内镜黏膜下剥离治疗消化道肿瘤性病变临床观察

目的 探讨内镜黏膜下剥离治疗消化道肿瘤性病变的价值.方法 胃镜、肠镜发现的较大直径消化道肿瘤性病变应用内镜黏膜下剥离术(ESD)治疗,包括标记、黏膜下注射、边缘切开、剥离病灶及创面处理.结果 50例消化道肿瘤性病变患者,因出血终止操作1例,余49例患者顺利完成ESD治疗,所有病灶均1次完整切除;术中出血少,使用钛夹止血2例,术后无迟发出血.无穿孔发生.随访病灶目前均无复发.结论 内镜黏膜下剥离术不仅能切除较大病变,还能提供完整的病理学诊断治疗,与传统手术方法相比,具有微创治疗的优越性.     

内镜黏膜下剥离术治疗消化道巨大隆起性病变

目的 探讨内镜黏膜下剥离术(ESD)治疗消化道巨大隆起性病变的疗效及安全性.方法 自2006年10月～2007年10月,对胃镜和肠镜发现的消化道直径大于2 cm的隆起病变行ESD治疗:在病灶周围标记、黏膜下注射、切开病灶周围黏膜、剥离病灶、处理创面.结果 28例患者,8例病灶位于食管内,11例位于胃内,9例位于结直肠内,病灶直径20～35 mm(平均24 mm),病灶均位于黏膜层或黏膜下层.食管内病灶,平滑肌瘤(起源于黏膜肌层)4例,食管囊肿2例,食管早期鳞癌2例.胃内病灶位于胃窦5例,胃底2例,胃体4例.其中增生性息肉4例,异位胰腺1例,管状腺瘤伴轻一中度不典型增生3例,管状腺瘤伴高度不典型增生1例,早期胃癌侵犯黏膜肌层1例,间质瘤1例.结肠内病灶位于直肠4例,乙状结肠5例,其中绒毛状腺瘤2例.绒毛状管状腺瘤伴轻-中度不典型增生3例,绒毛状管状腺瘤伴高度不典型增生1例,绒毛状腺瘤伴局部癌变1例,类癌1例,平滑肌瘤1例.ESD时间50～120 rain,病灶整块切除26例,分块切除2例.食管及胃内病灶ESD术后平均住院3.5 d.结直肠病灶ESD术后平均住院4.6 d.所有患者术中有少量出血,给予电凝或氩气止血,有1例胃窦管状腺瘤ESD术后出血,电凝、氩气止血无效,给予2枚钛夹止血.有1例直肠病灶ESD术后出现小穿孔,保守治疗16 d后康复出院.术后2个月复查胃镜和肠镜,创面愈合良好,有1例胃窦增生性息肉有少量残留,给予圈套切除,余未出现复发.结论 ESD治疗消化道巨大隆起性病变是安全有效的,其创伤小,恢复快,并发症发生率低,能维持正常的生理结构,可使该类患者免于剖腹手术之苦.     

内镜下黏膜剥离术治疗消化道病灶的临床疗效

目的观察内镜下黏膜剥离术(ESD)治疗消化道病灶的的临床疗效。方法选取24例患者,其中消化道黏膜病变8例,黏膜下肿瘤16例,进行ESD治疗。结果 ESD手术时间为30~150 min,平均55 min。一次性完整切除病灶率为95.8%(23/24);术中少量出血经内镜下电凝等处理出血停止,1例因术中出血较多,难以止血,转外科手术。2例术中出现穿孔,术后予钛夹夹闭裂孔,经保守治疗痊愈;术后迟发性出血1例,再次内镜下止血术后出血停止。未出现消化道迟发性穿孔。所有病例随访,术后3个月复查胃肠镜创面愈合率达100%,半年后复查局部无残留或复发。结论 ESD为消化道病灶提供了一种微创治疗方法,能实现较大病变的完整剥离,局部的复发率低,并发症少,但对操作技术要求较高。     

内镜黏膜下剥离术治疗消化道肿瘤性病变28例临床分析

目的 总结探讨内镜黏膜下剥离术(ESD)治疗消化道肿瘤性病变的应用价值和经验.方法 对内镜检查发现的28例消化道肿瘤性病变应用针刀或钩刀进行ESD治疗,具体方法为:黏膜下注射含有亚甲蓝及0.005％肾上腺素的甘油果糖或生理盐水,使病灶充分抬举;预切开病变周围黏膜;沿病变下方黏膜下层逐步剥离,完整切除病变.结果 切除病灶直径1.0～ 3.5 cm,胃窦异位胰腺2例,直肠类癌7例,结肠侧向发育型肿瘤8例,结肠脂肪瘤1例,直肠腺瘤癌变4例,食管平滑肌瘤2例,胃窦高级别上皮内瘤变2例,胃窦黏膜内癌2例.ESD手术时间40～ 110 min.2例迟发性出血接受再次内镜下止血治疗,未出现穿孔并发症.28例ESD完整剥离病变,基底和切缘未见病变残留.结论 ESD用于治疗消化道肿瘤性病变安全、有效、微创,有着巨大的发展空间.     

