紫外分光光度法测定硫酸新霉素滴眼液的含量

目的 建立硫酸新霉素滴眼液的含量测定方法。方法 采用比色法,波长为335nm,测定硫酸新霉素的含量。结果 硫酸新霉素的线性范围10～60μg·ml^-1,相关系数r=0.9994,回收率为100.1%(n=6),RSD为0.82%。结论 此方法简便、快速,适用于医院制剂的快速分析。     

十大功劳属部分植物茎中生物碱的高效毛细管电泳法测定

目的：对十大功劳属植物中3种生物碱的含量进行测定,为其内在质量的评价提供科学依据。方法：运用毛细管区带电泳(CZE)模式,以马钱子碱为内标化合物,测定了小檗碱、巴马亭和药根碱的含量。背景缓冲溶液为0.1 mol.L^-1磷酸缓冲液(pH 7.0)与甲醇(2∶1)的混合体系。线性范围：盐酸小檗碱为4.9～498.6 μg.mL^-1(γ=0.9990);盐酸巴马亭为5.0～504.9 μg.mL^-1(γ=0.9996);盐酸药根碱为5.1～505.8 μg.mL^-1(γ=0.9984)。回收率：盐酸小檗碱为96.00%～101.66%;盐酸巴马亭为100.15%～102.97%;盐酸药根碱为96.68%～102.44%。结果：不同品种、不同产地、不同采集时间的植物中的生物碱含量均有较大差别。结论：高效毛细管电泳法是中草药质量控制的一种简便、快速、有效的方法。十大功劳属多种植物生物碱含量较高,可作为新的药用资源。     

盐酸安非他酮缓释片的含量测定及释放度研究

目的 建立盐酸安非他酮缓释片的含量测定方法并测定其释放度。方法 采用紫外-可见分光光度法测定盐酸安非他酮缓释片的含量及释放度,测定波长为251 nm。结果 线性范围在4.895～16.316μg·ml^-1,r=0.9999;盐酸安非他酮缓释片的平均回收率为99.4%,RSD为0.69%。结论 本法简便、准确、结果满意。     

紫外分光光度法测定复方盐酸利多卡因注射液的含量

目的 建立紫外分光光度法测定复方盐酸利多卡因注射液中盐酸利多卡因和薄荷脑的含量。方法 盐酸利多卡因采用以水为空白,检测波长为261 nm。薄荷脑采用以阴性对照液加显色剂为空白,检测波长为507 nm。结果 盐酸利多卡因在200μg·ml^-1～450μg·ml^-1浓度范围内,呈良好线性关系;平均回收率为102.1%,RSD为1.80%(n=9)。薄荷脑在1.6μg·ml^-1～6.4μg·ml^-1浓度范围内,呈良好线性关系;平均回收率为98.5%,RSD为1.70%(n=9)。结论 本方法简便、快捷、准确、可靠。     

肾上腺素注射液中亚硫酸氢钠的含量测定

目的 建立肾上腺素注射液中抗氧化剂亚硫酸氢钠的含量测定方法。方法 基于在SO₂存在下可以使得酸性品红溶液褪色的原理,采用比色法在548 nm波长处测定样品吸光度,根据吸光度值计算抗氧化剂的含量。结果 在亚硫酸氢钠浓度为4～24 μg·mL^-1,吸光度值的倒数与其浓度呈良好的线性关系Y=0.007 8X+1.628 6（R²=0.999 5）,平均回收率为102.50%（RSD=2.22%,n=9）。结论 该方法准确,简便易行,可用于对肾上腺素注射液中亚硫酸氢钠含量的测定。     

口服固体制剂中淀粉类辅料含量的“逆向工程”分析

目的：建立盐酸小檗碱片、格列吡嗪片、卡马西平片、盐酸雷尼替丁胶囊、茶碱缓释片、对乙酰氨基酚片6种口服固体制剂中淀粉类辅料含量的"逆向工程"分析方法。方法：口服固体制剂经有机溶剂提取去除干扰成分,采用碘溶液（称取碘1.3 g、碘化钾3.6 g加水溶解稀释至100 mL）显色后,在可见波长575 nm处测定吸光度。结果：淀粉浓度在20.288~71.008 μg·mL^-1范围内线性关系良好（r=0.999）,6种口服固体制剂的方法回收率均在85%~110%（n=9,RSD不超过5.0%）,重复性（n=6）RSD均小于5.0%。结论：所建立的淀粉类辅料含量测定方法准确、可靠、操作方便,适合用于口服固体制剂中淀粉、玉米淀粉、预胶化淀粉等辅料的含量测定。     

