食管鳞癌雌激素受体α基因启动子甲基化异常

【摘要】目的：研究雌激素受体α(ERα)基因及启动子超甲基化与食管鳞癌的关系。方法：用RT-PCR法检测2个食管鳞癌细胞系ERα mRNA表达情况,甲基化特异PCR技术（MSP）检测ERα基因启动子超甲基化,对超甲基化的细胞用脱氧胞苷（5-aza-dc）去甲基化后检测细胞ERα mRNA。MSP检测47份组织ERα基因启动子超甲基化。结果：食管鳞癌细胞系存在 ERα基因启动子甲基化及其引起的ERα mRNA表达缺失。57.4% (27/47)的原发性食管鳞癌细胞有ERα基因启动子区的超甲基化,其中女性患者ERα启动子超甲基化检出率73.7% (14/19),明显高于男性(15/28,53.6%,P<0.05)。结论：ERα基因启动子超甲基化与食管鳞状上皮细胞癌相关。     

哈族食管鳞癌中PLCE1基因启动子甲基化水平的实验研究

目的探讨PLCE1基因启动子甲基化与食管鳞癌发生发展的关系。方法分别用免疫组化(IHC)和甲基化特异PCR(MSP)方法检测51例新疆哈萨克族食管鳞癌及相应癌旁正常组织中PLCE1蛋白表达水平及其启动子甲基化水平,分析其与病理资料相关性;分别用Western blot及MSP检测食管鳞癌细胞在5-aza-dC作用前后PLCE1蛋白表达及启动子甲基化变化情况。结果新疆哈萨克族食管鳞癌组织中PLCE1蛋白表达高于癌旁正常组织,而其基因甲基化水平则较低(P 0.001),且蛋白高表达的癌组织中其甲基化水平低于蛋白低表达的癌组织(P=0.028),PLCE1甲基化水平与其蛋白表达水平具有明显的相关性(χ~2=4.791,P=0.028),并与患者的淋巴结及远处转移(χ~2=7.242,P=0.027)和TNM分期(χ~2=7.883,P=0.019)明显相关;在食管鳞癌细胞系中PLCE1甲基化程度同样与蛋白表达水平成反比,5-aza-dC处理可抑制TE-1和Kyse150的PLCE1甲基化,提高其蛋白表达。结论食管鳞癌组织中PLCE1甲基化低与其蛋白表达高、淋巴结和远处转移及TNM分期相关,5-aza-dC处理可抑制PLCE1甲基化程度,增高其蛋白表达。     

乳腺癌发生过程中NOEY2基因启动子区甲基化及mRNA表达

目的 探讨乳腺癌发生过程中抑癌基因NOEY2启动子区甲基化状态及其对mRNA表达的影响。方法 应用甲基化特异性PCR及双亚硫酸钠基因测序技术检测MCF10模型中乳腺增生细胞系MCF10A、癌前细胞系MCF10AT、导管内癌细胞系MCFIODCIS．com、浸润癌细胞系MCF10CA1a、MCF10CA1d、MCF10CA1h及正常乳腺组织中NOEY2基因启动子区CpG岛Ⅰ甲基化状态,然后用RT-PCR和实时PCR技术检测上述样品的mRNA表达水平。结果 MCF10模型的增生细胞系、癌前细胞系、导管内癌细胞系、浸润癌细胞系均发生该基因启动子区CpG岛Ⅰ高度甲基化;与正常乳腺组织相比,上述细胞系mRNA表达显著减少。结论 NOEY2基因启动子区高度甲基化及相应的mRNA表达减少是乳腺癌发生过程中的早期事件,与乳腺癌发生有关,可能成为早期诊断乳腺癌的潜在分子生物学标记。     

5-Aza-CdR对人结肠癌Caco-2细胞系P16基因甲基化状态及其生物学表型的影响

目的 观察人结肠癌Caco-2细胞系P16基因启动子区甲基化状态,并探讨去甲基化制剂5-氮杂-2-脱氧胞苷(5-Aza-CdR)诱导高甲基化失活的P16基因重新表达的可能性及其对细胞生长的影响.方法 用不同浓度的5-Aza-CdR处理Caco-2细胞系,MSP法检测用药前后P16基因的甲基化状态,RT-PCR方法检测P16基因mRNA表达.MIT法观察细胞生长速度,流式细胞仪检测细胞周期、细胞凋亡率.结果 P16基因在人结肠癌细胞系Caco-2中启动子区呈甲基化状态,经过5-Aza-CdR处理后,P16基因启动子区呈去甲基化状态,其mRNA重新表达.CpC岛去甲基化后能明显地抑制细胞的生长,诱导细胞凋亡,影响细胞周期分布,并具有良好的量效依赖关系.结论 5-Aza-CdR能够逆转P16基因甲基化状态,调控P16基因表达并有效地抑制肠癌细胞增殖.     

