Treatment of aseptic nonunion after intramedullary nailing fixation with locking plate

Objective: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of locking plate combined with bone grafting in the treatment of aseptic nonunion following intramedullary nailing fixation of fractures of the long bones. Methods: Thirty‐eight consecutive patients treated in our hospital between January 2004 and December 2006 were included in this retrospective study. The nonunions included 20 femurs, 15 tibias, and 3 humeri. The duration of non‐union ranged from 6 to 84 months and 21 (55.3%) of them were located around the metaphysis of the affected long bones. There were 12 women and 26 men with a mean age of 39.2 years (range, 9–70 years). Locking plate combined with bone grafting was the procedure chosen to treat every case of nonunion in this series. The clinical outcomes were evaluated. Results: All patients were followed up for 6–20 months (average 11.6 months). After locking plate fixation combined with bone grafting, union was achieved in all cases, the average healing time being 5.3 months (range, 4–8 months). Infection of the superficial incision occurred in three cases (7.9%) and delayed healing of the incision in one case, all of which healed with no further complications. The function of the adjacent joints was excellent to good in 30 patients (78.9%), fair in 7 (18.4%) and poor in 1 (2.6%) after follow‐up. Conclusion: Locking plate fixation combined with bone grafting is a highly effective treatment for aseptic nonunions of the long bones after intramedullary nailing fixation, especially in the case of metaphyseal nonunion.     

附加钢板治疗髓内钉固定后股骨肥大性骨不连

目的:探讨附加钢板治疗髓内钉固定后股骨肥大性骨不连的安全性和有效性。方法:自1998年4月至2008年6月,应用附加钢板治疗9例髓内钉固定后股骨肥大性骨不连,男8例,女1例;年龄21～54岁,平均32岁。1例为股骨上1/3,5例为股骨中1/3,3例为股骨下1/3。采用4～6孔钛合金限制接触性窄动力接骨板,4～6枚皮质骨螺钉固定。6例骨不连间隙大于5mm,4例采用单纯髂骨植骨,2例固骼生和髂骨混合植骨。3例小于5mm,1例植入固骼生,2例将修整的骨痂重新植入。术后保护性负重防止主钉断裂失效,逐渐恢复术前活动水平,术后1、3、6、12个月临床与影像学随诊。结果:6例取髂骨植骨或固骼生混合植骨患者,手术时间60～120min,出血量100～300ml;另3例单纯植入固骼生或骨痂植入患者,手术时间40～100min,出血量60～100ml。供骨区疼痛4例,3例1个月内缓解,1例3个月后缓解,无感染、钢板螺钉松动、断裂等。平均愈合时间8个月,5例术后6～11个月取出髓内钉和钢板。结论:附加钢板有效改善局部旋转不稳定,是治疗髓内钉固定后股骨肥大性骨不连的有效方法之一。     

带锁髓内钉治疗新鲜四肢长骨干骨折1224例疗效分析

目的总结带锁髓内钉治疗肱骨干、股骨干、股骨髁上、胫骨干和转子间骨折的疗效。方法自1996年10月至2004年6月间使用带锁髓内钉治疗的有完整资料的新鲜四肢骨折1224例,男778例,女446例;平均年龄39岁(16￣92岁)。骨折位于肱骨干92例,股骨转子间210例,股骨干488例,股骨髁上92例,胫骨342例。闭合骨折按AO分型:A型642例;B型364例;C型218例。开放骨折15例(GustiloⅠ型8例,GustiloⅡ型7例)。受伤至手术时间平均为8d(3h￣33d)。闭合复位1203例,切开复位23例;扩髓409例,非扩髓815例。结果平均随访时间为24个月(6￣70个月)。1204例骨折愈合,愈合率为98.2%,平均愈合时间为5个月(3￣12个月)。骨折不愈合22例,其中肱骨4例,股骨8例,股骨髁上4例,胫骨6例,总不愈合率为1.8%。术后无急性感染发生,3例发生晚期深部感染,总感染率为0.2%。术中16例发生严重骨折劈裂,4例为肱骨逆行髓内钉固定,4例Gamma钉固定,9例为股骨逆行髓内钉固定,占1.3%。6例发生医原性神经损伤,占0.4%。股骨髓内钉主钉断裂1例,锁钉断裂9例(0.6%)。晚期髓内钉末端骨折3例,占0.2%。53例主诉髓内钉尾端部位不适,占4.3%。结论闭合复位带锁髓内钉治疗骨干骨折在骨折愈合率、感染率、出血量、功能恢复情况和早期活动方面均较满意,是治疗骨干骨折较好的方法,但     