45例内镜黏膜下剥离术治疗消化道黏膜及黏膜下病变的护理

内镜黏膜下剥离术(ESD)是近年来由内镜黏膜切除术(EMR)发展而来的治疗消化道早期癌的最新技术.与EMR相比, ESD具有整块切除病灶,可以提供完整病理标本,残癌复发率低的优点[1-3].本院自2007年始实施ESD手术治疗消化道黏膜及黏膜下病变,至今共完成治疗45例,现将护理体会报道如下.     

内镜黏膜下剥离术治疗直肠类癌的临床价值

目的探讨内镜下对直肠类癌的诊断与治疗的临床价值。方法肠镜发现直肠黏膜下肿块后进行微探头超声检查,对诊断为类癌的患者应用头端弯曲的针形切开刀进行内镜黏膜下剥离术（ESD）治疗：黏膜下注射生理盐水抬高病灶,使病灶与肌层分离;预切开病灶周围黏膜;剥离病变下方黏膜下层结缔组织,完整切除病灶。结果ESD手术时间（自黏膜下注射至完整剥离病变）25～55min;术中创面出现少量出血,均经电凝、氩离子血浆凝固和止血夹成功止血,不需再次肠镜下止血。术后全部经病理确诊,基底和切缘未见病变累及。1个月后肠镜复查,创面基本愈合。结论ESD是治疗直肠类癌的一种新方法,以往需要外科手术切除的肿瘤通过ESD可以达到同样的治疗效果。     

45例内镜黏膜下剥离术治疗消化道黏膜及黏膜下病变的护理

内镜黏膜下剥离术（ESD）是近年来由内镜黏膜切除术（EMR）发展而来的治疗消化道早期癌的最新技术。与EMR相比,ESD具有整块切除病灶,可以提供完整病理标本,残癌复发率低的优点。本院自2007年始实施ESD手术治疗消化道黏膜及黏膜下病变,至今共完成治疗45例,现将护理体会报道如下。     

内镜下治疗消化道早癌及癌前病变20例临床分析

目的探讨内镜下治疗消化道早癌及癌前病变的疗效及安全性。方法选择2007年5月至2010年7月我院内镜中心治疗的20例消化道病变患者,以内镜下黏膜切除术(EMR)及内镜下黏膜剥脱术(ESD)方法治疗,观察治疗效果及并发症发生情况。结果 20例患者病变全部切除,ESD完整切除病灶10例,分片切除2例,EMR切除病灶8例。ESD手术时间为48~150 m in,EMR手术时间为32~55 m in。术后病理结果:胃早癌:3例证实为胃早癌,切缘未见残留。1例中高级上皮内瘤变,癌变,局部浸润。胃息肉:均为中-高级上皮内瘤变。直肠侧向发育性肿瘤:3例为中高级上皮内瘤变,1例为高级别上皮内瘤变。结肠息肉:6例为高级别上皮内瘤变,2例考虑癌变,侵犯黏膜下层,有淋巴管可疑癌栓。2例病例术后出血,内镜治疗及内科保守治疗后出血止,2例病例追加外科手术治疗。所有随访病例未见肿瘤复发。结论 EMR及ESD治疗消化道病变安全有效,并且整块切除,以利于病理评估,复发率小,改善患者生活质量,痛苦少,恢复快。     

内镜黏膜下剥离术在胃肠黏膜病变中的应用

目的 研究消化道内镜黏膜下剥离术(ESD)治疗胃肠黏膜病变的临床疗效。方法 选取胃肠黏膜病变患者45例,均采用ESD治疗,术后观察临床疗效与并发症。结果ESD手术完成率为100%,术中出血8例(17.8%),术后迟发性出血2例(4.4%),穿孔3例(6.7%)。45例手术共切除47处病变,病灶位于胃部42处病变,一次性整块切除40处(95.2%);病灶位于直肠5处病变,一次性整块切除4处(80.0%)。组织学完全治愈性切除43处病变(91.5%),其中胃部39处(92.9%),直肠部4处(80.0%)。非治愈性切除4处(9.5%),胃部3处(7.1%),直肠1处(20.0%)。45例患者术后病理结果为:高级别上皮内瘤变25例,低级别上皮内瘤变10例,早癌2例,增生性息肉6例,2例异位胰腺。结论 ESD治疗胃肠黏膜病变疗效确切,术后并发症发生率低,安全,并可提供准确病理。更多还原     

内镜下黏膜剥离术的围手术期护理

目的总结内镜下黏膜剥离术（ESD）围手术期的护理方法。方法对进行ESD治疗的28例患者围手术期护理进行总结,所有病例均经过术前护理评估、准备及心理护理、术中护理监护、术后护理预防并发症发生、护理随访4阶段。结果28例患者29处病变中22处病变完整切除,6处病变分块切除,1处病变未能全部切除,完整切除率75．9％,20例随访1～12个月均无病变残留或复发。结论ESD技术治疗消化道早癌及癌前病变可以将较大病变整块切除,但操作过程较复杂、技术难度较大,围手术期护理十分重要。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.