儿童无放射学影像异常脊髓损伤11例临床分析

目的 分析儿童无放射学影像异常的脊髓损伤(spinal cord injury without radiographic abnormality,SCIWORA)的临床及影像学特点.方法 针对我院收治的11例SCIWORA患儿,通过临床表现和MRI检查来分析儿童SCIWORA的不同节段、类型、ASIA分级以及预后情况.结果 患儿在接受综合治疗后,8例水肿型患儿中6例完全恢复,其余2例ASIA分级得到改善,3例脊髓挫伤及出血者恢复较差;颈髓不完全损伤患儿预后良好,2例胸髓完全性损伤患儿的神经症状改善有限.结论 MRI检查是SCIWORA患儿的首选检查方法,脊髓水肿局限者预后好,出血挫伤者预后差,脊髓完全性损伤的预后较脊髓不完全性损伤差,胸髓损伤的预后较颈髓损伤差.     

陈旧性颈髓损伤的外科治疗

目的：观察颈椎减压融合手术对陈旧性颈椎骨折脱位引起的颈脊髓或神经根损伤的治疗效果。方法：1999年1月～2003年12月手术治疗因颈椎骨折脱位合并不同程度颈脊髓损伤后1个月以上的患者58例，总结临床资料，比较手术前后感觉运动功能的改善程度。结果：平均随访27个月。术前ASIA分级A级的7例患者术后上肢有1～2个神经根功能改善者3例，下肢出现肌肉活动功能改善者2例：术前B级的11例患者术后8例上肢活动有改善，6例出现下肢功能改善；术前C级6例患者术后达D级3例，E级3例：术前D级34例患者术后达到E级24例，10例仍为D级。所有患者术后ASIA的感觉及运动评分较术前明显提高（P〈0．05）。结论：减压融合手术对陈旧性颈椎骨折脱位引起的颈脊髓损伤或神经根损伤仍是有效的治疗方法，脊髓功能的恢复与脊髓损伤程度有关。     

无骨折脱位型颈脊髓损伤诊断和治疗

目的：探讨无骨折脱位型颈髓损伤的诊断及治疗方法。方法：回顾性分析56例确诊无骨折脱位型脊髓损伤病例的临床资料。男24例，女32例；年龄21～73岁，平均54岁。脊髓损伤平面与类型：C2 2例，C3 1例，C4 5例，C5 18例，C6 15例，C7 11例，C8 4例。完全性脊髓损伤11例，不完全性脊髓损伤45例。在不完全性脊髓损伤中，表现为脊髓中央综合征的29例，脊髓前侧综合征为10例，BrownSepuard综合征3例，脊髓后部损伤的为3例。结果：56例无颈椎骨折或脱位的颈髓损伤患者中，48例伤后1周之内接受颈椎CT扫描检查，颈髓病变的检出率为79．17％。52例在伤后1周之内、4周后接受MRI检查，脊髓病变阳性检出率为90．38％。A组：26例在伤后1周之内接受手术治疗，完全改善2例，明显改善15例，部分改善6例，无改善3例。B组：3例在2周内接受手术治疗，明显改善1例，部分改善1例，无改善1例。C组：5例在2个月内接受手术治疗，脊髓功能均无改善。D组：17例进行非手术治疗，完全改善1例，明显改善9例，部分改善2例，无改善5例。有5例患者在治疗过程中因并发症死亡。结论：MRI对了解脊髓病变部位与程度，原发病病变的情况，预测病理变化的转归，都明显优于CT检查。治疗方面非手术治疗不可缺少，但适时选择手术治疗会取得更好的治疗结果。     

