糖皮质激素对嗜酸性粒细胞阳性AECOPD患者临床疗效观察

目的观察糖皮质激素对嗜酸性粒细胞阳性的慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期(AECOPD)患者的临床疗效。方法将60例符合AECOPD诊断的患者,根据外周血嗜酸性粒细胞百分比分成嗜酸性粒细胞阳性组(≥2%) 33例,嗜酸性粒细胞阴性组(2%) 27例。两组在常规治疗基础上第1～5天给予注射用甲泼尼龙琥珀酸钠40 mg,1次/d。于入院第1天及第7天测定C反应蛋白(CRP)及白细胞介素-8(IL-8),并于入院后第7天评估临床疗效。结果嗜酸性粒细胞阳性组CRP及IL-8水平下降较嗜酸性粒细胞阴性组更明显。嗜酸性粒细胞阳性组治愈21例,好转10例,无效2例;嗜酸性粒细胞阴性组分别为12例、6例和9例。嗜酸性粒细胞阳性组临床疗效优于嗜酸性粒细胞阴性组(P 0. 05)。结论嗜酸性粒细胞阳性组对糖皮质激素反应效果较阴性组好,在临床中可以考虑对嗜酸性粒细胞阳性AECOPD患者使用糖皮质激素。     

嗜酸性肉芽肿性多血管炎并发中枢神经系统受累八例

目的分析嗜酸性肉芽肿性多血管炎(eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis,EGPA)并发中枢神经系统受累患者的临床特点。方法回顾性分析2000年1月至2017年1月北京协和医院诊治的EGPA并发中枢神经系统受累患者的临床、实验室检查资料以及治疗和预后。结果 73例EGPA患者中,66例资料齐全;8例(11%)并发中枢神经系统受累,男∶女=3∶1,其中4例脑梗死或缺血、2例脑出血、1例蛛网膜下腔出血、1例颈髓受累。与未并发中枢神经系统受累EGPA患者相比,中枢神经系统受累患者更容易出现消化道受累(6/8 vs.10/58,P=0.002)。8例中枢神经系统受累患者中,4例抗中性粒细胞胞浆抗体阳性;6例行腰椎穿刺术检查,其中4例脑脊液压力升高,1例蛛网膜下腔出血患者表现为血性脑脊液,4例脑脊液蛋白升高;4例接受糖皮质激素冲击治疗,2例接受大剂量糖皮质激素治疗,另有2例接受中等剂量糖皮质激素治疗,免疫抑制剂首选环磷酰胺;5例经长期随访病情稳定,1例因消化道穿孔死亡,1例因脑出血死亡,1例失访。结论中枢神经系统受累为EGPA的少见并发症,EGPA患者出现中枢神经系统症状时应警惕原发病累及中枢神经系统的可能,积极控制原发病为治疗的基础。     

嗜酸细胞性肉芽肿性多血管炎13例临床分析

目的总结嗜酸细胞性肉芽肿性多血管炎(EGPA)患者的临床表现、影像学、病理,以探讨其临床特点,提高临床诊断水平。方法回顾性分析2011年01月至2016年04月南京鼓楼医院收治的13例EGPA患者的临床资料。结果 13例患者中,男女比6:7,发病年龄17～76岁,平均年龄52. 9±17. 1岁。病变累及多个系统,以哮喘为首发症状的占76. 9%(10/13)。病程中出现哮喘症状的占92. 3%(12/13),鼻窦炎与外周血嗜酸性粒细胞增多者均占84. 6%(11/13)。EGPA的胸部CT可发现磨玻璃样到气腔实变阴影,主要呈双侧外周为主的多发斑片状非节段性实变阴影69. 2%(9/13),结节样阴影38. 4%(5/13),网状阴影23. 1%(3/13),细支气管炎30. 1%(4/13)。抗中性粒细胞抗体阳性率30. 7%;肌电图以腓神经受累为主。4例患者经病理明确,送检组织可见嗜酸性粒细胞浸润,局部区域中小肌性脉管可见嗜酸性粒细胞透壁性浸润; 9例患者为临床诊断。除1例因意识障碍为首发症状患者外,12例患者均给予激素治疗,7例患者合用环磷酰胺,随访1年以上,病情稳定。结论 EGPA临床表现复杂,对同时有哮喘,嗜酸性粒细胞增多,鼻窦炎,肺部影像学为多发斑片状非节段性实变阴影的患者需考虑EGPA的可能,必要时行肺内或肺外活检明确。     