乳腺癌发生模型MCF10各细胞系中WT1基因启动子区甲基化及mRNA表达研究

目的通过观察乳腺癌发生模型MCF10中WT1基因启动子区甲基化状态和mRNA表达水平,探讨该基因在乳腺癌发生中的作用。方法应用甲基化特异性PCR及双亚硫酸钠基因测序技术检测MCF10模型的乳腺增生细胞系MCF10A、癌前细胞系MCF10AT、导管内癌细胞系MCF10DCIS．com、浸润癌细胞系（MCF10CAla、MCF10CA1d、MCF10CA1h）、经典乳腺癌细胞系MCF7及正常乳腺组织中WT1基因启动子区甲基化状态,然后用逆转录．聚合酶链反应（RT—PCR）和即时定量PCR技术检测上述样品的mRNA表达水平。结果在MCF10模型的增生细胞系MCF10A、癌前细胞系MCF10AT、导管内癌细胞系MCF10DCIS．com、浸润癌细胞系（MCF10CAla、MCF10CA1d、MCF10CA1h）、经典乳腺癌细胞系MCF7中,WT1基因启动子均处于高度甲基化状态。与正常乳腺组织相比,WT1基因mRNA在MCFl0模型的增生细胞系、癌前细胞系、导管内癌细胞系、浸润癌细胞系和经典乳腺癌细胞系MCF7中的表达均有不同程度的增加（MCF10A、MCF10AT、MCF10CAla、MCF10CA1d、MCF10CA1h、MCF10DCIS、MCF7的WT1基因mRNA表达量分别是正常乳腺组织3．23、1．94、4．20、1．53、4．20、4．35、28．69倍）。结论乳腺癌发生过程中WnmRNA的表达不被启动子甲基化所抑制;可WT1mRNA过表达出现于乳腺癌发生的早期阶段,提示该基因在乳腺癌发生中起作用。     

5Aza-dc对癌细胞TIMP-3启动子去甲基化的作用

目的：观察5-氮杂-2'-脱氧胞苷（5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine，5Aza-dc）对癌细胞TIMP-3启动子甲基化的影响。 方法： 用5Aza-dc处理TIMP-3启动子甲基化的H2M肝癌细胞和A431表皮癌细胞，用Transwell检测癌细胞的侵袭及运动能力，用Western blot 检测TIMP-3的蛋白表达，用RT-PCR检测TIMP-3 mRNA的表达，用甲基化特异性PCR检测TIMP-3基因启动子的甲基化。 结果： （1）5Aza-dc作用后的H2M和A431细胞的侵袭及运动能力降低；（2）5Aza-dc作用后的H2M和A431细胞的TIMP-3蛋白及mRNA表达量增加；（3）5Aza-dc作用后的H2M和A431细胞的TIMP-3启动子区未检测到甲基化。 结论： 5Aza-dc可以使肝癌和表皮癌细胞TIMP-3启动子区去甲基化，使TIMP-3得以重新表达，恢复其抑制肿瘤侵袭和移动的能力。     

白血病Reh、HL-60、K562细胞系RUNX 3 基因P2启动子甲基化状态与RUNX 3 基因表达

目的: 研究人白血病Reh、HL-60与K562细胞系RUNX 3 基因P2启动子甲基化状态及RUNX 3 基因的表达,分析P2启动子甲基化与基因表达之间的关系。方法: 运用甲基化特异性PCR(MSP)和RT-PCR检测Reh、HL-60与K562细胞系RUNX 3 基因P2启动子的甲基化状态及RUNX 3 基因的表达。结果: Reh及K562细胞系RUNX 3 基因P2启动子甲基化特异性扩增呈阳性,非甲基化特异性扩增呈阴性,RT-PCR扩增呈阴性;而HL-60细胞系相反,甲基化特异性扩增呈阴性,而非甲基化特异性扩增呈阳性,RT-PCR扩增阳性。结论: Reh及K562细胞中存在RUNX 3 基因P2启动子的甲基化,且在不同类型白血病细胞系中的甲基化状态不同。     

