在连续被动活动作用下自体骨膜游离移植修复髋,膝关节软骨大…

关节软骨损伤修复是临床骨科难题之一。在动物实验研究基础上，从１９８７年１月起，采用自体游离骨膜移植修复４３例关节软骨大面积缺损的病人，在连续被动活动作用下，促进修复后的关节功能恢复。并对３５例病人进行随诊观察，包括先天性髋关节脱位１８例，创伤性髋关节炎７例，股骨头低毒性感染１例，类风湿性髋关节炎１例、膝关节内骨折６例和创伤感染后膝关节僵直２例。术中，切除病变的软骨组织达出血的骨组织，从胫骨前内侧切     

自体骨膜游离移植修复髋膝关节软骨大面积缺损的远期观察

目的观察自体骨膜游离移植修复髋、膝关节软骨大面积缺损的远期临床效果. 方法在动物实验基础上,于1987年2月～1996年8月,采用自体骨膜游离移植修复52例关节软骨大面积缺损的患者,其中有完整随访资料的37例中,先天性髋关节脱位16例,创伤性髋关节炎6例,股骨头低毒性感染1例,强直性脊柱炎2例,膝关节内骨折6例,骨性关节炎4例,创伤感染后膝关节僵直2例.术前有髋关节脱位者行松解牵引术,术中切除病变的软骨组织达出血骨组织;从胫骨前内侧切取大于软骨缺损10%～15%的骨膜,生发层朝向关节腔,缝合固定在软骨缺损表面;双侧移植骨膜的关节间放置硅胶膜;术后进行CPM练习,逐渐增加活动范围,活动时间为4～6周;出院后6个月内避免负重,可主动练习关节活动. 结果术后37例获7～15年随访,平均10.5年.功能评价标准按有无关节疼痛、关节活动角度、日常生活能力和X线片测量关节间隙宽度进行评价,结果:优11例,良18例,差8例. 结论游离骨膜移植修复关节软骨缺损,经远期随访应用于临床是可行的.     

游离骨膜移植修复关节软骨缺损的多因素实验研究

作者就影响游离骨膜移植修复关节软骨缺损的五个因素分十二水平，使用生长期家兔，正交设计安排实验。术后４周处死取材，进行多指标观察，方差分析。结果表明下列因素均影响游离骨膜修复关节软骨缺损，即创面面积以小于２者为好；生发层朝向关节腔优于朝向创面者；骨膜旋转９０°更有利于关节面的修复；骨膜与创面面积比值应为１．３～１．６：１；合适的ＣＰＭ可以促进移植物早期构型，诱导移植物向类透明软骨转化。     

活动对自体骨膜游离移植修复关节软骨缺损的影响实验研究

为了探索活动对骨膜游离移植修复关节软骨缺损的影响，选用成年健康家兔６０只，随机分三组：笼外活动组，笼内活动组及制动组。手术造成双后肢骨宾股关节股骨关节面０．５ｃｍ×１ｃｍ全层软骨缺损各一处，将自体胫骨骨膜游离移植于左侧软骨缺损处，右侧作为对照。分别于术后第４，８和１２周处死动物，取关节软骨标本。通过大体组织学、组织化学及电镜观察软骨再生情况，并比较活动量的多少对骨膜化生软骨的影响。结果表明，游离骨膜产生类透明软骨能有效地修复全层关节软骨缺损；统计学分析，笼外活动组与笼内活动组差异显著（Ｐ＜０．０５），笼内活动组与制动组差异显著（Ｐ＜０．０５），笼外活动组与制动组差异高度显著（Ｐ＜０．０１）。证明，活动量的大小对骨膜化生软骨有着重要的影响     

自体骨膜游离移植一期修复髌骨骨折及软骨缺损

目的　探讨自体骨膜游离移植一期修复严重粉碎性髌骨骨折软骨缺损的临床疗效。方法　 1992年 1月～ 1998年 8月 ,用自体骨膜游离移植一期修复严重粉碎性髌骨骨折软骨缺损 17例 ,其中全髌骨粉碎骨折 9例 ,髌骨中上极骨折 3例 ,髌骨中下极骨折 5例。采用膝内侧 S形切口经膝关节腔入路。骨折复位后钢丝内固定 ,清除骨折区残存软骨 ,露出松质骨 ,修理平整 ;胫骨上端前内侧切取骨膜 3cm× 4cm～ 5 cm× 6 cm,游离移植到软骨缺损区并固定 ,术后 1周开始关节被动活动。结果　 17例全部获得随访 ,时间为 8个月～ 6年 2个月 ,平均为 2 .8年。优 12例 ,膝关节功能正常 ;良 4例 ,膝关节功能基本正常 ;可 1例 ,膝关节活动受限 ,但屈曲大于 90°。结论　自体骨膜游离移植一期修复髌骨骨折软骨缺损 ,取材容易 ,操作简便 ,疗效满意 ,有临床应用价值。     