抗中性粒细胞胞质抗体阳性的感染性心内膜炎三例及文献复习

目的 分析抗中性粒细胞胞质抗体(ANCA)阳性的感染性心内膜炎(IE)的临床表现,与ANCA相关小血管炎(AASV)加以鉴别.方法 报告3例ANCA阳性的IE患者的临床特点,结合文献报道的另外13例患者综合分析.结果 16例患者除2例PR3-ANCA、MPO-ANCA均阳性外,其余均仅表现为PR3-ANCA阳性.主要临床表现依次为发热(13/16,占81%);皮疹(8/16,占50%);急进性肾小球肾炎(7/16,占44%);脾肿大(6/16,占38%).病原微生物以链球菌为主(12/14,占86%),16例超声心动图均示瓣膜异常,主动脉瓣和(或)二尖瓣受累达81%.死亡2例(2/16,占13%),分别死于脑出血、脑梗死,其余经敏感抗生素治疗均临床治愈.结论 感染性心内膜炎可呈现AASV的某些表现,临床在解读ANCA检测结果时应对二者仔细鉴别.     

免疫检查点抑制剂相关嗜酸性筋膜炎1例并文献复习

患者男, 58岁。诊断血管免疫母细胞T细胞性淋巴瘤, 使用程序性细胞死亡蛋白-1抑制剂卡瑞利珠单抗治疗6个月后出现颜面、四肢及躯干皮疹伴皮肤变硬, 双腕、肘和膝关节僵硬并功能受限, 外周血嗜酸性粒细胞明显增多(0.07×109/L升至3.3×109/L), 双前臂磁共振成像示皮下组织增厚, T2压脂序列(T2WI)示肌群间肌筋膜信号增高, 增强后明显强化。右前臂皮肤活检病理示, 筋膜层增厚及纤维化, 淋巴细胞、浆细胞和嗜酸性粒细胞浸润。最终诊断免疫检查点抑制剂(ICI)相关嗜酸性筋膜炎(EF), 予甲泼尼龙 40 mg/d+甲氨蝶呤10 mg/周+巴瑞替尼4 mg/d治疗1个月后, 患者皮肤肿胀硬化较前明显减轻, 关节功能改善, 外周血嗜酸性粒细胞降至正常(0.17×109/L)。ICI相关EF属少见的免疫治疗相关不良反应, 检索国外文献报道的20例EF患者, 结合本例共21例患者, 使用ICI至出现EF的中位时间12(8, 15)个月, 临床表现以皮肤受累(19例)、关节功能受限(11例)、肌痛/肌无力(9例)为主。16例患者外周血嗜酸性粒细胞增多, 17例患者经3(1, 8)个月的...     

16例原发性胆汁性肝硬化临床及病理分析

目的总结原发性胆汁性肝硬化(PBC)患者的临床及肝组织病理特征,以提高对本病的认识。方法分析16例PBC患者的一般资料、临床表现、生化指标、免疫功能及肝组织病理特点。结果本组女性13例,男性3例,平均年龄(59.44±9.93)岁,临床表现以黄疸最为多见(13/16,占81.3%),其次为乏力(6/16,占37.5%)。肝功能改变以血清碱性磷酸酶(ALP)和γ-谷氨酰转肽酶(GGT)升高明显[分别为(288.56±162.10)IU/L和(314.13±179.08)IU/L],免疫功能检查抗核抗体(ANA)阳性12例(75%),抗线粒体抗体M2亚型(AMA-M2)阳性6例(37.5%),肝组织病理特点以小胆管改变最明显:消失5例,增生及坏死均2例,减少1例。胆管周围细胞浸润:淋巴细胞4例,嗜酸性粒细胞、浆细胞、中性粒细胞各1例。汇管区细胞浸润:淋巴细胞10例,部分有淋巴滤泡形成(3例),浆细胞4例,中性粒细胞3例。肝细胞改变:碎片状坏死和点状坏死各6例,灶状坏死5例,明显水肿8例,部分嗜酸变4例,淤胆6例。纤维化:纤维组织增生5例,假小叶形成6例。结论PBC患者的肝脏病理改变以小胆管改变最明显,周围有炎性细胞浸润;汇管区细胞浸润现象明显;肝细胞改变相对较轻,缺乏特异性;各期改变可相互混杂。肝组织病理检查对PBC诊断有重要意义。     

