was seen in 2 of the 3 cases. In six patients with hepatic hemangiomas contrast-enhanced color Doppler imaging demonstrated the blood vessels at the margin of the neoplssms. Contrast-enhanced color Doppler imaging improves the visualization of the hepatic neoplasm vascularity. This technique holds great promise for detecting small liver tumors and differenting hepatic neoplasms.     

甲状腺腺瘤与结节性甲状腺肿的超声鉴别诊断

目的通过分析甲状腺腺瘤和结节性甲状腺肿的声像图与彩色多普勒血流特征,探讨甲状腺腺瘤与结节性甲状腺肿的超声鉴别要点。方法对经手术病理证实的142例甲状腺腺瘤与72例结节性甲状腺肿的二维声像图和彩色多普勒血流显像表现进行分析。结果两组病例中,性别、年龄、病灶大小、病灶是否液化差异均无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;双侧叶是否肿大、病灶是否单发、病灶有无包膜、病灶周边是否有声晕差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;病灶周边及内部彩色多普勒血流信号的有无、多少差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论二维声像图特征及彩色多普勒血流信号特点可用于甲状腺腺瘤和结节性甲状腺肿的鉴别诊断。