乳腺癌发生模型MCF10各细胞系中APC基因启动子区甲基化及mRNA表达检测

目的探讨乳腺癌发生模型MCF10中抑癌基因APC启动子区甲基化状态及其对mRNA表达的影响。方法应用甲基化特异性聚合酶链反应（MSP）及双亚硫酸钠基因测序技术检测MCF10模型的乳腺增生细胞系MCF10A、癌前细胞系MCF10AT、导管内癌细胞系MCF10DCIS.com、浸润癌细胞系MCF10CA1a、MCF10CA1d、MCF10CA1h及经典乳腺癌细胞系MCF-7和正常乳腺组织中APC基因启动子1A甲基化状态,然后用逆转录聚合酶链反应（RT-PCR）和实时PCR技术检测上述样品的mRNA表达水平。结果在MCF10模型的增生细胞系、癌前细胞系、导管内癌细胞系、浸润癌细胞系中,APC基因启动子1A处于低甲基化状态;与正常乳腺组织相比,各细胞系APC基因mRNA表达无明显减少,MCF10AT、MCF10CA1d、MCF10CA1h、MCF10DCIS．com的mRNA表达分别减少0．27、0．96、1．78、2．70、2．03倍,MCF10A和MCF-7分别增加0．02和0．33倍）。结论MCF10模型中乳腺癌的发生发展过程与APC基因启动子区异常甲基化无关。     

乳腺癌中印记基因SLC22A18/TSSC5/BWR1A启动子区甲基化及mRNA表达的研究

目的： 研究印记基因SLC22A18启动子区甲基化对乳腺侵润性导管癌组织中的SLC22A18 mRNA表达的影响，探讨其与临床病理特征之间的关系。方法：实时荧光定量逆转录聚合酶链反应（real-time quantitative RT-PCR）方法检测40例乳腺侵润性导管癌及其癌旁组织中SLC22A18 mRNA的表达，甲基化特异性聚合酶链反应(MSP)检测SLC22A18基因启动子区的甲基化状态。检测DNA甲基转移酶抑制剂5-氮杂-2′-脱氧胞苷（5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine，5-aza-dc）和组蛋白去乙酰化酶抑制剂曲古霉素A（TSA）作用于乳腺癌细胞株MDA-MB-231后，对SLC22A18基因启动子区DNA甲基化和mRNA表达的影响。结果：SLC22A18在40例乳腺侵润性导管癌中mRNA表达量低于癌旁组织（0.12±0.10 vs 0.69±1.05，P＜0.01）；40例乳腺侵润性导管癌及对应癌旁组织中，SLC22A18启动子区的甲基化发生率分别为75％和37.5%，差异有统计学意义（P＜0.01）；在40例乳腺侵润性导管癌组织中，甲基化组SLC22A18 mRNA表达量低于非甲基化组（0.11±0.08 vs 0.24±0.18，P＜0.01）。5-aza-dc和5-aza-dc/TSA能不同程度逆转乳腺癌细胞株MDA-MB-231中SLC22A18基因的甲基化状态，并上调SLC22A18基因表达。结论：SLC22A18基因甲基化与乳腺癌发生有一定的关联，SLC22A18基因表达下调与其启动子区CpG岛异常甲基化相关。     

乳腺癌发生模型MCF10各阶段细胞系中TIMP3基因启动子区甲基化分析

目的探讨抑癌基因TIMP3失活与乳腺癌发生和进展的关系。方法用甲基化特异性PCR技术和亚硫酸盐测序技术检测乳腺癌发生模型MCF10的增生细胞系MCF10A、癌前细胞系MCF10AT、导管内癌细胞系MCF10DCIS.com、浸润癌细胞系MCF10CA1a和转移癌细胞系MCF10CA1d、MCF10CA1h中TIMP3启动子区甲基化状态。结果甲基化特异性PCR分析显示,在上述各细胞系中,TIMP3启动子区均呈高度甲基化状态。亚硫酸盐测序显示,在上述各细胞系中,测序区内的68个CG位点几乎全部发生了甲基化,且甲基化累及了绝大部分等位基因。结论TIMP3基因启动子区甲基化在乳腺癌的发生和进展中起重要作用,可能成为早期诊断乳腺癌和判断乳腺癌预后的分子生物学标记。     

