同种异体原位心脏移植8例治疗体会

目的 总结心脏移植的受体选择、手术技术、围手术期处理以及应用免疫抑制方案的临床经验.方法 共8例受体,术前诊断7例为扩张型心肌病,1例为缺血性心肌病,采用双腔静脉法原位心脏移植,术前均采用达利珠单抗进行免疫诱导治疗,术后基础免疫抑制方案为由环孢素A、霉酚酸酯和泼尼松组成的三联方案.结果 1例受体因颈椎畸形长时间尝试气管插管失败后行气管切开,造成供心冷缺血时间长达340 min,术后并发低心排血量综合征,于术后第13天死于多器官功能衰竭.其余7例受体术后恢复顺利,康复出院.结论 合适的受体、良好的供心保护、娴熟的手术技术以及合理的免疫抑制方案是临床心脏移植取得成功的关键.     

原位心脏移植中的心肌保护体会

目的报道3例体外循环（ECC）下同种异体原位心脏移植术中心肌保护的体会。方法3例同种异体原位心脏移植术，临床诊断为扩张型心肌病（终末期）。供心采用HTK保护液灌注、保存。术中使用大剂量抑肽酶、白蛋白、果糖二磷酸钠和参附注射液减轻供心缺血再灌注损伤。结果供心热缺血时间5～6min，冷缺血时间200～240min，平均（218．0±20．3）min，手术顺利，2例患者康复出院，心功能Ⅰ级，能从事一般的工作和劳动，生活质量良好。1例术后11d死于急性排斥反应。结论缩短供心热冷缺血时间，减轻心肌缺血再灌注损伤是心脏移植中心肌保护的关镩．     

原位心脏移植中的心肌保护体会

目的 报道3例体外循环(ECC)下同种异体原位心脏移植术中心肌保护的体会.方法 3例同种异体原位心脏移植术,临床诊断为扩张型心肌病(终末期).供心采用HTK保护液灌注、保存.术中使用大剂量抑肽酶、白蛋白、果糖二磷酸钠和参附注射液减轻供心缺血再灌注损伤.结果 供心热缺血时间5～6 min,冷缺血时间200～240 min,平均(218.0±20.3)min,手术顺利,2例患者康复出院,心功能Ⅰ级,能从事一般的工作和劳动,生活质量良好.1例术后11 d死于急性排斥反应.结论 缩短供心热冷缺血时间,减轻心肌缺血再灌注损伤是心脏移植中心肌保护的关键.     

心脏移植患者的围手术期3例护理

目的:总结3例心脏移植患者的护理体会.方法:对3例心脏移植患者实行全程、整体化护理,包括术前准备、术后病情的观察、抗感染、抗免疫的护理.结果:3例患者手术取得成功,术后来发生右心衰、排异反应和感染等并发症,均顺利康复出院.结论:心脏移植围术期完善的护理为手术的成功提供了可靠的保证.     

重症心脏病人瓣膜置换术的体会──附20例报告

６年来我院对２０例重症心脏病人施行心脏瓣膜置换术。术前心功能Ⅲ级者１０例，Ⅳ级者８例，Ⅴ级者２例。心胸比率均大于０．７０，２例近达０．８０。手术后早期死亡１例。余均随访５～６１个月，心影明显缩小，均恢复工作。作者强调围手术期的处理、术中心肌保护、术后肺动脉高压的处理、三尖瓣环缝缩术以及保留后瓣是提高手术疗效的关键。     

急性A型主动脉夹层的围术期处理

目的探讨急性A型主动脉夹层的围术期处理。方法对2002年4月～2005年3月急诊外科手术治疗的8例急性A型主动脉夹层患者的围术期处理进行回顾性分析。男7例。女1例，年龄31-53岁，发病至入院时间1-5h。在ICU内完善术前准备，术后重视心、肺、肾功能保护，防治多脏器功能不全综合征的发生。结果手术死亡1例。术后并发症：心跳骤停2例，低心排出量综合征6例，肺部感染2例，多脏器功能不全3例。治愈7例，住院时间21～57d。7例均获随访，时间2-52个月。1例因霉菌性败血症造成冠状动脉吻合口破裂，术后57d死亡。其余6例患者生活质量良好，心功能Ⅰ、Ⅱ各3例。结论积极妥善的围术期处理是急性A型主动脉夹层手术成功的保证。     