自体骨膜延迟游离移植修复成年后关节软骨缺损的实验研究

目的：研究年龄对自体骨膜游离移植修复关节软骨缺损的影响,探讨延迟游离移植能否提高成年后骨膜修复软骨能力。方法：选中国白兔,成年兔20只,幼兔10只,分3组。A组：成年兔左膝骨膜直接游离移植组;B组：成年兔右膝骨膜延迟游离移植组;C组：幼兔骨膜直接游离移植组,取骨膜或骨膜新生组织、行光镜、电镜组织学观察比较。结果：移植前B、C组骨膜厚度、细胞计数及细胞活跃程度均优于A组（均为P＜0．01）,移植后12周3组关节软骨缺损获得不同程度修复,C组优于A组（P＜0．01）及B组（P＜0．05）,B组优于A组（P＜0．01）。结论：自体骨膜局部剥离、原位激活,体内培养、延迟游离移植可提高成年骨膜成软骨能力,更好地修复成年后关节软骨缺损。     

筋膜蒂骨膜移植修复关节软骨缺损的实验研究

目的：应用筋膜蒂骨膜移植修复关节软骨缺损，观察骨膜在关节腔内再生关节软骨的情况，探讨骨膜再生软骨的机制。方法：用成年家兔２２只，在右侧膝关节造成胫骨关节面软骨缺损，行筋膜蒂骨膜移植；在左侧膝关节行游离骨膜移植，作为对照。观察方法包括形态学观察、Ｘ线和组织学检查。结果：实验组再生关节软骨的质与量均优于对照组。结论：筋膜蒂骨膜移植，由于有血液供应，能够再生关节软骨，修复关节软骨缺损。     

不同营养来源的骨膜移植修复关节软骨缺损的对比研究

在39侧狗骨关节面上造成20×25mm的软骨缺损,用三种不同营养来源的骨膜瓣移植修复作对比研究结果表明。依靠静脉血营养的骨膜瓣能够成活并化生为透明软骨,可修复大范围软骨缺损游离骨膜瓣只能部分存活、化生软骨,且新生软骨质量较差。动脉血营养骨膜瓣只能成骨,不能用干修复关节软骨缺损。     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Intrathecal administration of sameridine to patients subjected to arthroscopic knee joint surgery

Background: Sameridine, a new substance with both local anesthetic and opioid effects, was administered intrathecally for the first time to humans, i. e. in patients subjected to arthroscopic knee joint surgery.
Method: A dose-escalating (10, 15, 20 and 25 mg), open study was performed in 33 patients. Only two patients were included in the 25 mg group.
Results: Sameridine provided good quality of surgical anesthesia in all patients except those receiving 10 mg. The maximum level of sensory block, Th5–Th7, was reached within 30 min with a median duration of 3.6–3.9 h. The motor block was more profound with increasing dose, but never lasted longer than the sensory block. The influence on heart rate and blood pressure was minor and atropine and ephedrine were needed in four patients. No clinically significant ECG-changes were detected and no arrhythmias were recorded. Oxygen saturation and respiratory rate did not decrease in a clinically significant way and were not affected by concomitant morphine given i. v. postoperatively. There were few side-effects, the most frequent being mild pruritus (10/33).
Conclusion: Sameridine provided clinically adequate anesthesia for the patients receiving the doses of 15, 20 and 25 mg. Further studies are needed to evaluate the substance and it is of great interest to clinically investigate the opioid component with respect to postoperative analgesia.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Anesthésie du patient épileptique

Although surgery of brain tumors and epilepsy are restricted to few specialized centers, anaesthesia for a patient with epilepsy is commonly encountered. Surgical treatments of epilepsy are currently soaring due to the lack of significant progress about effectiveness of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). Theoretical principles for the anaesthesiologist are quite complex, involving interactions between physiological and pharmacological anaesthesia and AEDs, such as enzyme induction with the first generation molecules mainly (phenytoin, carbamazepin, phenobarbital). The latest generation AEDs (levetiracetam, lamotrigine, gabapentin, oxcarbazepin, vigabatrin, lacosamide...) are better tolerated and induce fewer drug interactions. Practically, the risk of severe perioperative complications is low, provided that the administration of AEDs is kept as close as possible to its usual dosage, and that metabolic disturbances are prevented. The main anaesthetic drugs to avoid are alfentanil, remifentanil and sevoflurane, although their contraindication are only relative, since the clinical benefit might be clear and the doses should remain moderate.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

EEG en réanimation : quelles indications,quel matériel ?

There is a growing development of continuous EEG monitoring (cEEG) in the intensive care unit (ICU) management of neurological patients. Its main objective is the detection of epileptic seizures or status epilepticus because the sensitivity of standard short-duration EEG recording in the ICU is poor. The aim of monitoring is to allow rapid recognition and treatment of epileptic complications in order to decrease secondary insults to the brain and improve outcome. Several studies have demonstrated that a large proportion of patients has epileptic crisis after subarachnoid haemorrhage, stroke or brain trauma, without any clinical manifestation. The EEG feature has also demonstrated a prognosis value but its value for clinical management needs further studies. Another application of EEG in the ICU is monitoring depth of anaesthesia or barbiturate treatment. Due to artifacts contamination, this is possible only in deeply sedated of paralyzed patients. The impact or cEEG monitoring on clinical management and its indications have to be further defined.