Foot-operated door opener to eliminate the door handle as a source of contamination

Aim: As door handles represent a transmission route for viruses and micro-organisms, a door opening and closing mechanism should be developed without manual operation.Method: To solve the problem, a device for opening the door with the help of a foot pedal was built into the door leaf.Results: The design enables mechanical opening of the door with a foot pedal without manual operation. Subsequently, the door closes with the help of a mechanical locking mechanism.Discussion: The foot-operated door opener constitutes an additional option to the door handle. Together with the equipment of a soft closing mechanism, it is possible to prevent noise emanating from the door latch impinging on the door frame. Using this construction, the door handle as a transmission vector is eliminated. In addition, the transport of goods held with two hands simultaneously is facilitated.Conclusion: With a foot-operated door opener instead of the traditional manual door handle, it is possible to open doors with a foot pedal. This prevents contamination of door handles with pathogens.     

北京市大兴区医用X线诊断卫生管理现状及对策

目的了解《放射性同位素与射线装置安全和防护条例》以及《放射诊疗管理规定》实施以来北京市大兴区使用医用诊断X线机（包括X线CT机）的医疗机构放射卫生管理存在的问题，提出相应对策，以便更好地保护放射工作人员及公众的健康与安全。方法于2007年6-7月对该区有关单位的卫生管理现状进行现场调查。结果40家使用医用诊断X线机的医疗单位86间机房面积合格率仅为30．2％，墙、门、窗防护合格率为96．5％，受检者防护用品配备率为89．5％工作人员持证率为82．0％。结论该区医疗机构放射卫生管理中存在一些问题，各医疗单位应进一步落实国家法律、法规的各项要求，监督机构加大监督执法力度。     

Minimizing entrance door thickness for direct-entry radiotherapy rooms

When medical linear accelerator rooms are constructed without entrance mazes, the entrance doors can be as thick as 50 cm, weigh 10,000 kg, and cost 50-60 thousand dollars. We describe a method of room design in which the therapy unit is positioned 180 degrees from the usual orientation. A short stub wall that attenuates the leakage component of the secondary radiation protects the door. Using this approach, the door can be reduced to approximately half the usual thickness with a significant impact on cost. For these motor-driven doors, there are also long-term benefits related to maintenance of the operating hardware.     

肥东县放射卫生监督监测结果分析

目的　探索适合乡镇卫生院放射防护及管理的有效方法。方法　对全县 33个放射工作单位 4 1台X光机进行摸底、建档、防护改造前后的防护区空气照射量率和输出量进行监测、分析。结果　乡镇卫生院放射防护设施十分简陋 ,尤其是机房门窗防护 ,2 7个单位中仅有一个单位机房门窗有防护 ,33个检测不合格点中有 30个检测点位于X光机防咳板处。结论　加强乡镇卫生院机房门窗和X光机防咳板的防护 ,机房门防护和X光机防咳板面积的增加可用 2mm马口铁镶两层 ,主墙窗户必须用 2mmpb当量铅板防护 ,乡镇卫生院提倡隔室透视     

北京铁路沿线小食堂食品安全管理现状调查

目的了解北京铁路沿线小食堂食品安全管理现状,探讨符合实际的管理方法,提高食品安全管理水平。方法查阅北京铁路沿线小食堂主管部门食品安全管理档案,现场检查小食堂50个,填写调查表格。结果北京铁路沿线小食堂共有381个,分别属于负责维护基础线路、信号、桥梁等的工务段、电务段、车务段、供电段、大型机械维修段等部门。小食堂面积以8—20m^2的居多。管理分为2种方式,一种为家庭厨房式,共有184个,每个食堂就餐人数3～7人,无专职炊事员,职工轮流做饭;一种为工地食堂式,共有197个,每个食堂就餐人数8—39人,有一二名专兼职炊事员。现场检查结果显示,在基础设施方面,有26个小食堂与外界直接相通的门无防鼠板,有17个防蝇纱门、纱窗破损,13个排风扇处无网罩;有29个水池不足3个,有7个没有库房;在卫生管理方面,有36个不能出示炊事员卫生知识培训记录,有31个不能出示内部管理检查记录,有27个食品采购索证索票及台账记录不合格,有12个生熟用具混用。结论北京铁路沿线小食堂卫生设施及管理不达标,必须采取有效措施,降低发生食源性疾患的危险。     

Calculation of shielding door thicknesses for radiation therapy facilities using the ITS Monte Carlo program

Shielding calculations for door thicknesses for megavoltage radiotherapy facilities with mazes are generally straightforward. To simplify the calculations, the standard formalism adopts several approximations relating to the average beam path, scattering coefficients, and the mean energy of the spectrum of scattered radiation. To test the accuracy of these calculations, the Monte Carlo program, ITS, was applied to this problem by determining the dose and energy spectrum of the radiation at the door for 4- and 10-MV bremsstrahlung beams incident on a phantom at isocenter. This was performed for mazes, one termed "standard" and the other a shorter maze where the primary beam is incident on the wall adjacent to the door. The peak of the photon-energy spectrum at the door was found to be the same for both types of maze, independent of primary beam energy, and also, in the case of the conventional maze, of the primary beam orientation. The spectrum was harder for the short maze and for 10 MV vs. 4 MV. The thickness of the lead door for a short maze configuration was 1.5 cm for 10 MV and 1.2 cm for 4 MV vs. approximately less than 1 mm for a conventional maze. For the conventional maze, the Monte Carlo calculation predicts the dose at the door to be lower than given by NCRP 49 and NCRP 51 by about a factor of 2 at 4 MV but to be the same at 10 MV. For the short maze, the Monte Carlo predicts the dose to be a factor of 3 lower for 4 MV and about a factor of 1.5 lower for 10 MV. Experimental results support the Monte Carlo findings for the short maze.     