心脏移植术后移植物血管病

在过去的十年中 ,由于手术方法、围手术处理的改进以及强有力免疫抑制剂的应用使心脏移植术后早期死亡率大大下降 ,术后 1年成功率达 79% [1] ,以心脏移植作为一种治疗终末期心脏病的有效方法已经得到公认并广泛应用于临床实践。但长期随访发现远期(>5年 )生存率仍处在较低水平 ,术后 5年和 10年生存率分别为 6 0 %和 4 0 % [1] ,研究表明 ,影响心脏移植术后长期存活率的主要原因是移植物血管病(ＧＶＤ) [2 ] 。1　病因及发病机制1·1　流行病学　ＧＶＤ不仅发生在心脏移植术后 ,同样发生在肾脏[3] 、肝脏[4 ] 等其他实质性器官移植术后。Ｇ…     

大鼠异位心脏移植（Ono术式）的流程及经验体会

目的总结建立大鼠同种异位心脏移植模型的经验、方法及体会。方法行大鼠同种异位心脏移植（Ono术式）120例。其中预备实验60例,正式实验60例。结果预备实验手术成功率为45％,正式实验手术成功率为85％。正式实验整个手术时间为（74．3±17．1）min,供心缺血时间（29．6±t0．3）min,供心摘取时间约（7．9±4．2）min。移植心存活时间为（11．1±5．7）d;5例心脏移植后大鼠长期存活,最大体重达740g。结论成功制备大鼠心脏移植模型,良好手术技术和严格的围手术期处理同等重要。     

重症心脏瓣膜病的外科处理

目的 总结重症心脏瓣膜病行瓣膜置换术围手术期处理的经验,探讨提高早期生存率的措施.方法 回顾性分析2003年3月至2008年5月收治的148例重症心脏瓣膜病患者的临床资料.结果 本组术后早期死亡6例,病死率4.1%,2例死于术中左室后壁破裂,2例死于低心排血量综合征;1例死于多脏器功能衰竭,1例死于术后脑梗死.手术并发症最常见为低心排血量综合征;存活者术后心功能较术前明显改善.结论 对重症心脏瓣膜病患者需要合理的综合治疗,注重术前心功能改善,恰当选择手术时机,术中良好的心肌保护,尽可能保留二尖瓣部分装置,合理纠正病变,术后严密监护,加强术后并发症的防治,可提高手术成功率.     

83例重症心脏瓣膜病的外科治疗体会

目的总结重症心脏瓣膜病的手术治疗经验。方法2004年6月至2011年6月我院共对82例重症心脏瓣膜病患者实行了心脏瓣膜置换术。结果术后早期死亡4例,3例死于术后低心输出量综合征,1例于术后一周出现心包填塞,呼吸、循环功能衰竭,抢救无效死亡,余病例全部康复出院。死亡率4．82％。术后随访,复查心脏彩超示心脏均有不同程度缩小,心功能均有改善,其中心功能I级20例,Ⅱ级56例,Ⅲ级4例。结论只要严格掌握手术适应证,积极有效的术前准备,加强心肌保护和提高手术技巧,严密的术后监护,就可以提高重症心脏瓣膜病手术的成功率。     

原位心脏移植术后早期的血流动力学实验研究

目的通过心脏移植的实验研究,比较双腔静脉法同种异体原位心脏移植术与全心脏移植法同种异体原位心脏移植术的出血量,移植后心脏的早期血流动力学方面的不同。方法供、受体杂种犬16只,将实验动物分成双腔静脉心脏移植术组和全心脏移植术组,每组各8只,分别在全麻、中度低温体外循环下进行手术。记录术中出血量,术后采用GE—vivid7型彩色多普勒超声诊断仪,心电监护仪观察血流动力学指标。结果5例移植心脏自动复跳（双腔静脉心脏移植术组3例,全心脏移植法组2例）,3例移植心脏通过电除颤复跳（双腔静脉心脏移植术组1例,全心脏移植法组2例）,双腔静脉法心脏移植与全心脏移植法出血量对比为（475±20．81ml vs 545±26．45ml）,术后早期血流动力学参数两组均比较稳定。结论提高手术技术,避免吻合口出血,加强心肌保护是心脏移植手术的关键,双腔静脉法心脏移植在出血量方面少于全心脏移植术,两组心脏移植术后早期血流动力学方面无明显差异。     

Immunology in medical practice. XXX. Organ transplantation: indications and results

During the past 30 years, solid organ transplantation has developed into a routine medical procedure. Currently, one-year transplant survival rates for kidney, heart, liver and pancreas are between 80 and 90%; for most organs, the long-term results are fair with 5-year survival rates of 60%. Inclusion criteria for potential recipients have become less stringent. These days, potential recipients are rarely excluded on the basis of their calendar age alone. The development of more and stronger immunosuppressive drugs has facilitated transplantation across wider immunological differences between donor and recipient with good results. While the number of patients on the waiting lists for organ transplantation increased, the number of organs offered for donation decreased. This has resulted in waiting times of several years for most organ transplantations. While the short-term outcome has improved significantly over the past decades, the long-term outcome has not. Most renal transplants, for example, are lost due to chronic rejection. The challenge for the future will be to improve the long-term outcome of organ transplantation and to decrease the morbidity associated with chronic immunosuppressive therapy.     