经皮自体骨髓移植治疗骨折不愈合的临床观察

目的：观察经皮自体骨髓移植治疗骨折不愈合的临床效果。方法：2001年6月至2007年12月,29例骨折不愈合采用经皮自体骨髓注射的方法治疗。男20例,女9例;年龄20～71岁,平均40岁。均为外伤性骨折,胫骨13例,股骨10例,肱骨3例,尺骨2例,桡骨1例,其中开放性11例。骨髓移植时所有患者经过手术内、外固定,髓内钉15例,钢板12例,外支架2例。病程6～12个月,平均8.5个月。骨不连类型：萎缩型26例,肥大型3例。所有病例予3次经皮自体骨髓注射,间隔1个月,骨髓注射量6～15ml。结果：29例全部获得随访,时间5～22个月,平均14个月。其中4例随访至第3次注射后3个月仍然未见明显骨痂形成,判定为治疗失败,改行自体植骨术（其中3例重新内固定）,随访结束。其余25例在3～8个月（平均4.5个月）内获得骨性愈合,到拆除固定时随访结束。结论：经皮自体骨髓移植是治疗骨折不愈合的有效手段,操作简单,经济安全。但是,稳定的内、外固定是自体骨髓移植的前提,骨缺损过多,骨折间隙〉5mm,骨不连且对线对位不良需要矫正者,不适宜采用该方法。     

附加锁定加压钢板联合植骨治疗股骨干骨折髓内钉固定术后无菌性骨不连

目的：探讨附加锁定加压钢板联合植骨治疗股骨干骨折髓内钉固定术后无菌性骨不连的手术方法及临床疗效.方法：2007年1月至2013年1月,收治股骨干骨折髓内钉固定术后无菌性骨不连患者21例,其中男18例,女3例;年龄23 ～64岁,平均37.7岁;骨不连时间9～62个月,平均（23.9±15.6）个月;根据Weber-Cech分型：肥大性骨不连10例,萎缩性骨不连7例,营养不良性骨不连4例.均不取髓内钉,断端切新、取自体骼骨植骨,附加6～8孔锁定加压钢板,近端及远端各拧入2～3枚单皮质锁钉固定.术后根据影像学结果部分负重直至完全负重,定期门诊随访进行临床及影像学评估.结果：21例患者均获得随访,时间8～24个月,平均（13.5±3.5）个月.所有患者获骨性愈合,临床愈合时间4～8个月,平均（6.0±1.0）个月;影像学愈合时间7～12个月,平均（9.1±1.5）个月.术后无感染,内固定松动、断裂等并发症发生.结论：附加锁定加压钢板联合植骨治疗股骨干骨折髓内钉固定术后无菌性骨不连的疗效满意,是一种简便、有效的方法.     

胫骨骨折手术治疗后不愈合的原因及预防

目的 探讨胫骨骨折因手术治疗所致不愈合的原因分析及预防方法。方法 对589例胫骨骨折（包括胫腓骨骨折）手术治疗，加压钢板内固定320例，其它固定方法269例，包括外固定架100例；其中121例行骨膜旋转移植，87例行带蒂或带血管复合组织皮瓣移植，112例行腓骨截骨术，97例行植骨术。结果 589例胫骨骨折仅13例发生骨不愈合，6例为坚硬的加压钢板取出后原骨折处再次发生骨折。其余均达骨性愈合，随访平均24个月。结论 正确选择内外固定装置及安放位置，保护好邻近骨膜并作骨膜放旋转移植，必要时作腓骨截骨术，胫骨中下段骨折常规植骨，胫骨骨不愈合和再骨折发生率是可以预防的。     