北京市某区餐厅室内空气细颗粒物浓度水平现况研究

目的了解餐厅室内空气细颗粒物（PM2.5）的污染现状,揭示各影响因素的作用,为卫生标准及政策法规的制定提供科学依据。方法采用分层抽样方法选择北京市某区42家餐厅,使用AM-510智能防爆粉尘仪进行餐厅室内外细颗粒物浓度的检测,同时记录餐厅内人员数量、吸烟者数量等情况,比较不同类别餐厅、室内外细颗粒物浓度的差异,分析影响因素与室内细颗粒物浓度的关系。结果 42家餐厅室内、外PM2.5平均浓度分别为194μg/m3、76μg/m3,室内比室外高155.26%;有吸烟的餐厅室内PM2.5平均浓度高于室外206μg/m3（228.89%）且差异有统计学意义,无吸烟的餐厅室内与室外水平基本相当;中式正餐厅吸烟比例、PM2.5浓度水平高于中式快餐厅和西式快餐厅且差异有统计学意义,而中式快餐厅和西式快餐厅室内外PM2.5浓度水平相当;大、中、小型餐厅吸烟比例、PM2.5浓度水平差异无统计学意义;餐饮业量化分级管理的A、B、C级餐厅吸烟比例、PM2.5浓度水平差异亦无统计学意义;经Spearman非参数相关分析,室内与室外PM2.5浓度存在正相关且有统计学意义,室内无吸烟的餐厅该相关关系更为紧密,而有吸烟的餐厅室内与室外PM2.5浓度无相关关系,以无吸烟餐厅的PM2.5浓度为应变量（y）,其室外PM2.5浓度为自变量（x）进行一元线性回归分析,回归方程为y（μg/m3）=0.828x＋9.456（R2=0.862,F=100.327,P〈0.001）;餐厅室内PM2.5浓度与吸烟支数密度存在正相关关系（r=0.814,P〈0.001）。结论餐厅内细颗粒物污染严重;吸烟和室外空气PM2.5浓度是影响餐厅室内PM2.5浓度的主要因素。     

外出体检管理子系统在国际旅行卫生保健中心的应用

目的为了提高保健中心的管理水平,提升保健中心的服务质量,本着上门服务的原则,更好地体现中心的服务理念,设计开发《国际旅行卫生保健信息管理系统》外出体检管理子系统,一方面解决保健中心外出体检管理的规范性问题,另一方面也解决了客户舟车劳顿的烦恼。方法将中心生产服务器中的基本数据信息通过专用工具一键同步到外出体检服务器中,保证中心与外出体检在收费项目、体检项目上完全一致;工作完毕,将外出体检服务器上的生产数据一键导入到中心生产服务器中。结果工作人员通过该子系统正确、方便地将外出体检数据进行整理,保证了与中心工作的一致性,准确地将外出体检数据导入到中心生产服务器中。结论《国际旅行卫生保健信息管理系统》外出体检管理子系统,一方面解决客户舟车劳顿的烦恼的问题,另一方面也提高保健中心内部规范化管理水平和对外服务的质量和效率,实现了保健中心体检规范管理的延伸。     

Environmental tobacco smoke leakage from smoking rooms

Twenty-seven laboratory experiments were conducted in a simulated smoking room to quantify rates of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) leakage to a nonsmoking area as a function of the physical and operational characteristics of the smoking room. Data are presented for the various types of leakage flows, the effect of these leaks on smoking room performance and nonsmoker exposure, and the relative importance of each leakage mechanism. The results indicate that the first priority for an effective smoking room is to maintain it depressurized with respect to adjoining nonsmoking areas. The amount of ETS pumped out by the smoking room door when it is opened and closed can be reduced significantly by substituting a sliding door for the standard swing-type door. An "open doorway" configuration used twice the ventilation flow of those with smoking room doors, but yielded less reduction in nonsmoker exposure. Measured results correlated well with results modeled with mass-balance equations (R(2) = 0.82-0.99). Most of these results are based on sulfur hexafluoride (SF(6)) tracer gas leakage. Because five measured ETS tracers showed good correlation with SF(6), these conclusions should apply to ETS leakage as well. Field tests of a designated smoking room in an office building qualitatively agreed with model predictions.     

北京市西城区居民对家庭医生式服务的需求情况调查

目的 了解北京市西城区居民对家庭医生式服务的需求现状,为家庭医生式服务的深入推进提供参考.方法 采用自行设计的调查问卷,采取整群随机抽样的方法对西城区2 861名居民进行调查.结果 服务需求排在前5位的依次是中医药服务,健康咨询,及时得到医疗服务,慢病管理和康复训练,对空巢、行动不便的老人提供上门服务.老年人群和慢性病人群的前5位需求与全体调查人群基本一致.82.4%的居民赞同患病后首先由全科医生进行诊治,94.9%的居民愿意继续与全科医生团队保持签约关系.结论 社区居民对家庭医生式服务接受度高,服务需求存在差异.建议遵循按需服务的工作原则,推出更满足居民需求的签约服务内容.同时继续加强全科医学人才队伍建设,逐步开展社区首诊的实践.