DNA methylation-dependent silencing of CST6 in human breast cancer cell lines

Cystatin M (CST6) is a candidate breast cancer tumor suppressor that is expressed in normal and premalignant breast epithelium, but not in metastatic breast cancer cell lines. CST6 is subject to epigenetic silencing in MCF-7 breast cancer cells related to methylation of the CpG island that encompasses the CST6 proximal promoter region and exon 1. In the current study, CST6 CpG island methylation and expression status was examined in a panel of breast cancer cell lines. Seven of 12 (58%) cell lines lack detectable expression of CST6 and treatment of these cells with 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine resulted in a significant increase in CST6 expression, suggesting that the loss of expression may be related to methylation-dependent epigenetic silencing. Bisulfite sequencing of CST6 in a subset of breast cancer cell lines revealed CpG island hypermethylation in CST6-negative cells, and an absence of CpG island methylation in cells that express CST6. The extent of regional methylation was strongly associated with the lack of expression of CST6 among these cell lines. In particular, hypermethylation of the proximal promoter was significantly associated with CST6 gene silencing, and methylation of a number of individual CpGs was found to be statistically correlated with extinction of gene expression. These results establish a strong link between CST6 promoter hypermethylation and loss of CST6 expression in breast cancer cell lines, and suggest that methylation-dependent epigenetic silencing of CST6 may represent an important mechanism for loss of CST6 during breast carcinogenesis in vivo.     

Methylation patterns of IGFBP7 in colon cancer cell lines are associated with levels of gene expression

Altered expression of insulin-like growth factor binding protein 7 (IGFBP7) has been found in colon cancer, but the exact regulatory mechanism has not been fully investigated. In order to elucidate the mechanisms underlying aberrant IGFBP7 expression in colon cancer, we used bisulphite sequencing PCR (BSP) to detect the detailed methylation profiles of the IGFBP7 5' CpG island. Exon 1 of the IGFBP7 gene was highly methylated in IGFBP7-negative cell lines but unmethylated in IGFBP7-positive lines. The methylation status of the promoter region and the intron 1 region was not so discriminating in IGFBP7-positive and -negative cell lines. Methylation-specific PCR (MSP) confirmed the hypermethylation of IGFBP7 exon 1 in IGFBP7-negative cell lines. Treatment with 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-aza-dC) induced demethylation of the CpG island in exon 1 of IGFBP7, as examined by both MSP and bisulphate genomic sequencing. Furthermore, the expression of IGFBP7 was restored, as detected by both RT-PCR and immunocytochemistry. Our study is the first to provide detailed methylation profiles of the IGFBP7 5' CpG island and shows that hypermethylation of the CpG island in exon 1 of IGFBP7 is closely related to the absence of its expression in colon cancer cells.     

Epigenetic dysregulation of the death-associated protein kinase/p14/HDM2/p53/Apaf-1 apoptosis pathway in multiple myeloma

AIM: To study the role of gene promoter hypermethylation of the putative tumour suppressor genes involved in the death-associated protein (DAP) kinase/p14/HDM2/p53/Apaf-1 apoptosis pathway in multiple myeloma (MM). Method: DNAs from 55 primary MM marrow samples and myeloma cell lines were analysed for aberrant promoter methylation of DAP kinase, p14 and Apaf-1 genes by methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction (MSP). Result: In the methylated positive control, the sensitivity of M-MSP for DAP kinase was 1 x 10(-3). Aberrant hypermethylation of DAP kinase was found in 29/55 (52.7%) primary MM samples, whereas hypermethylation of p14 or Apaf-1 was undetectable in any of the samples tested. 5-Azacytidine treatment of two myeloma cell lines, WL2 and HS-Sultan, led to de-methylation and re-expression of DAP kinase, thereby confirming gene silencing associated with promoter hypermethylation. Hypermethylation of DAP kinase did not correlate with age, sex, paraprotein subtype or Durie-Salmon stage, but negatively affected the overall survival. CONCLUSION: Of the putative tumour suppressor genes in the DAP kinase/p14/HDM2/p53/Apaf-1 apoptosis pathway, only DAP kinase is frequently methylated in MM, which is associated with gene silencing and might be of prognostic significance. p14 and Apaf-1 were not methylated in MM.     

