全麻腰椎手术老年患者POCD的危险因素及预测模型

目的筛选全麻腰椎手术老年患者术后认知功能障碍(POCD)的危险因素, 并建立预测模型。方法纳入2021年7月至2022年7月于本院择期行全麻下腰椎手术的老年患者, 术后7 d采用MMSE和MoCA评估认知功能, 2个量表评分均满足下降≥1标准差为发生POCD, 根据是否发生POCD分为POCD组和非POCD组。采用倾向性评分匹配消除组间混杂偏倚, 采用多因素logistic回归分析筛选POCD的危险因素;构建预测模型, 绘制列线图进行可视化, 采用受试者工作特征曲线、校准曲线、决策分析曲线分别对模型的区分度、一致性及临床有效性进行评价。结果本研究共纳入159例患者, POCD发生率31.4%。匹配后2组(n=32)术中输血比率、累积低血压时间、总输液量、手术时间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。多因素logistic回归分析结果显示, 高龄、受教育年限、糖尿病、既往2次及以上全麻手术史、APTT、累积低血压时间是老年患者全麻腰椎手术发生POCD的独立危险因素(P<0.05)。根据上述危险因素构建模型式:LogitP= -15.878+0.263×年龄(岁)-0.122×受教...     

非心脏手术老年患者术前衰弱与术后认知功能障碍的关系

目的评价非心脏手术老年患者术前衰弱与术后认知功能障碍(POCD)的关系。方法择期全麻下行非心脏手术老年患者336例, 年龄≥65岁, 性别不限, ASA分级Ⅱ或Ⅲ级, BMI 18.6～25.1 kg/m2 。于术前1 d时采用临床衰弱量表评估患者衰弱情况。于术前1 d和术后1、7、30 d时行简易精神状态检查量表评分、数字广度测试、数字符号转换测试、Stroop色词测试、视觉词语学习测试和循迹连线测试, 采用Z计分法判定POCD。根据术后30 d内是否发生POCD分为非POCD组和POCD组。采用logistic回归分析筛选非心脏手术老年患者POCD的危险因素。结果 logistic回归分析结果表明, 术前衰弱和合并糖尿病是非心脏手术老年患者POCD的独立危险因素(P<0.05)。结论术前衰弱是非心脏手术老年患者POCD的独立危险因素。     

全麻患者麻醉恢复期躁动与术后认知功能障碍的关系

目的 评价全麻患者麻醉恢复期躁动与术后认知功能障碍(POCD)的关系.方法 择期全麻手术患者280例,性别不限,年龄18～70岁,体重52 ～ 80 kg,ASA分级Ⅰ或Ⅱ级.于拔除气管导管后15～40 min时采用术后恢复质量评估量表评估麻醉恢复期躁动的发生情况,于术前1d、术后1～7d评估认知功能.根据是否出现POCD将患者分为POCD组和非POCD组.记录患者一般情况、术前合并症及手术类型,将组间差异有统计学意义的因素进行多因素logistic回归分析.结果 术后POCD发生率40.7％.logistic回归分析结果显示:与POCD发生明显相关因素的危险程度从高至低:麻醉恢复期躁动、麻醉时间、年龄.结论 全麻患者麻醉恢复期躁动是POCD发生的独立危险因素之一.     

术前血管性危险因素与老年患者胃癌术后早期认知功能障碍的相关性

目的回顾性分析老年患者术前血管性危险因素与胃癌根治术后早期认知功能障碍(POCD)的相关性。方法择期行胃癌根治术的老年患者60例,年龄62~88岁。于术前、术后1、3、5、7d使用简易智能量表(MMSE)评估认知功能,根据MMSE评分将患者分为POCD组和非POCD组,并将组间差异有统计学意义的因素进行多因素回归分析。结果共23例(38.3%)患者发生POCD。高血压、糖尿病和高胆固醇血症是术后早期POCD的独立危险因素,β值分别为0.386、0.418、0.251。结论高血压、糖尿病和高胆固醇血症是术后早期POCD的独立危险因素。     

老年患者肠癌切除术后早期认知功能障碍的危险因素

目的 筛选老年患者肠癌切除术后早期认知功能障碍(POCD)的危险因素.方法 择期拟行肠癌切除术老年患者120例,年龄≥65岁,性别不限,ASA分级Ⅱ或Ⅲ级.根据患者术后第7天是否发生POCD,将其分为POCD组和非POCD组.记录患者年龄、体重、性别、受教育程度、肿瘤部位、TNM分期、合并疾病、术前中医证型、术前ld、术后l、3、7d的MMSE评分、麻醉时间、苏醒时间、术中出血量及出现低血压次数.采用logistic回归分析法筛选POCD的危险因素.结果 术后35例患者发生POCD,发生率为29.2％.Logistic回归分析结果显示:年龄、受教育程度、肿瘤部位及术中出现低血压次数为老年患者肠癌切除术后发生POCD的危险因素(P＜0.05).结论 年龄、受教育程度、肿瘤部位和术中出现低血压次数是老年患者肠癌切除术后早期发生POCD的危险因素.     