Diaphysäre Humeruspseudarthrosen

The development of humerus nonunion is dependent on the type of fracture, the extent of soft tissue stripping during surgery, the stability of the osteosynthesis, and multiple patient-dependent factors. Treatment should focus on nonunion pathogenesis. The gold standard for the treatment of oligotrophic, atrophic and infected nonunions is radical resection of the nonunion tissue, bone grafting and plate fixation, preferentially using locking plates. Reaming bone graft and stabilization with intramedullary (i.m.) nailing is utilized in hypertrophic nonunion. Since 1993, we have followed-up 51 patients after surgical treatment for humeral shaft nonunion. In eight of 35 cases (22.8%) treated with i.m. nailing, bone healing was not achieved, whereas in all 14 cases of nonunion treated with plate osteosynthesis bone healing occurred. Evaluation of failure in healing humeral shaft nonunion using the i.m. nailing technique revealed that the i.m. nail specifically designed to treat humeral shaft fractures showed several biomechanical and biological deficits for the treatment of nonunions. The major reason for failure in bone healing was a lack of bone grafting that is essential for osteoinduction in oligotrophic nonunions, loosening of locking screws, and unstable small implants.     

Locking compression plates for osteoporotic nonunions of the diaphyseal humerus

Poor bone quality increases the technical difficulty and complications of operative treatment of nonunions and delayed unions of the diaphyseal humerus in older patients. Plates with screws that lock to the plate (transforming each screw into a fixed blade) are intended to improve the fixation of poor quality bone. Twenty-four patients (20 women, four men) with an average age of 72 years (range, 52-86 years) were followed up for a minimum of 12 months after locking compression plate fixation of an osteopenic delayed union (nine patients) or nonunion (15 patients) of the diaphyseal humerus. Twelve patients had iliac crest cancellous bone grafts, two patients had local graft, and 13 patients had demineralized bone applied to the fracture site. All the fractures eventually healed; two healed after a second procedure for autogenous bone grafting in patients who initially received demineralized bone. Using a modification of the Constant and Murley shoulder score, the results were good or excellent in 22 patients, and fair in two patients. Locking compression plates provide stable fixation of poor quality bone in patients with delayed union or nonunion of the humerus. Successful union and restoration of function are achieved in most patients. We no longer consider osteoporosis a contraindication to operative fixation of an ununited fracture of the humeral diaphysis.     

钢板加异体骨板固定治疗股骨干骨折髓内钉固定术后骨折不愈合

目的:探讨采用钢板加对侧异体骨板固定治疗股骨干骨折交锁髓内钉固定术后骨折不愈合的临床疗效.方法:分析自2006年2月至2013年6月21例股骨干骨折髓内钉固定术后不愈合患者采用钢板加对侧异体骨板固定治疗,男12例,女9例;年龄18～62岁,平均34.8岁.骨折不愈合时间9～18个月,平均12.8个月.术后采用Merchan标准评定临床疗效.结果:21例患者伤口均Ⅰ期愈合,无感染、内固定物断裂、脂肪栓塞、旋转畸形及明显的短缩畸形等并发症.术后随访8～24个月,平均13.2个月.19例患者术后达到骨性愈合,平均愈合时间为6.2个月(4～9个月),2例出现骨折延迟愈合,经7～13个月观察获得骨性愈合.术后1年膝关节功能按Merchan标准评定:优13例,良6例,差2例.结论:应用钢板加对侧异体骨板固定治疗股骨干骨折髓内钉固定术后骨折不愈合具有治愈率高,并发症少,术后功能恢复良好的特点,能够提高骨折稳定性及促进骨痂生长.     

Nonunion of long bone fractures in children: a review of 30 cases

Nonunions after diaphyseal fractures of long bones in children are rare. Thirty diaphyseal nonunions in 30 children are reported. The sites of nonunion were tibia (15), femur (5), ulna (4), humerus (3), radius (2), and fibula (1). Nonunions in children tend to occur after high-energy trauma, particularly when the fracture is compound, there is soft tissue loss, and infection develops. Open reduction and internal fixation may contribute to nonunion, particularly when the fixation is inadequate or holds the fracture apart. Repeated manipulation of the fracture after open reduction may also contribute to nonunion. Treatment of the nonunion must be individualized, but usually requires excision of the nonunion fibrous tissue, bone grafting, and internal fixation. Electrical stimulation was not used. The average time from fracture to union was 14.7 months, and multiple surgical procedures were required.     