嗜酸细胞肉芽肿性血管炎抗中性粒细胞胞浆抗体阳性与阴性患者临床特征

嗜酸细胞肉芽肿性血管炎(EGPA)是以外周血和受累脏器组织中嗜酸性粒细胞增高并伴有坏死性肉芽肿为特征的系统性血管炎,依据血清抗中性粒细胞胞浆抗体(ANCA)检测结果可分为ANCA阳性及ANCA阴性表型,ANCA阳性患者更易出现神经系统、肾脏、皮肤紫癜和肺泡出血;心脏和肺受累在ANCA阴性患者中更常见。本文就ANCA阳性与阴性患者的临床表现及受累脏器特征进行文献复习,并综述如下。     

原发性干燥综合征并发胰腺受累患者的临床特征

目的分析原发性干燥综合征(p SS)胰腺受累的临床特征。方法收集2012年1月至2017年4月在北京协和医院住院的14例p SS并发胰腺受累患者的临床资料,对患者的临床表现、实验室检查结果、影像学表现、治疗方法及临床结局进行回顾性分析。结果共收集p SS患者930例,其中并发胰腺受累者占1. 51%(14/930),均为女性。p SS并发胰腺受累患者的年龄为25～78岁,中位年龄54. 5岁。p SS并发胰腺受累患者表现为腹痛者5例、恶心者5例、呕吐者3例、腹泻者2例、腹胀者3例、发热者2例;实验室检查显示,患者中Ig G水平升高者占58. 3%(7/12); 30%的患者(3/10)补体水平降低; 61. 5%的患者(8/13)红细胞沉降率(ESR)升高; 42. 9的患者(6/14)超敏C反应蛋白(hs CRP)水平升高;血淀粉酶升高者占66. 7%(6/9),血脂肪酶升高者占55. 6%(5/9)。p SS并发胰腺受累患者中3例(3/8)腹部B型超声影像异常,10例(10/13)腹部CT影像异常。p SS并发胰腺受累患者主要采用糖皮质激素联合免疫抑制剂及对症疗法,其中60%患者(6/10)胰腺病变好转。结论 p SS并发胰腺受累者临床上较少见,部分患者没有消化道症状。患者多有胰腺功能异常及腹部CT影像异常,临床上应给予重视,必要时需完善影像学检查。     

抗心磷脂抗体阳性的急性缺血性脑血管病的临床特点

目的探讨抗心磷脂抗体(anti cardiolipin antibodies,ACA)阳性的急性缺血性脑血管病患者的临床特点。方法选择初发急性缺血性脑血管病患者46例,于入院时和发病后6周,采用酶联免疫吸附试验法测定ACA-IgM、ACA-IgG。根据测定结果将患者分为ACA( )组(16例)和ACA(-)组(30例),比较两组患者既往病史、个人史(吸烟、饮酒)、实验室和影像学检查资料;观察治疗中及发病后3、6、9、12个月脑血管病再发情况。结果①ACA( )组有糖尿病、高血压、吸烟史的患者比例明显低于ACA(-)组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05或<0.01);②ACA( )组首次发病平均年龄、血浆纤维蛋白、全血低切黏度分别为(47±4)岁、(5.5±0.8)g/L、(21±3)mPa/s;ACA(-)组分别为(65±8)岁、(3.8±1.5)g/L、(17±4)mPa/s。两组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05或<0.01);③ACA( )组有9例(9/16)在磁共振弥散加权成像上显示存在2个以上新鲜病灶,14例(14/16)颈动脉超声显示多发低回声斑块,10例(10/15)DSA或MRA显示动脉多处狭窄;而ACA(-)组以上检查阳性数分别为3例(3/30)、6例(6/30)和5例(5/27),两组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05或<0.01);④治疗中和治疗后6、12个月疾病再发比例ACA( )组分别为4/16、6/14和8/12;ACA(-)组为1/30、3/28和5/19,两组比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论ACA阳性患者常缺乏脑梗死常见危险因素,初次发病年龄较小,伴有动脉内膜多发不稳定性斑块和血浆纤维蛋白原增高,短期内易再发新梗死。     