Clinical transplantation of the heart: a review of 13 years' personal experience.

The results of the heart transplantation operations performed personally by one surgeon (CNB) at Groote Schuur Hospital between 1967 and 1980 are reviewed. Of 9 orthotopic transplants performed between 1967 and 1973, 4 survived for more than one year and 2 remain alive today twelve and ten years later. Of 11 heterotopic transplants performed since 1974, one-year patient survival has been 82%, though one patient survived on his own heart after irreversible graft rejection. Three of the original 4 patients remain alive over five years later. These results are rather better than the overall results of our unit, where a total of 37 heterotopic transplants has been performed; the possible reasons for this are discussed. One patient, previously unreported, who underwent transplantation of the heart and both lungs in 1971, died after 23 days from pulmonary complications. Heterotopic transplantation using a xenograft (baboon or chimpanzee heart) has been performed on two occasions as a means of temporary circulatory support in patients with acutely failing hearts when no human donor was available. The chimpanzee heart supported the circulation satisfactorily for four days.     

Pediatric liver transplantation

Pediatric liver transplantation has evolved over the last two decades into an effective and widely accepted therapy for infants and children. Currently, these high-risk patients achieve 85 to 90% one-year patient survival and an excellent quality of life. This paper reviews the special features of the pediatric recipient, the surgical innovations developed to be able to offer them a transplant (reduced size, live donor, split, and auxiliary partial transplantation), the most significant issues in anesthetic, immunosuppressive and postoperative care in children, as well as a global picture of the results. Additionally, the experience of the Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez is presented, as the largest and most successful series of pediatric liver transplantation in the country, where the first successful live donor liver transplantation and the first simultaneous liver-kidney transplantation in a child were performed.     

Update on immunosuppressive drugs used in solid-organ transplantation and their nutrition implications.

The success of solid organ transplantation rests heavily on the major advances in immunosuppressive therapy. The early years of organ transplantation were plagued with high failure rates and frequent episodes of acute rejection. With the introduction of improved immunosuppressive agents, successful organ transplantation has become the norm. The emphasis of immunosuppressive therapy has shifted from preventing rejection to balancing acceptable rates of rejection with moderation in adverse effects of the immunosuppressive agents. Among the many possible adverse effects of immunosuppressive therapy is the potential for these agents to affect the nutrition status of the transplant recipient. Given the fact that many patients undergoing transplantation are catabolic and nutritionally vulnerable, it is particularly important for those involved in the care of these patients to be familiar with the nutrition implications of immunosuppressive drugs. In this article, we review the different classes of immunosuppressive medications used in transplantation and emphasize their interactions with the nutrition status of the transplant recipient.     

Bcl-2基因转染对心脏移植排斥反应中心肌细胞凋亡的影响

目的　探讨Bcl-2基因转染对心脏移植排斥反应中心肌细胞凋亡的影响。方法　采用小鼠颈部心脏移植模型 ,随机分为 3组 :对照组、移植组、Bcl-2组。分别于术后第 1、3、5、7d各取 4只移植心脏 ,原位末端标记 (TUNEL)法染色检测心肌细胞凋亡 ,以心肌细胞凋亡阳性细胞数占总心肌细胞数的百分比作为心肌细胞凋亡指数 (apoptosisindex ,AI)。用免疫组化方法观察Bcl -2的表达情况。结果　移植组心肌细胞于术后第 1d即已出现凋亡 ,第 3d明显增加 ,第 7d达高峰。Bcl-2组术后第 1d心肌细胞即表达Bcl -2 ,第 3d表达明显增加 ,第 5d达高峰 ,第 7d仍维持高峰状态。Bcl -2组各时间点心肌细胞凋亡指数明显小于对应的移植组(P <0 0 1)。结论　Bcl -2基因转染对心脏移植排斥反应中心肌细胞凋亡有显著抑制作用     

Technical progress in liver transplantation

Throughout the history of liver transplantation many improvements have been made in the field of surgical technique. The technical progress improved results of liver transplantation; the split liver transplantation and living donor liver transplantation increased the number of cadaveric grafts, expanding primary the pediatric and later the adult liver graft pool. The authors present most of current methods of liver transplantation: orthotopic liver transplantation with or without preservation, of the inferior vena cava, "domino" liver transplantation, split liver transplantation, auxiliary liver transplantation and living donor liver transplantation.     