锁定钢板治疗股骨远端骨折的若干问题探讨附八例病例回顾

目的 探讨锁定钢板治疗股骨远端骨折存在的问题。方法 从2007年3月至2010年6月收治的股骨远端新鲜骨折或骨不连患者数据库中选取8例典型患者进行回顾性分析,其中 6例为新鲜骨折,2例为骨不连伴内置物失效。男7例,女1例;年龄37 ～63岁,平均48.5岁。原始骨折按AO分型：32-A1型2例,33-A1型1例,33-A3型1例,33-C2型4例;均为闭合性骨折。6例新鲜骨折患者中,5例采用闭合复位+微创内固定系统(LISS)经皮插入治疗,1例采用开放复位围关节解剖锁定钢板固定;2例骨不连伴内置物失效的患者采用原外侧手术入路切开,取出失效的螺钉和钢板,更换为LISS固定。结果 8例患者术后获平均22.1个月（12 ～ 30个月）随访。锁定钢板固定术后并发症：肥大型骨不连2例,萎缩型骨不连1例,骨折延迟愈合1例,股骨外翻畸形、骨不连1例,深部感染1例。受伤至骨折愈合时间平均为22个月（4 ～ 49个月）。末次随访时膝关节主动活动度为40°～125°,平均81.3°。结论 使用锁定钢板治疗股骨远端骨折时,应充分理解骨折部立和类型,严格掌握锁定钢板固定的原则和指征,否则易出现骨折延迟愈合和骨不连等并发症。     

Surgical treatment of proximal ulna nonunion

We reviewed our experience in the surgical treatment of 12 cases of proximal ulna nonunion. The primary injuries were 2 fracture-dislocations of the olecranon, 6 Monteggia lesions and 3 isolated fractures of the proximal ulna. According to the type of primary injury and its anatomical site, the nonunions were classified into 2 groups, considering that the nonunions nearest to the humerus-ulna joint present a more disabling clinical profile and are more difficult to treat: group A (6 patients — nonunion within 5 cm from the olecranon tip of the olecranon) and group B (6 patients — nonunion between 5 and 10 cm from the olecranon tip of the olecranon). In all cases, after fibrous callus debridement and bone surface remodelling, fixation was performed with plate and screws and homoplastic cortical bone graft (orthogonal or parallel to the plate) and an intercalary bone cylinder when the bone defect was severe. In 3 patients (group A), where the defect was smaller than 1 cm, fixation of the ulna was combined with a resection of the radial neck. Clinical-radiographic healing was achieved in all patients followed for a mean of 27 months. Complications included a case of nonunion due to failure of the intercalary graft with plate breakage. The patient healed after a new surgery performed with same technique. The score, according to the Broberg-Morrey scoring system, was 78 in group A patients and 93 in group B patients. The use of homoplastic cortical bone graft represents an effective technique to improve the mechanical properties of the fixation and supports biological union, even when the bone defect is severe.     

骨折内固定术后隐性感染致骨折不愈合及愈合不良的临床分析

目的 分析骨折内固定术后隐性感染致骨折不愈合及愈合不良的临床特点,并探讨其早期诊断方法 ,以期选择恰当的处理方法 .方法 自2001年1月至2006年1月收治骨折内固定术后隐性感染致骨折不愈合及愈合不良患者26例,股骨骨折15例,尺骨骨折2例,桡骨骨折3例,肱骨骨折3例,胫骨骨折3例.初次手术交锁髓内钉固定14例,钢板固定10例,普通髓内针固定2例.根据X线表现术前明确隐性感染诊断21例,术中发现脓液及炎性肉芽组织通过细蒲培养或病理检查明确诊断5例.细菌培养阳性17例,其中表皮葡萄球菌感染6例,金黄色葡萄球菌感染8例,大肠埃希菌感染3例.23例患者均取出原内固定物后行病灶清除、灌洗引流并行外固定架治疗,控制感染后重新内固定;3例保留原内固定物. 结果 患者经8～48个月(平均23.5个月)随访.骨折愈合22例,部分愈合2例,不愈合2例.3例感染复发,经二次清创愈合1例,2例形成窦道.一期植骨1例6个月感染复发,形成窦道,术后18个月骨折愈合,内固定物取出后窦道愈合. 结论 隐性感染与细菌毒性、解剖部位以及手术方式等均有一定关系,X线改变是诊断骨折内固定术后隐性感染的重要依据,骨折内固定术后隐性感染致骨折不愈合及愈合不良需要手术治疗.     