系统性硬化病并发三叉神经病变五例临床分析并文献复习

目的分析SSc合并三叉神经病变(TN)的临床特点、免疫学异常及预后,提高临床医师对SSc并发TN的认识.方法对2009年1月至2019年7月在北京大学人民医院确诊为SSc合并TN的5例患者临床资料进行回顾性分析.结果本研究5例及文献报道8例患者中,男性2例,女性11例,平均年龄(50±9)岁.TN可早于、同时或在SSc确诊之后出现.以雷诺现象(100%,13/13)、肺部受累(75%,9/12)及食管功能异常(60%,6/10)为主要表现.12例患者行瞬目反射试验,10例阳性.92%(11/12)血清ANA阳性,40%(4/10)抗Scl-70抗体阳性,36%(4/11)抗RNP抗体阳性,43%(3/7)患者ESR升高,57%(4/7)患者血清免疫球蛋白升高.主要采用糖皮质激素联合免疫抑制剂治疗原发病,神经系统症状逐渐改善,无进展.结论SSc病情活动时出现TN,且易合并雷诺现象、肺部受累及食管功能异常,伴有TN的SSc患者血清ANA、抗Scl-70抗体和抗RNP抗体阳性率高,瞬目反射试验可以辅助SSc检测三叉神经感觉支病变.积极治疗原发病可以控制疾病的进展.     

胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点分析

目的胰岛素瘤是最常见的胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤，因其临床表现多样，导致诊断困难。影像学诊断尤其是超声内镜(EUS)在胰岛素瘤的诊断中起着重要作用，拥有较高的敏感性和特异性。本研究拟通过明确胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点，以期有助于提高影像学的诊断准确率和降低漏诊率，尤其是在教育和培训实践中对于EUS的学习者更具有指导价值。 方法回顾性分析解放军总医院第一医学中心病案资料数据库1993年1月至2019年11月经外科手术、病理确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者的临床资料，检索方法采取搜索术后病理诊断为"胰岛素瘤"的病例，通过查阅病例的方法，提取出胰岛素瘤的大小和解剖分布等数据，进一步分析其特点。 结果共检索到确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者116例，其中，男45例、女71例，年龄13～76岁，平均年龄(44.4±14.85)岁。胰岛素瘤单发110例(94.8%)、多发6例(5.2%)。位置分布：头颈部46例(39.7%)，单发45例、多发1例；体尾部68例(58.6%)，单发65例、多发3例；全胰腺多发2例(1.7%)。病变大小特点：最大径0.4～3.4 cm，平均大小(1.53±0.58)cm。≤1 cm 29例、>1 cm而≤1.5 cm41例、>1.5 cm而≤2.0 cm28例，≤3 cm 15例，>3 cm 3例。年龄与肿瘤的大小相关，≤44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.36±0.51)cm、>44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.70±0.60)cm，P<0.05。头颈部的肿瘤大于体尾部的肿瘤，头颈部肿瘤平均大小(1.66±0.63)cm，体尾部(1.42±0.52)cm，P<0.05。 结论胰岛素瘤在胰腺体尾部较头颈部更好发；绝大多数单发，但可以全胰腺多发；多数小于1.5 cm，肿瘤的大小与患者年龄和肿瘤的解剖分布相关。     

