高频CDFI超声对乳腺肿块诊断与病理对照分析

目的 探讨良恶性乳腺肿块高频二维声像图和CDFI血流状况与病理对照研究。方法58例乳腺肿块经高频超声观察其形态、边界、边缘、内部回声、有无后方衰减和侧方声影等，再用CDFI检测肿块内部与周边血流。结果在乳腺肿块声像图诊断中，以边界回声特征最为重要，它是肿块良恶性鉴别的关键。本组典型乳腺癌形态不规则，边界不清，内部回声不均，部分有钙化斑点，后方回声衰减，前缘与侧缘有强回声晕，同时CDFI检出丰富血流信号。不典型乳腺癌肿块边缘规则，后方回声无衰减，可见侧方声影。结论高频CDFI超声诊断乳腺肿块良恶性病变，符合率高，具有重要的临床价值。但要对不典型乳腺癌与乳腺良性疾病做出明确鉴别，尚待进一步研究。     

高频超声及彩色多普勒对乳腺肿块的诊断与探讨

目的　探讨高频超声及彩色多普勒联合应用对乳腺肿块的诊断价值。方法　 76例乳腺肿块经二维超声了解其形态、边界、内部回声 ,有无后方衰减及侧方声影 ,然后用彩色多普勒检查肿块内有无血流信号。结果　二维声像图特征 ,良性肿块表现为 :形态规则 ,边界清晰 ,内部回声均匀 ,纵横比 <1。恶性肿块多表现为 :形态不规则 ,边界不清 ,内部回声不均匀 ,有后方衰减 ,纵横比 >1。彩色多普勒显像 ,恶性肿块多有丰富血流信号。结论　二维超声及彩色多普勒诊断乳腺肿块 ,判断其良恶性 ,准确率较高 ,有较大的临床应用价值     

180例乳腺良恶性肿块的二维及彩色多普勒超声特征分析

目的探讨乳腺良恶性肿块的二维声像图特征及彩色多普勒血流显像对乳腺肿块的诊断价值。方法对180例乳腺良恶性肿块的大小、形态、边界、有无包膜、内部回声、钙化灶、后方回声、侧方声影、及彩色多普勒超声血流数、血流信号的形态特征进行观察和研究并与术后病理结果对比。结果乳腺良恶性肿块在形态、边界、有无包膜、内部回声、钙化灶、后方回声、侧方声影等方面具有明显差异。乳腺恶性肿块的血流较良性明显丰富,穿入型血流多见于乳腺恶性肿块,环绕型血流多见于良性肿块。恶性肿块Vmax和RI值均高于良性肿块。结论根据乳腺二维超声图像特征,结合彩色多普勒血流显像,尤其是穿人型血流和较多的血流数及RI值测定,明显提高了乳腺恶性肿瘤的诊断率,具有很好的临床应用价值。     

乳腺肿块的超声诊断

目的 回顾性分析经手术病理证实的455例乳腺肿块的声像图特征和彩色多普勒特点，以提高乳腺肿瘤超声定性诊断的符合率。方法 对乳腺肿块进行二维超声检查，了解其形态、边界、边缘、内部回声、有无后方衰减及侧方声影等，然后进行了彩色多普勒血流检查，观察肿块内部及周边血流情况，并分别与病理结果对照。结果 在乳腺肿块声像图诊断中，以肿块边界回声特征最为重要，它是肿块良、恶性鉴别的关键。本文大多数恶性肿块形态不规则，边界不清，内部回声不均匀，肿块前、侧缘有不规则强回声，同时彩色多普勒检出丰富血流信号。良性肿瘤多表现为边界光滑，侧缘回声减弱，彩色多普勒不能检出或检出少量星点状血流信号。结论 超声声像图及彩色多普勒特征，对乳腺肿瘤性质的判断有较大的临床应用价值。     