锁定钢板内固定联合植骨治疗股骨骨不连或伴骨缺损

目的 探讨锁定钢板内固定联合植骨治疗股骨骨不连或伴骨缺损的疗效。方法 2005年6月至2010年6月应用锁定钢板治疗80例股骨骨折术后骨不连或伴骨缺损的患者,男60例,女20例;年龄8～68岁,平均38.2岁。骨不连部位：股骨近端16例,股骨远端40例,股骨干24例。骨不连原因：内固定失效60例,外固定失败5例,感染15例。骨不连病理分型：非感染性骨不连65例,其中肥大型15例,营养不良型10例,萎缩型40例（其中20例伴有骨缺损）;感染性骨不连15例。骨不连病程6～150个月,平均16.5个月。58例患者使用微创内固定系统钢板固定,22例患者使用锁定加压钢板固定。所有患者均进行植骨,其中自体髂骨移植35例,局部滑行加骨痂植骨10例,自体植骨结合同种异体松质骨移植8例,同种异体松质骨结合人工骨移植7例,吻合血管游离腓骨移植20例。结果 所有患者术后获6 ～ 36个月（平均13.8个月）随访。骨不连均在4～8个月（平均5.3个月）牢固愈合。无切口感染、内置物断裂及松动等并发症发生。16例股骨近端骨不连患者采用Sanders 创伤后髋关节评分标准评定疗效：优10例,良5例,差1例,优良率为93.8％。40例股骨远端骨不连患者采用美国膝关节协会评分系统( KSS)评定疗效：优25例,良12例,差3例,优良率为92.5％。24例股骨干骨不连患者采用Sanders创伤后髋关节评分标准和KSS评定疗效：优21例,良2例,差1例,优良率为95.8％。结论 锁定钢板内固定辅以植骨能明显促进骨愈合,是治疗股骨骨不连或伴骨缺损的有效方法之。     

附加锁定加压钢板固定联合植骨治疗股骨转子下无菌性骨不连的疗效分析

目的:探讨附加锁定加压钢板联合植骨治疗股骨转子下无菌性骨不连的疗效。方法:回顾性分析2016年10月至2019年10月期间上海交通大学附属第六人民医院骨科收治的32例股骨转子下骨折髓内钉固定术后无菌性骨不连患者资料。男25例,女7例;年龄为27~68岁,平均50.5岁;骨不连时间为9~24个月,平均12.2个月。骨不连...     

改进植骨方式结合锁定加压钢板治疗胫骨中下段骨不连

目的：探讨改进植骨方式结合锁定加压钢板治疗胫骨中下段骨不连的方法.方法：自2011年1月至2012年12月,采用改进植骨方式结合锁定加压钢板治疗12例胫骨中下段骨不连患者,其中男8例,女4例;年龄20～69岁,平均47岁.初次外伤至此次骨不连手术时间为9个月～5年,平均1年7个月.伤后行外固定支架治疗4例,钢板内固定治疗6例,髓内钉治疗2例,其中2例来院时已出现钢板、螺钉断裂.11例为非感染性骨不连,1例为感染性骨不连.术前X线及CT检查提示全部病例有不同程度的死骨、硬化骨形成.术中记录手术时间、出血量,术后观察伤口愈合情况,并根据术后X线片复查情况评价骨愈合时间.术后10个月参照Johner-Wruhs标准对踝关节功能进行评分.结果：手术时间90～185 min,平均（125.00±20.15） min;术中出血量225～750ml,平均（415.00±120.00） ml.12例均获随访,时间10个月～2.5年,平均1.5年.术后复查X线片提示,全部病例4个月内骨断端形成骨桥样骨连接,3例6个月达到类骨板样骨愈合,其余9例术后8～12个月达到类骨板样骨愈合.术后未出现伤口感染,神经、血管损伤,钢板、螺钉断裂等手术并发症.术后10个月根据Johner-Wruhs标准进行踝关节功能评价,优10例,良1例,可1例.结论：采用改进植骨方式结合锁定加压钢板,在骨不连断端充分加压的基础上建立骨断端多点支撑,实现有效固定是治疗胫骨中下段骨不连的有效方法.     