Pathogenesis of carcinoma of the papilla of Vater

Most adenomas and carcinomas of the small intestine and extrahepatic bile ducts arise in the region of the papilla of Vater. In familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) it is the main location for carcinomas after proctocolectomy. In many cases symptoms due to stenosis lead to diagnosis at an early tumor stage. In about 80%, curative intended resection is possible. Operability is the most relevant prognostic factor. Most ampullary carcinomas resp. carcinomas of the papilla of Vater develop from adenomatous or flat dysplastic precursor lesions. They can be sited in the ampulloduodenal part of the papilla of Vater, which is lined by intestinal mucosa. They also can develop in deeper parts of the ampulla, which are lined by pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa. Intestinal-type adenocarcinoma and pancreaticobiliary-type adenocarcinoma represent the main histological types of ampullary carcinoma. Furthermore, there exist unusual types and undifferentiated carcinomas. Many carcinomas of intestinal type express the immunohistochemical marker profile of intestinal mucosa (keratin 7?, keratin 20+, MUC2+). Carcinomas of pancreaticobiliary type usually show the immunohistochemical profile of pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa (keratin 7+, keratin 20?, MUC2?). Even poorly differentiated carcinomas, as well as unusual histological types, may conserve the marker profile of the mucosa they developed from. These findings underline the concept of histogenetically different carcinomas of the papilla of Vater which develop either from intestinal- or from pancreaticobiliary-type mucosa of the papilla of Vater. Molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas are similar to those of colorectal as well as pancreatic carcinomas, although they appear at different frequencies. In future studies, molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas should be correlated closely with the different histologic tumor types. Consequently, the histologic classification should reflect the histogenesis of ampullary tumors from the two different types of papillary mucosa.     

Demonstration of the mechanism of action of biguanides

Summary Palmitic acid oxidation in rat diaphragm homogenate is depressed by biguanide concentrations that are still incapable of inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation. Glucose oxidation is not directly effected by the same biguanide concentrations: however, the inhibitory effect of palmitic acid on glucose oxidation is partly removed by biguanides. Inhibition of fatty acid oxidation, which accounts for most of the metabolic effects caused by these drugs, can be regarded as the fundamental mechanism of action of biguanides. There is some evidence suggesting that these drugs might interact with carnitine, thus preventing long-chain fatty acids from being transported across the mitochondrial membrane to the site of oxidation. Traduzione a cura degli AA.     

Lack of correlation of degree of villous atrophy with severity of clinical presentation of coeliac disease

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Both the clinical presentation and the degree of mucosal damage in coeliac disease vary greatly. In view of conflicting information as to whether the mode of presentation correlates with the degree of villous atrophy, we reviewed a large cohort of patients with coeliac disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We correlated mode of presentation (classical, diarrhoea predominant or atypical/silent) with histology of duodenal biopsies and examined their trends over time. RESULTS: The cohort consisted of 499 adults, mean age 44.1 years, 68% females. The majority had silent coeliac disease (56%) and total villous atrophy (65%). There was no correlation of mode of presentation with the degree of villous atrophy (p=0.25). Sixty-eight percent of females and 58% of males had a severe villous atrophy (p=0.052). There was a significant trend over time for a greater proportion of patients presenting as atypical/silent coeliac disease and having partial villous atrophy, though the majority still had total villous atrophy. CONCLUSIONS: Among our patients the degree of villous atrophy in duodenal biopsies did not correlate with the mode of presentation, indicating that factors other than the degree of villous atrophy must account for diarrhoea in coeliac disease.     

氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性评价

目的评价氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性，为现场大规模应用灭螺提供依据。方法按照中华人民共和国国家标准GB 15670-1995《农药登记毒理学试验方法》和鱼类毒性试验方法进行。结果经口、经皮肤的LDso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000 mg/kg，经呼吸道的LCso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000mg/m3，该药经口、经皮肤、经呼吸道毒性均属微毒类药物；兔眼用药后，观察期内无不良反应，对眼无刺激性；皮肤用药后对皮肤无刺激性。与氯硝柳胺原药、氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐原药和氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂相比，氯硝柳胺悬浮剂对鱼急性毒性最低。结论氯硝柳胺悬浮剂属微毒类药物，对鱼的毒性低于其乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂，适合于现场应用。     

血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展

血吸虫童虫是宿主免疫系统攻击的重要靶标,包括皮肤型、肺型和肝门型童虫。宿主分子对童虫生长发育具有重要作用。童虫生长发育机制包括免疫调节、信号转导、性别发育及凋亡等。肌动蛋白、组织蛋白酶、烯醇化酶和葡萄糖基转移酶等分子为血吸虫童虫生长发育的重要分子。本文对血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展做一综述。     