Prognostic CpG Methylation Biomarkers Identified by Methylation Array in Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Patients

Background: Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is an aggressive cancer with poor prognosis. We aimed to identify a panel of CpG methylation biomarkers for prognosis prediction of ESCC patients.Methods: Illumina''s GoldenGate methylation array, supervised principal components, Kaplan-Meier survival analyses and Cox regression model were conducted on dissected tumor tissues from a training cohort of 40 ESCC patients to identify potential CpG methylation biomarkers. Pyrosequencing quantitative methylation assay were performed to validate prognostic CpG methylation biomarkers in 61 ESCC patients. The correlation between DNA methylation and RNA expression of a validated marker, SOX17, was examined in a validation cohort of 61 ESCC patients.Results: We identified a panel of nine CpG methylation probes located at promoter or exon1 region of eight genes including DDIT3, FES, FLT3, NTRK3, SEPT5, SEPT9, SOX1, and SOX17, for prognosis prediction in ESCC patients. Risk score calculated using the eight-gene panel statistically predicted poor outcome for patients with high risk score. These eight-gene also showed a significantly higher methylation level in tumor tissues than their corresponding normal samples in all patients analyzed. In addition, we also detected an inverse correlation between CpG hypermethylation and the mRNA expression level of SOX17 gene in ESCC patients, indicating that DNA hypermethylation was responsible for decreased expression of SOX17.Conclusions: This study established a proof-of-concept CpG methylation biomarker panel for ESCC prognosis that can be further validated by multiple cohort studies. Functional characterization of the eight prognostic methylation genes in our biomarker panel could help to dissect the mechanism of ESCC tumorigenesis.     

结直肠癌细胞中脾酪氨酸激酶基因甲基化状态和表达的关系

目的：探讨结直肠癌细胞中脾酪氨酸激酶基因甲基化和表达的关系。方法：应用亚硫酸盐修饰测序、甲基化特异性聚合酶链反应和蛋白印迹技术检测结直肠癌细胞脾酪氨酸激酶的甲基化状态以及表达情况；荧光素酶报告分析法研究启动子区域CpG岛的甲基化与启动子活性的关系；甲基化转移酶抑制剂处理脾酪氨酸激酶甲基化失表达的结直肠癌细胞株，观察处理前后细胞内脾酪氨酸激酶基因甲基化状态和表达情况。结果：（1）23个结直肠癌细胞中，9个细胞启动子发生甲基化而失去蛋白质表达；其余则正常表达，甲基化发生率为39.2％；（2）9个甲基化的细胞中，7个存在微卫星不稳定；而14个未发生甲基化的细胞中，仅有4个存在微卫星不稳定。二者之间的差异显著（P<0.05）；（3）脾酪氨酸激酶启动子全长和未甲基化启动子荧光素酶的活性分别是甲基化组的4.5和4.7倍；5-Aza-CdR可恢复甲基化启动子的活性；（4）5-Aza-CdR可去甲基化而使脾酪氨酸激酶基因重新表达，而且具有时间依从性。结论：结直肠癌细胞中，启动子区域的甲基化导致Syk基因丧失表达，5-Aza-CdR可以去甲基化而恢复脾酪氨酸激酶基因的表达。     

髓母细胞瘤与幕上原始神经外胚叶肿瘤中RASSF1A基因的甲基化差异

目的通过研究髓母细胞瘤与幕上原始神经外胚叶肿瘤（SPNET）中RASSF1A基因的甲基化改变,探讨颅内原始神经外胚叶肿瘤（PNET）的不同亚型中该基因的表遗传学差异及其意义。方法收集25例原发髓母细胞瘤,9例原发SPNET,3株髓母细胞瘤细胞系和2株SPNET细胞系。采用甲基化特异性聚合酶链反应（MSP）检测RASSF1A基因启动子区的甲基化状态。应用去甲基化试剂5-aza-2’deoxycytidine处理存在基因表达缺失的细胞系,探讨基因表达与甲基化之间的关系。结果100％（25／25）的原发髓母细胞瘤、6／9的原发SPNET及全部PNET细胞系中均检测到RASSFIA基因的甲基化。相反,该基因甲基化在全部正常组织（包括2例小脑,5例大脑）中均未检测到。并且,RASSF1A在SPNET中的甲基化率明显低于髓母细胞瘤（Fisher精确检验,P=0．014）。在经去甲基化试剂处理的PNET细胞中,该基因表达得以恢复,证明甲基化与该基因沉默相关。结论RASSF1A甲基化是肿瘤特异性的,RASSF1A甲基化与PNET的发生有一定关联,不同亚型的PNET之间RASSF1A基因的不同甲基化状态提示髓母细胞瘤和SPNET是表遗传学上存在差异的两类肿瘤。