人子宫移植后临床妊娠并成功分娩活产儿案例分析

目的探讨文献报道的人子宫移植后，在受者移植子宫内临床妊娠，并成功分娩活产儿的可行性，以及母儿结局分析。 方法选择受者接受子宫移植后，在移植子宫内临床妊娠，并成功分娩活产儿的文献为研究对象。以"uterine transplantation"或"uterus transplantation"为英文检索词，"子宫移植"和"活产"为中文检索词，检索PubMed数据库、万方数据知识服务平台及中国知网数据库中，关于人子宫移植后，在移植子宫内临床妊娠，并成功分娩活产儿的文献，检索时间设定为各文献库建库至2018年12月。分析文献报道的接受子宫移植受者的临床病例资料，包括一般临床资料，孕期并发症、分娩及产后情况，母儿结局，以及分娩的活产新生儿情况等。 结果①自检索文献中筛选符合本研究纳入与排除标准的文献共计15篇，均为国外文献。涉及子宫移植后在移植子宫内临床妊娠，并成功分娩活产儿的受者共计12例，分娩活产儿共计12例。②受者一般临床资料：66.7%(8/12)受者在瑞典接受子宫移植，并成功分娩活产儿。90.9%(10/11)受者接受子宫移植的原因为苗勒管发育不全(MRKH)综合征。58.3%(7/12)受者接受子宫移植的子宫供体，来源于与其有血缘关系的供者。91.7%(11/12)受者采取活体供体子宫移植，1例为死亡供体子宫移植。本组12例子宫移植受者的受孕方式，均为体外受精-胚胎移植(IVF-ET)，并且均为单胚胎移植。在其孕期，多采用免疫抑制治疗预防移植物抗宿主反应，并采用宫颈活组织检查进行免疫监测。③受者孕期、分娩及产后情况：孕期主要的产科并发症为妊娠期高血压疾病及妊娠期肝内胆汁淤积症(ICP)。其中，10例受者分娩时的平均孕龄为34^＋孕周；12例受者采取剖宫产术分娩，并且剖宫产术中及产后24 h无大出血、死亡等严重并发症发生，75.0%(9/12)继续保留子宫，其中1例再次成功妊娠。④分娩的活产新生儿情况：12例新生儿中，11例新生儿的平均出生体重为2 497 g；12例均无出生缺陷，1例有轻度呼吸窘迫症状，其余无新生儿相关并发症发生。对8例在瑞典分娩新生儿随访至年龄为2个月至3岁，均未见明显异常。 结论子宫移植后，在移植子宫内临床妊娠，并成功分娩活产儿是可以实现的，并且受者及新生儿的预后均良好。对子宫移植受者孕期需严格按照高危妊娠积极管理。     

Bcl-2基因转染对心脏移植排斥反应相关因素表达的影响

目的　探讨Bcl-2基因转染对心脏移植排斥反应中细胞色素C、caspase -8和caspase -3表达的影响。方法　采用小鼠颈部心脏移植模型 ,随机分为 3组 :对照组 ,移植组 ,Bcl-2组。术后第 5d取移植心脏 ,用免疫组化方法观察细胞色素C、caspase-8和caspase -3表达情况。结果　移植组细胞色素C、caspase -8和caspase -3表达均明显升高 (与对照组相比 ,P <0 0 1) ;与移植组相比 ,Bcl-2组细胞色素C、caspase -8和caspase -3表达明显降低 (P <0 0 1)。结论　心脏移植排斥反应中移植心肌细胞色素C、caspase -8和caspase -3表达均明显上升 ,Bcl -2基因转染抗心脏移植排斥反应中心肌细胞凋亡作用可能与其下调细胞色素C、caspase -8和caspase -3的表达有关。     

The first successful combined heart-kidney transplantation in Hungary

Combined heart-kidney transplantation has become a new therapeutic solution for patients with coexisting, irreversible heart and kidney failure. Though this combined approach has several theoretical advantages over sequential transplantation, it remains to be established whether it has a jeopardizing impact on patient and graft outcome. The authors report their experience of the first successful combined heart-kidney transplantation in Hungary from a single donor and review the literature in order to clarify this issue. Young male patient candidate for heart transplantation was suffering from concurrent end stage kidney disease. Donor was selected on the basis of weight and size matching, AB0 compatibility and negative T-cell cross-match. The heart was grafted first, and after the hemodynamic stabilization kidney from the same donor was transplanted. The surgical procedure was uneventful. Heart and kidney function recovered quickly, and the patient is doing very well with good cardiac and renal function even a year following the double organ transplantation. The first Hungarian experience showed that combined heart-kidney transplantation is a therapeutic solution for patients with end stage heart and kidney failure. The lower rate of rejection compared to single heart or kidney transplantation, known from the literature as well, supports their current approach to immunosuppression.