124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌基因突变特征分析

目的对临床分离的耐多药结核分枝杆菌相关基因的突变特征进行分析。方法对124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌以及50株敏感株的耐药相关基因(包括异烟肼inh A、kat G、oxyR-ahp C间隔区以及利福平rpo B)进行序列测定,分析其基因突变情况。结果异烟肼耐药inh A基因突变率为14.5%;kat G基因突变率为70.2%(87/124),主要位于315位;oxyR-ahp C间隔区突变率为15.3%;inh A、kat G两种基因同时突变率75.0%,三种基因同时突变率为89.5%。利福平rpo B基因突变的检出率高达95.2%,突变主要发生在531、526、516位点。结论我省耐多药菌异烟肼耐药相关基因最常见突变为kat G 315、inh A C-T(-15)、axyR-ahp C间隔区(-10)C-T,利福平为rpo B531、526、516。结合MDR-TB耐药相关基因的特征分析,可以建立一种快速、准确、特异的适合于我省的检测结核菌耐多药性的新方法。     

Assessment of quality of life of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis

The aim of the study was to assess the quality of life (QOL) and the psychological status of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA). The QOL, anxiety and depression of the parents of 28 children with JCA were evaluated and compared to those of the parents of 28 healthy children. Mothers of JCA children and mothers of healthy children reported similar QOL. The reported anxiety and depression levels were similar for mothers and fathers in both groups. The parents of children with pauciarticular-type JCA reported lower QOL and higher levels of anxiety and depression than the parents of children with other types, namely polyarticular and systemic JCA. These findings may be explained by the fact that the pauciarticular patients had shorter disease duration and were less frequently seen in the outpatient clinic. The QOL of mothers of children with JCA was found to be slightly impaired in the group of children with pauciarticular JCA. Future larger studies are needed to confirm these results, as the number of subjects in the three groups was rather low. Received: 26 September 2001 / Accepted: 8 February 2002     

Numerical Simulation of the Effect of Rate of Change of Glucose on Measurement Error of Continuous Glucose Monitors

Background

A 5-day in-patient study designed to assess the accuracy of the FreeStyle Navigator® Continuous Glucose Monitoring System revealed that the level of accuracy of the continuous sensor measurements was dependent on the rate of glucose change. When the absolute rate of change was less than 1 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (75% of the time), the median absolute relative difference (ARD) was 8.5%, with 85% of all points falling within the A zone of the Clarke error grid. When the absolute rate of change was greater than 2 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (8% of the time), the median ARD was 17.5%, with 59% of all points falling within the Clarke A zone.

Method

Numerical simulations were performed to investigate effects of the rate of change of glucose on sensor measurement error. This approach enabled physiologically relevant distributions of glucose values to be reordered to explore the effect of different glucose rate-of-change distributions on apparent sensor accuracy.

Results

The physiological lag between blood and interstitial fluid glucose levels is sufficient to account for the observed difference in sensor accuracy between periods of stable glucose and periods of rapidly changing glucose.

Conclusions

The role of physiological lag on the apparent decrease in sensor accuracy at high glucose rates of change has implications for clinical study design, regulatory review of continuous glucose sensors, and development of performance standards for this new technology. This work demonstrates the difficulty in comparing accuracy measures between different clinical studies and highlights the need for studies to include both relevant glucose distributions and relevant glucose rate-of-change distributions.     

治疗高血压药物的经济学评价

重视高血压治疗中的经济学评价,对利用我国有限的卫生资源来遏制高血压对人民群众的危害有着重要的现实意义。药物经济学对于药物治疗的成本和治疗的结果给予同样的关注。因为治疗高血压的费用,不仅涉及药物价格,还包括患者的危险水平,降压疗效和对临床终点事件的影响,以及治疗的依从性和安全性。因此药物经济学更强调整体成本和价-效比。低危病人,若非药价低廉,治疗的价-效比不够理想。而在高危的患者,价-效比越小越经济而不是药费越便宜越好。