加热因素对灵芝含片总多糖含量测定的影响性研究

目的 对灵芝含片中总多糖的含量进行测定,考察加热因素对测试结果的影响。方法 以葡聚糖为对照品,采用硫酸苯酚比色法测定灵芝含片中总多糖的含量,对测定过程中直接冷却和加热后冷却对测定结果的影响进行考察。结果 直接冷却操作的线性回归方程为Y=0.014 6X-0.016 7,r=0.997 8,在15~50 μg·mL^-1浓度范围呈良好线性关系,平均加样回收率为98.47%,RSD 2.70%,测得3批灵芝含片中总多糖含量分别为12.09、12.97、12.81 mg·g^-1;加热后冷却的线性回归方程为Y=0.013 8X-0.033 5,r=0.997 7,在15~50 μg·mL^-1浓度范围呈良好线性关系,平均加样回收率为98.32%,RSD1.78%,测得相同3批灵芝含片中总多糖含量分别为13.88、13.80、13.42 mg·g^-1。结论 硫酸苯酚比色法操作中直接冷却和加热后冷却两种方法均可行,但总多糖在加热条件下,充分水解产生的衍生物和苯酚反应显色,测得的总多糖含量比不加热的要大,用于灵芝含片质量标准中总多糖的含量测定结果更准确。     

RP-HPLC法测定盐酸哌唑嗪片的含量及有关物质

目的　以HPLC法测定盐酸哌唑嗪片的含量及有关物质。方法　采用Zorbax SB-C₁₈色谱柱(250mm×4.6mm ,5μm) ,流动相为甲醇-水-冰醋酸-三乙胺(490∶460∶45∶5) ,流速为1.0ml·min^-1,柱温30℃,检测波长为247nm ,用外标法测定。结果　盐酸哌唑嗪的保留时间约为4.2min ,且与其它峰的分离度大于1.5。盐酸哌唑嗪的线性范围为5～50μg·ml^-1(r=0.9999) ,最低检测限为0.4ng·ml^-1,平均回收率和RSD分别为100.8%和0.68%。结论　该方法简便、快速,结果准确可靠,适用于盐酸哌唑嗪片的含量及有关物质的定量检测。     

RP-HPLC法测定黄藤素胶囊含量

目的 测定黄藤素胶囊的含量。方法 采用RP-HPLC法测定本品的含量,以乙腈-水(含0.85%的磷酸二氢钾和0.425%的十二烷基磺酸钠)(6∶4)为流动相,检测波长为345 nm。结果 盐酸巴马汀的线性范围为2.52～40.36μg·ml^-1,相关系数r=0.9998;盐酸巴马汀的平均回收率为98.33%,RSD为1.33%。结论 该法操作简便、快速、准确,适用于测定黄藤素胶囊的含量。     

HPLC法测定大青龙汤颗粒剂中盐酸麻黄碱和盐酸伪麻黄碱的含量

摘 要 目的:建立HPLC测定大青龙汤颗粒剂中盐酸麻黄碱和盐酸伪麻黄碱含量的方法,为该制剂的质量控制提供依据。方法: 采用Agilent Zorbax SB-C₁₈色谱柱(150 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm),以乙腈-含0.3%三乙胺的0.02 mol·L^-1磷酸二氢钾溶液（用磷酸调节至pH=3.0）(5∶95)为流动相,流速:1.0 ml·min^-1,波长：207 nm。结果:盐酸麻黄碱在64～640 μg·ml^-1浓度范围内线性关系良好（r=0.999 6）,平均回收率为101.66%,RSD为2.59%(n=6);盐酸伪麻黄碱在31.8～318 μg·ml^-1浓度范围内呈现良好的线性关系（r=0.999 7）,平均回收率为99.70%,RSD为1.58%(n=6)。结论:该法简便易行,结果准确,可用于大青龙汤颗粒剂的质量控制。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

---

Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.