脊髓损伤后脑萎缩对运动功能恢复的影响

 目的 探讨脊髓损伤后脑部萎缩情况以及脑萎缩对患者运动功能恢复的影响。方法 回顾性分析2012年10月至2014年3月,25例接受脊柱内固定治疗的脊髓损伤患者完整随访资料,根据随访6个月后的运动功能恢复情况分为恢复较好组和恢复一般组,同时另选取25例年龄、性别相匹配的健康人作为对照组。恢复较好组10例,男6例,女4例;年龄24~55岁,平均（37.9±13.9）岁;入院时ASIA评级A级1例,B级4例,C级3例,D级2例;6个月后ASIA评级均有一个以上好转,其中A级0例,B级1例,C级3例,D级3例,E级3例;入院时ASIA运动评分为（71.9±16.3）分,6个月后为（85.5±1.5）分。恢复一般组15例,男8例,女7例;年龄24~55岁,平均（35.8±11.5）岁;入院时ASIA评级A级7例,B级3例,C级3例,D级2例）;6个月时ASIA评级未见明显改善;入院时ASIA运动评分为（71.9±16.3）分,6个月后为（85.5±1.5）分。对照组25名,男15名,女10名,年龄（36.5±9.3）岁。采用MRI扫描三组受试者脑部结构信息,运用CIVET软件及DtiStudio软件对比三组大脑灰质和白质萎缩的区域。运用Pearson相关性分析探讨脑皮层萎缩与患者运动功能恢复率之间的相关性。结果 与健康对照组相比,脊髓损伤恢复较好组和恢复一般组均存在双侧初级运动皮层的灰质萎缩,但恢复一般组的萎缩程度更广泛和严重,同时还出现右侧辅助运动区和运动前区的灰质萎缩。恢复较好组未见明显的脑内皮质脊髓束萎缩,而恢复一般组脑内皮质脊髓束初级运动皮层区域及内囊区域均出现白质萎缩。此外,脊髓损伤患者辅助运动区的灰质体积（r=0.75,P< 0.001）及初级运动皮层的白质体积（r=0.76,P< 0.001）与患者6个月后的运动恢复率存在正相关关系。结论 在脊髓损伤早期,运动感觉中枢即可出现明显的萎缩现象,同时这种萎缩对患者的运动功能恢复存在不利影响。     

颈椎无放射影像异常脊髓损伤的早期诊断和治疗

目的：探讨颈椎无放射影像异常脊髓损伤(SCIWORA)的早期诊断和治疗方法。方法：12例SCIWORA患入院后进行仔细的物理学检查了解神经系统定位体征，判定脊髓损伤平面，所有患常规作X线和CT检查，了解椎管指数，同时作MRI成像，了解颈椎间盘有无突出及脊髓损伤情况，从而作出早期诊断。对8例椎问盘突出行前路减压 植骨 颈椎前路钢板内固定。4例保守治疗。结果：1)75%患存在颈椎管狭窄；2)早期通过物理学检查确定的脊髓受损平面与MRI检查基本相似，MRI可进一步了解脊髓压迫和损伤的形态学改变；3)手术治疗8例神经功能大部分明显改善，非手术治疗改善不明显。结论：1)：椎管狭窄是SCIWORA重要的病理学基础；2)早期的物理学检查对SCIWORA的早期诊断与MRI检查一样重要；3)手术治疗是较好的治疗方法。     

急性颈椎损伤MRI表现与脊髓损伤的相关性

目的 探讨MRI检查在判断急性颈椎损伤患者脊髓损伤程度中的作用。方法 对82例急性颈椎损伤患者在受伤24h内行MRI检查,并进行早期连续的临床检查,分析MRI表现与脊髓损伤程度之间的相关性。结果 急性颈椎损伤的10种MRI表现中,髓内出血提示完全性脊髓损伤（FrankelA级）：脊髓肿胀及脊髓水肿多见于FrankelA-C级的病人,同时,脊髓肿胀及水肿的程度与脊髓损程度成正比;脊髓受压多见于FrankelA级和FrankelB级的患者;颈椎税位多见于脊髓损伤程度较重（FrankelA-C级）的患者;椎管狭窄与脊髓损伤程度之间无明确相关性,但多见于老年患者;颈椎间盘突出、颈椎椎体骨折、颈椎附件骨折及韧带损伤与脊髓损伤程度地无明显相关性。结论 急性颈椎损伤患者早期行MRI检查,可以帮助判断脊髓损伤的程度,对治疗方法的选择及准确判断预后具有重要的指导意义。     

急性中央型颈髓损伤综合征的临床治疗

目的探讨急性中央型颈髓损伤综合征的临床治疗.方法对30例急性中央型颈髓损伤综合征患者,根据病情分别采取保守治疗、颈椎前路、后路脊髓减压手术.结果平均随访4年8个月,根据ASIA分级标准,在21例非手术治疗组中,治疗前B级1例,C级5例,D级15例,治疗后恢复至D级者4例,恢复至E级者15例,无明显恢复者2例;在9例手术治疗组中,治疗前B级2例,C级4例,D级3例,治疗后恢复至C级者1例,恢复至D级者3例,恢复至E级者4例,无明显恢复者1例.结论对于MRI显示脊髓无明显受压的患者,经保守治疗多可取得满意疗效.对于MRI显示脊髓明显受压的患者,行颈椎前、后路脊髓减压手术,有利于脊髓功能的恢复.     