锁定接骨板治疗老年肱骨近端骨折的近期疗效

目的 探讨锁定接骨板治疗老年肱骨近端骨折的近期疗效.方法 采用切开复位锁定接骨板内固定治疗26例老年肱骨近端骨折患者.结果 26例均获随访,时间6个月～2年.患者全部获得骨性愈合.未出现切口感染、骨不连及内固定物断裂等并发症.肩关节功能按照Neer评分标准:优17例,良7例,可2例.结论 肱骨近端锁定接骨板治疗老年肱骨近端骨折,损伤小、固定可靠,可提供早期功能锻炼、术后功能恢复好,近期疗效满意.     

Coupled exofixator for comminuted fracture of humeral shaft

umeralshaftfractureiscommonlyseenclinicallyandthetherapeuticmethodsvaried .Internalfixationwithsteelplatehadfrequentlybeenusedbefore ,butthenonunionratewashighbecauseofanextensivestrippingoftheperiosteumanddifficultyinmanipulationforsteel plateplacementin…     

锁定钢板内固定治疗四肢骨不连的临床研究

目的 评价锁定钢板内固定治疗四肢长骨骨不连的临床疗效.方法 对2003年2月至2006年10月应用锁定钢板内固定治疗61例骨不连患者的临床资料进行回顾性研究.其中男性44例,女性17例;年龄7～70岁,平均38岁.其中5例肱骨骨不连,33例股骨骨不连,23例胫骨骨不连.骨不连的原因包括内固定失效47例,外固定失败5例,感染9例.骨不连病程为10～156个月,平均19个月.42例使用LCP钢板内固定,19例使用LISS钢板内固定.55例采用自体髂骨植骨,3例在自体植骨的同时结合同种异体松质骨移植,3例采用同种异体松质骨结合人工骨移植.手术前、后根据膝关节协会评分系统(KSS)评分对47例膝关节周围骨不连患者的关节功能进行评估,85～100分为优,70～84分为良,60～69分为一般,＜60分为差.术前优29例,良8例,一般4例,差6例.结果 所有患者均获得随访,随访时间6～24个月,平均12个月;骨折均在4～6个月内牢固连接,平均愈合时间4.8个月,无内植物松动、断裂等并发症.术后膝关节KSS评分,优35例,良7例,一般1例,差4例.结论 锁定钢板内固定结合植骨术是治疗四肢长骨骨不连的有效方法.     

钢板系统治疗髓内固定失败的股骨无菌性骨不连疗效观察

目的探讨保留髓内钉添加锁定钢板治疗股骨骨折髓内钉固定失败术后无菌性骨不连的疗效。 方法回顾性分析2010年1月至2015年1月新疆自治区人民医院骨科中心收治的因髓内钉固定失败而造成的股骨无菌性骨不连的患者18例,其中男性10例,女性8例;年龄35~75岁,平均（49±5）岁;骨不连时间6~34个月,平均（17.6±2.3）个月。所有病例均采用保留原髓内钉添加锁定钢板固定联合自体髂骨骨移植术进行治疗,观察患者术后下地活动时间、骨折愈合时间、术后并发症等。 结果18例患者均获得随访,随访时间6~20个月,平均（12.0±1.4）个月。骨不连均愈合,愈合时间5~14个月,平均（8.3±1.6）个月。1例出现切口表面感染,经治疗后痊愈;患者术后VAS评分由（6.0±1.3）分降至（2.0±1.4）分,差异有统计学意义（t=7.312,P<0.05）,术前及末次随访Johner-wruch评分优良率差异有统计学意义（χ²=28.000,P<0.05）。所有患者无畸形愈合。 结论锁定钢板联合自体髂骨植骨治疗股骨干骨折髓内钉固定术后无菌性骨不连疗效确切、可靠,可用于股骨干骨折髓内钉固定术后的无菌性骨不连。