二维及彩色多普勒超声在乳腺肿块鉴别诊断中的应用

目的探讨二维及彩色多普勒超声在乳腺肿块鉴别诊断方面的临床应用价值。方法对106例经手术病理证实的乳腺肿块病例的二维及彩色多普勒超声表现与病理结果进行回顾性对比分析。结果在乳腺肿块的声像图诊断中，以形态、边界特征最为重要，它是肿块良、恶性鉴别的关键，大多数良性肿块表现为形态规则、边缘整齐光滑、有完整包膜、内部回声均匀、后方回声增强；而大多数恶性肿块表现为形态不规则、边缘粗糙、边界不清、内部回声不均匀、后方回声衰减。恶性肿块的血流显示率明显高于良性肿块，血流分布以Ⅱ、Ⅲ级为主，良性肿块则以0、Ⅰ级为主。结论乳腺肿块的超声诊断应以二维声像图为基础，同时结合彩色多普勒血流丰富程度，两者联合应用可提高超声对乳腺肿块的诊断符合率。     

二维及彩超在乳腺良恶性肿块鉴别诊断中的价值

目的 探讨二维及彩超在乳腺良恶性肿块鉴别诊断中的价值。方法 45例肿块经二维超声了解其形态、边界、边缘、内部回声、有无后方衰减及侧方声影；然后用彩色多普勒检查，观察肿块内部血流丰富程度，并根据其丰富程度分成4个等级，并测量阻力指数。结果 良恶性乳腺肿块二维声像特征存在一定重叠；二者血流丰富程度及阻力指数有助于鉴别诊断。结论 二维声像图与彩色多普勒相结合，在乳腺良恶性肿块的鉴别诊断中，有着重要的诊断价值。     

频谱多普勒在乳腺病变良恶性鉴别中的临床应用价值

目的为乳腺良恶性病变的早期鉴别提供依据。方法对乳腺病变进行二维超声检查，了解其形态、边界、边缘、内部回声、有无后方衰减及侧方声影等，并进行了彩色多普勒血流检查，观察肿块内部及周边血流情况，然后进行频谱测量分析，与病理结果对照。结果频谱多普勒对乳腺病变的良恶性鉴别有较高准确率。结论在乳腺肿块诊断中，频谱测量分析对肿块良、恶性鉴别非常关键。     

超声检查在乳腺疾病诊断中的应用价值

目的总结乳腺不同疾病超声声像图的特点,旨在提高超声检查在乳腺疾病诊断中的应用价值。方法彩色多普勒超声诊断仪对78例乳腺肿块扫查,通过对比肿块的部位、血流、形态、边界、包膜、内部回声、有无后方回声衰减、侧方声影及同侧腋窝淋巴结的变化进行诊断。结果本组检查显示,超声检查乳腺良性肿块准确率为89.83%,恶性肿块诊断准确率为84.21%。结论随着超声技术的不断发展,超声检查方法简便、经济、无创伤、无痛苦,可多次重复检查,准确率高,可作为筛查乳腺疾病的首选方法。     

乳腺肿块76例彩色多普勒超声诊断分析

目的探讨彩色多普勒超声诊断乳腺肿块性质的价值。方法对76例乳腺肿块,以二维超声了解其形态、边缘、内部回声、有无后方衰减等,以彩色多普勒观察肿块内部及周边血流分布。结果经手术和病理证实的肿块,其中良性肿块51例,恶性肿块25例。其中恶性肿块血流显示率明显增高,收缩期最高血流速度及阻力指数高于良性肿块。结论彩色多普勒血流显像检查,可以提高乳腺恶性肿瘤的诊断率。     

高频超声对乳腺肿块的诊断价值

目的 探讨良恶性乳腺肿块的二维声像图特点。方法 126例乳肿腺块经二维高频超声了解其形态、边界、边缘、内部回声、有无后方衰减及侧方声影等情况。结果 大多数良恶性乳腺肿瘤的声像图有显著特征，易于分辨。结论 高频超声诊断乳腺良恶性肿瘤，诊断率高，具有较大的，临床应用价值。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.