外伤性颈脊髓中央综合征手术治疗

目的总结早期手术治疗颈脊髓损伤中央综合征的临床效果和经验,探讨早期手术治疗的积极意义。方法选择2005年以来颈脊髓急性损伤患者确诊为颈脊髓中央综合征的病例中采用手术治疗的22例患者,其中男15例,女7例;年龄22～70岁,平均46岁。入院时间为伤后1 h～2周。损伤原因：车祸伤11例,平地摔伤6例,高处坠落伤3例,重物砸伤2例。损伤分型为：过伸性损伤15例,甩鞭样损伤5例,垂直压缩损伤2例;X线片提示6例颈椎骨折并半脱位,颈椎不稳;16例无明显骨折脱位型,进一步MRI检查提示单纯颈椎间盘突出7例,合并椎管狭窄9例,MRI检查22例均有颈脊髓信号异常;单纯上肢型5例,四肢型17例;脊髓损伤分级按Frankel分级,B级3例,C级11例,D级8例。随访时间6个月～4年,平均18个月。针对颈髓压迫位置,手术方式分别采用颈椎前/后路椎管减压、植骨融合并行内固定手术,经颈前路手术16例,经颈后路内固定5例,1例行单纯颈后路椎管半开门扩大成形术。伤后距离手术时间4～16 d,平均7 d。结果 22例患者均获满意疗效,脊髓压迫改善,神经功能均有明显恢复,病人神经刺激症状术后就有改善,四肢肌力及大小便功能随后开始恢复,Frankel法评定优良率为77%。结论对于脊髓损伤的中央综合征患者,早期进行椎管减压、稳定脊柱等手术干预治疗可有效减轻脊髓水肿和继发性损伤,缩短病理性炎症反应过程,促进脊髓功能恢复,降低病残率。     

脊髓锐器伤患者中长期随访研究

目的:探讨脊髓锐器伤患者中长期神经功能恢复特点,为临床康复工作提供参考。方法:回顾性分析中国康复研究中心北京博爱医院2002年1月～2016年12月收治的脊髓锐器伤患者61例,其中男49例,女12例,受伤年龄28.9±11.7岁(8～53岁)。颈脊髓损伤15例,胸脊髓损伤39例,腰脊髓损伤7例,均进行了无差别的全面系统的康复治疗。平均随访时间8.6±5.4年(2～30年)。通过美国脊髓损伤协会(American Spinal CordInjury Association,ASIA)评分标准评估其伤后1个月内、2年以上神经功能恢复情况。按照运动与感觉损伤完全性与否评估伤后1个月和2年以上的损伤程度分级(ASIA impairment scale,AIS),统计各分级患者例数;并且评估伤后1个月、3个月、6个月、1年、2年以上的运动评分(ASIA motor score,AMS)、轻触觉(light touch,LT)、针刺觉(pin prick,PP),比较其与前一次随访数据的差异。同时收集患者随访期内脊髓MRI资料,观察其是否出现脊髓空洞。结果:各损伤程度AIS分级内脊髓锐器伤患者例数为,伤后1个月内A级21例、B级16例、C级7例、D级17例,受伤2年后A级16例、B级9例、C级11例、D级24例、E级1例。伤后1个月AMS、LT、PP评分分别为57.6±22.5、69.9±25.2、68.0±25.3;3个月AMS、LT、PP分数分别为60.8±23.1,71.5±25.3,70.0±25.1;6个月AMS、LT、PP分数分别为68.3±23.2、74.9±24.9、72.9±24.7;1年AMS、LT、PP分数分别为69.6±23.2、75.3±25.1、73.2±24.8;2年后分数AMS、LT、PP分别为67.9±23.4、73.7±26.1、71.7±26.2。患者受伤2年后与伤后1个月内AIS分级无统计学差异(P0.05);伤后前6个月AMS、LT、PP改变有统计学差异(P0.05),1年后与6个月时ASIA评分无统计学差异(P0.05),2年后与1年时ASIA评分无统计学差异(P0.05)。随访到完整MRI资料19例,其中6例出现脊髓空洞,脊髓空洞发生率为31.58%(6/19)。发现脊髓空洞的时间为2个月～10年。本组未发现死亡病例。结论:脊髓锐器伤患者神经功能提高多发生在伤后半年内,随时间延长神经功能各项指标改善趋于停滞,部分患者出现脊髓空洞改变。     