老年患者术后认知功能障碍的危险因素

目的 筛选老年患者发生术后认知功能障碍(POCD)的危险因素.方法 择期手术患者240例,ASA Ⅰ或Ⅱ级,年龄65～86岁,根据麻醉方法不同分为3组(n=80):全身麻醉组(G组)、硬膜外阻滞组(E组)和局部麻醉组(L组).分别于术前1 d、术后1、3、5 d记录MMSE评分,计算术前MMSE评分的标准差,每例患者术后MMSE评分与术前MMSE评分比较≥1个标准差时即发生POCD.将不同年龄、性别、文化程度、麻醉方法、手术时间和术前MMSE评分的老年患者POCD发生率进行比较,若差异有统计学意义,该因素进入非条件logistic回归模型,筛选老年患者发生POCD的危险因素.结果 性别、文化程度、麻醉类型、手术时间≥90 min及术前MMSE评分＜23分不是老年患者POCD发生的危险因素;年龄≥75岁与老年患者POCD的发生有关(P＜0.05).结论 年龄≥75岁是老年患者发生POCD的危险因素.     

全麻下血管化游离皮瓣修复术后患者谵妄的危险因素

目的 筛选全麻下血管化游离皮瓣修复术后患者谵妄的危险因素.方法 择期行血管化游离皮瓣修复手术的患者216例,年龄18～80岁,根据术后5d内是否发生谵妄分为术后谵妄组和非术后谵妄组.可能的危险因素进行组间比较后,将差异有统计学意义的因素进行logistic回归分析,筛选发生术后谵妄的危险因素.结果 logistic回归分析结果显示,酗酒、术后睡眠紊乱和高龄是术后谵妄的独立危险因素(P<0.05),相对危险度依次为17.066,5.647和1.047.结论 高龄、酗酒史和术后睡眠紊乱是全麻下血管化游离皮瓣修复术后患者谵妄的危险因素.     

脊柱手术患者术后谵妄和术后认知功能障碍的危险因素

目的 筛选脊柱手术患者术后谵妄(POD)和术后认知功能障碍(POCD)的危险因素.方法 择期全麻下行脊柱手术的患者120例,性别不限,年龄50～76岁.根据术后2d是否发生POD,将患者分为非POD组和POD组,根据术后3d是否发生POCD,将患者分为非POCD组和POCD组.术前1d分别采用Stroop色词测验和Beck抑郁自评量表评估执行功能和抑郁状态,记录年龄、性别、受教育程度、每周饮酒量、精神病史、ASA分级和Charlson合并症指数、麻醉方法和术中抗胆碱能药物使用情况、术后1d时VAS评分,将组间差异有统计学意义的因素进行多因素logistic回归分析,筛选POD和POCD的危险因素.结果 11例患者发生POD,发生率9.2％;30例患者发生POCD,发生率25.0％.logistic同归分析结果显示:Stroop评分低、Beck抑郁评分高、Charlson合并症指数高和精神病史是POD的危险因素;Stroop评分低、Beck抑郁评分高、Charlson合并症指数高和每周饮酒量多是POCD的危险因素(p＜0.05或0.01).结论 术前执行功能降低、抑郁状态和合并症多是脊柱手术患者POD和POCD共同的危险因素,精神病史是POD的危险因素,饮酒量多是POCD的危险因素.     

老年脊柱手术患者术后早期认知功能障碍的影响因素分析

目的研究老年脊柱手术患者术后早期认知功能障碍(POCD)的影响因素。方法选择2012-04-2015-10期间在我院接受脊柱手术的老年患者68例为研究对象,通过简易精神状态量表(MMSE)评分来判断认知功能障碍,采集临床信息并分析认知功能障碍的影响因素。结果 68例患者中,发生POCE15例,发生率22.06%;单因素分析显示:POCD组患者的年龄、受教育年限、术后血糖水平高于非POCD组,合并糖尿病多于非POCD组(t/x~2=6.119~13.061,P0.05),性别、BMI、合并高血压、合并冠心病、麻醉时间、手术时间以及术后谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)、血肌酐(Scr)、尿素氮(BUN)水平无统计学意义(t/x~2=0.070~0.8541,P0.05);Logistic回归分析显示:高龄、术后血糖水平高、合并糖尿病是POCD发生的危险因素,受教育年限长是POCD发生的保护因素(OR=0.361~2.581,95%CI=0.185~3.295,Wals X~2=9.385~12.885,P0.05)。结论高龄、受教育年限短、糖代谢异常的老年脊柱手术患者更加容易发生术后早期认知功能障碍,应当针对高危人群进行早期预防、严格控制围手术期血糖水平。     

老年患者胃肠肿瘤手术后认知功能障碍的相关因素

目的 探讨胃肠肿瘤手术老年患者术后认知功能障碍(POCD)的相关因素。方法收集201例胃肠肿瘤手术老年患者的临床资料,男106例,女95例,年龄≥65岁。根据患者是否发生POCD分为两组：POCD组和非POCD组。采用Logistic回归分析POCD的相关因素。采用受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线分析独立危险因素对老年患者胃肠肿瘤手术POCD的预测价值。结果 共有67例(33.3%)患者发生POCD。POCD组BMI明显低于非POCD组,全麻联合硬膜外阻滞比例、右美托咪定预防性用药比例明显低于非POCD组,术中NTI<35时间、术中ΔrSO₂>13%时间明显长于非POCD组(P<0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,全麻联合硬膜外阻滞(OR=0.280,95%CI 0.097～0.809,P<0.05)、右美托咪定预防性用药(OR=0.276,95%CI 0.096～0.799,P<0.05)是老年患者胃肠肿瘤手术POCD的保护因素,术中NTI<35时间延长(每延长1 min, OR=1.213,95%CI 1.131...     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.