手术治疗无骨折脱位型急性颈脊髓损伤

目的探讨无骨折脱位型急性颈脊髓损伤的手术效果。方法 2000年7月至2009年1月我科收治24例无骨折脱位型急性颈脊髓损伤患者,其中男18例,女6例;年龄25～62岁,平均40岁。术前Frankel分级,A级1例,B级6例,C级13例,D级4例。根据其影像学表现采用不同手术方式进行治疗。结果所有患者均获随访12～46个月,平均21个月。术后脊髓功能均得到不同程度改善,术后Frankel分级情况B级3例,C级6例,D级12例,E级3例。结论对无骨折脱位型急性颈脊髓损伤,根据其影像学表现选择不同手术治疗方式,可获得较好临床效果。     

急性脊髓损伤MRI影像学评价

目的23例急性脊髓损伤病人在伤后一周内行MRI检查,表现为脊髓受损区T2加权高信号T1加权等或低信号.方法同时对不同损伤程度及不同预后的患者进行比较.脊髓损伤程度、水肿范围、脊髓受压、髓内出血与预后有关,认为MRI检查对判断脊髓损伤程度、指导治疗及判断预后有一定作用.结果认为在脊髓损伤中MRI是一种很有价值的检查手段.通过MRI检查可将脊髓损伤分为两类脊髓受压型和非受压型.T2加权高信号范围大小是估计预后的简便方法,治疗上以脊髓内外联合减压以及防止脊神经进一步损害.结论早期诊断、早期固定牵引及手术是重要的.     

脊柱脊髓损伤患者低钠血症的临床研究

目的：探讨脊柱脊髓损伤患者低钠血症的临床发病情况、发生机制及治疗措施。方法：回顾性分析543例急性脊柱脊髓损伤患者的临床资料。结果：543例患者中发生低钠者202例，占全部病例的37．2％。脊柱脊髓损伤患者低钠血症的发生率与患者脊髓损伤平面和程度有关。202例低钠者中13例出现神经精神症状。结论：脊柱脊髓损伤患者低钠血症的发生与钠盐摄入量减少、过量水负荷、脊髓损伤后肾脏排水保钠能力下降等原因有关。ASIA运动评分与脊柱脊髓损伤患者低钠血症的发生有相关性。     

Adult spinal cord injury with no radiographic bone lesion: analysis of nine consecutive patients

Background

Spinal cord injury with no radiographic bone lesion described as spinal cord injury without radiographic abnormality (SCIWORA) in childhood is less often reported in adults than in children. This study was undertaken to report our experience in the management of nine cases over 25 years.

Patients and methods

This was a retrospective study from 1985 to 2009 concerning nine adult patients who sustained spinal cord injury with no radiographic abnormality. The ratio among all cervical spine traumas for the same period was 2.21%. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed in all the patients. The patients’ clinical status at the time of admission and discharge was evaluated using the Frankel's grading system. We report the results based on the clinical, epidemiologic and radiological findings and outcomes.

Results

The mean age of our population was 37.43 years, ranging from 18 to 60 years. All the patients were men. The main etiology was falls (5/9) followed by road traffic accidents (4/9). According to the Frankel's grading system, four patients (44.45%) were grade A, four were grade B (44.45%), and one was grade C (11.11%). On MRI, medullar lesions were: contusion, non-compressive cervical disc herniation, cervical spine stenosis, and two cases of normal cervical spine. Four patients were operated on via the posterior cervical spine approach (laminectomy, C3-C7 in three cases and C1-C3 in one case). The other five patients were treated orthopaedically for 6 to 8 weeks. Three patients (3/9), who were Frankel's grade B and C with no demonstrable injury on MRI, improved to Frankel a useful neurological grade (Frankel's grades D or E) at the time of discharge. One patient evaluated as Frankel's grade A died from cardiovascular disturbance.

Conclusion

Spinal cord injury with no radiographic abnormality accounted for 2.21% of cases of spinal cord injury in our series. MRI is the investigation of choice, having diagnostic and prognostic value because it demonstrates neural and extraneural injuries and helps to identify surgically correctable abnormalities.     

A prospective study on acute spinal injuries

This work examines demographic and clinical characteristics of 163 consecutive cases of acute spinal injuries in a small area of Western Turkey, since 1982. These include all spinal injuries with or without neurological symptoms. Combined conservative and surgical methods were used for treatment. Age, sex, etiology, site of injury, radiologic findings, neurological status, and outcome are compared with the other studies. The results have been found to be parallel to those of the other studies except for some regional differences like an excess of tractor accidents.     

Relationship of patient characteristics and inpatient rehabilitation services to 5-year outcomes following spinal cord injury: A follow up of the SCIRehab project

ObjectiveTo examine associations of patient characteristics and treatment quantity delivered during inpatient spinal cord injury (SCI) rehabilitation with outcomes at 5 years post-injury and compare them to the associations found at 1 year post-injury.DesignObservational study using Practice-Based Evidence research methodology in which clinicians documented treatment details. Regression modeling was used to predict outcomes.SettingFive inpatient SCI rehabilitation centers in the US.ParticipantsParticipants were 792 SCIRehab participants who were >12 years of age, gave informed consent, and completed both a 1-year and 5-year post-injury interview.Outcome MeasuresOutcome data were derived from Spinal Cord Injury Model Systems (SCIMS) follow-up interviews at 5 years post-injury and, similar to the 1-year SCIMS outcomes, included measures of physical independence, societal participation, life satisfaction, and depressive symptoms, as well as place of residence, school/work attendance, rehospitalization, and presence of pressure ulcers.ResultsConsistent with 1-year findings, patient characteristics continue to be strong predictors of outcomes 5-years post-injury, although several variables add to the prediction of some of the outcomes. More time in physical therapy and therapeutic recreation were positive predictors of 1-year outcomes, which held less true at 5 years. Greater time spent with psychology and social work/case management predicted greater depressive symptomatology 5-years post-injury. Greater clinician experience was a predictor at both 1- and 5 -years, although the related positive outcomes varied across years.ConclusionVarious outcomes 5-years post-injury were primarily explained by pre-and post-injury characteristics, with little additional variance offered by the quantity of treatment received during inpatient rehabilitation.     

实验性胚胎脊髓移植进展

目的：研究胚胎脊髓移植治疗脊髓损伤的作用。方法：将胚胎脊髓移植到各种动物模型,以及在临床的初步应用。结果和结论：胚肿脊髓移植能够促进脊髓环路的再生和功能恢复。     

Weight gain following spinal cord injury: a pilot study

Study design

Retrospective chart review.

Objective

To define the temporal course of weight gain in persons with new spinal cord injury (SCI), and to identify predictors of weight gain in this population.

Setting

A United States Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) SCI Unit.

Methods

A retrospective chart review in a VA SCI Unit was conducted. Participants (n = 85) included all persons with new SCI completing initial rehabilitation at the center between 1998 and 2006. Outcome measures were mean change in body mass index (BMI) between rehabilitation admission and final follow-up, time of greatest BMI change, and distribution of participants by BMI classification. These measures were also examined relative to SCI level, American Spinal Injury Association Impairment Scale (AIS) grade, primary mode of mobility, and age at rehabilitation admission.

Results

Mean BMI increased by 2.3 kg/m² between rehabilitation admission (mean 45 days post-injury) and final follow-up (mean 5 years post-injury). The distribution of participants shifted from lower BMI classifications at rehabilitation admission to higher BMI classifications at final follow-up. For participants transitioning from normal to overweight or obese, the greatest increase occurred during the first year after acute rehabilitation. Neurological level, impairment category, primary mode of mobility, and age at rehabilitation admission did not significantly predict BMI change. BMI at rehabilitation admission correlated significantly with BMI at final follow-up (P < 0.0005).

Conclusions

These findings confirm a significant increase in BMI after new SCI and suggest that persons with new SCI are at greatest weight gain risk during the first year following acute rehabilitation.     

脊髓损伤后血流改变

选用成年狗１０只，于胸９－０给以２０ｇ×２５ｃｍ打击量，应用氢清除法于伤后１５ｍｉｎ～４ｂ测定脊髓血流量（ＳＣＢＦ）。结果显示伤后不同时期灰质血流量均较白质血流量（ｗＳＣＢＦ）为高，近侧节较远侧节亦高，伤后２ｈ，ｗＳＣＢＦ稍升高，但４ｈ恢复正常。作者认为，伤后头几个小时为关键时刻，此时如能采用有效措施，对不全瘫还能逆转。本文结果与文献相比有些差异，可能与实验条件不同及观察时间较短有关。     

脊柱外伤的MRI表现

本文报告了50例急、慢性脊柱外伤病人MRI的检查结果,描述了15例急性期脊髓损伤后水肿和出血的MRI信号改变和35例慢性期脊髓损伤后脊髓囊变、纤维化和脊髓萎缩的MR信号改变。探讨不同MR信号与预后的关系。