糖尿病大鼠周围神经bFGF的动态表达及巴曲酶对其的影响

目的探讨碱性成纤维生长因子(bFGF)在糖尿病周围神经病(DPN)大鼠中的动态变化规律;观察巴曲酶对bFGF的影响及其机制,为临床上治疗DPN提供理论依据。方法将大鼠腹腔注射链脲佐菌素制作实验性糖尿病模型,分别于成模后2m和3m时腹腔注射巴曲酶进行干预。通过免疫组织化学和原位杂交双重检测bF-GF在坐骨神经中的表达。结果DM造模后2m时坐骨神经中bFGF的含量明显减少,且随时间变化有统计学差异,巴曲酶治疗后bFGF的表达明显增加。结论DPN大鼠坐骨神经中bFGF表达减少可能参与DPN的发病机制。巴曲酶对DPN有保护作用,其机制可能包括对bFGF的调节。     

糖尿病大鼠周围神经NGF的动态表达及巴曲酶对其影响

目的探讨神经生长因子（NGF）在糖尿病周围神经病（DPN）大鼠中的动态变化规律,初步证实巴曲酶对NGF的影响并探讨其机制,为临床上治疗DPN提供理论依据。方法将大鼠腹腔注射链脲佐菌素制作实验性糖尿病模型,再分别于成模后2个月和3个月时腹腔注射巴曲酶进行干预。通过免疫组织化学和原位杂交双重检测NGF在坐骨神经中的表达。结果DM造模后2个月时坐骨神经中NGF的含量明显减少,且随时间变化有统计学差异,而巴曲酶治疗后NGF的表达明显增加。结论DPN大鼠坐骨神经中NGF表达减少可能参与DPN的发病机制。巴曲酶对DPN有保护作用,其机制可能包括对NGF的调节。     

糖尿病周围神经病动物模型的建立、病理观察及巴曲酶保护作用研究

目的建立稳定、可靠的糖尿病周围神经病（DPN）动物模型，观察坐骨神经的病理改变及检测周围神经传导速度和血液流变性等指标，观察巴曲酶是否对DPN有保护作用。方法将大鼠腹腔注射链脲佐菌素制作实验性糖尿病模型，再分别于成模后2个月和3个月时腹腔注射巴曲酶进行干预。电镜、光镜下观察坐骨神经的病理改变，同时检测周围神经传导速度和血液流变件等指标。结果糖尿病大鼠自造模后2个月开始，周围神经传导速度明显减慢，血液粘度及血浆粘度明显升高，用巴曲酶治疗后均得以明显改善，但神经传导速度仍低于正常。血液流变学中仅低切速血液粘度随病程延长而增加，其它指标与病程无关。光镜下可见糖尿病大鼠坐骨神经纤维髓鞘密度不均匀，有斑块状密度减低区。电镜下可见糖尿病大鼠髓鞘局部增厚及板层分离，治疗后上述改变均减轻，细小神经纤维明显增生。结论腹腔注射链脲佐菌素法可建立可靠的实验性DPN动物模型，巴曲酶干预后血液流变性得以改善，周围神经病理改变得以减轻，说明巴曲酶对DPN有保护作用。     

人神经生长因子对DPN大鼠坐骨神经CGT的作用

目的　观察人神经生长因子 ( h NGF)对早期糖尿病多发性神经病 ( DPN)大鼠坐骨神经中半乳糖神经酰胺转移酶 m RNA( CGTm RNA)表达的影响。方法　用链脲佐菌素 ( STZ)一次性腹腔注射诱导糖尿病大鼠模型 ,在 DPN 4周 (造模后 4周 )腹腔注射 h NGF( 90 U .kg- 1 .d- 1 ) ,共 4周。用 RT- PCR和免疫组化方法观察坐骨神经CGTm RNA,NGFm RNA和蛋白表达。结果　 DPN 8周大鼠坐骨神经 CGTm RNA升高 ,NGFm RNA和蛋白表达减少。用 h NGF治疗的 DPN大鼠 CGTm RNA明显降低 ,NGFm RNA和蛋白表达增加。结论　 h NGF治疗能纠正早期DPN大鼠坐骨神经 CGTm RNA异常     

巴曲酶对糖尿病周围神经病大鼠血液流变性的影响

目的探讨巴曲酶对糖尿病周围神经病大鼠血液流变性的作用。方法用链尿佐菌素一次性腹腔注射诱导糖尿病大鼠模型,在造模后2月和3月时腹腔注射巴曲酶8Bu/(kg·d),10d后测定坐骨神经运动及感觉神经传导速度;然后取血测定其血液流变学指标。结果糖尿病大鼠在造模后2月和3月时周围神经传导速度明显减慢,血液流变学指标明显增加,用巴曲酶治疗后均明显改善。结论巴曲酶治疗糖尿病周围神经病的机制之一可能为改善其血液流变学。     

人神经生长因子对糖尿病多发性神经病大鼠坐骨神经caloainⅡ的作用

目的:观察人神经生长因子(hNGF)对早期糖尿病多发性神经病(DPN)大鼠坐骨神经中calpainⅡ表达的影响。方法:用链佐星(STZ)一次性腹腔注射诱导糖尿病大鼠模型,在DPN4周(造模后4周)腹腔注射hNGF90U/(kg·d),共4周。用原位杂交和免疫组化方法观察坐骨神经calpainⅡmRNA和蛋白表达。结果:DPN8周大鼠坐骨神经calpainⅡmRNA和蛋白表达明显减少。用hNGF治疗的DPN大鼠calpainⅡmRNA和蛋白表达增加。结论:hNGF治疗能纠正早期DPN大鼠坐骨神经calpainⅡmRNA和蛋白表达异常。     

巴曲酶对实验性糖尿病大鼠周围神经传导速度的影响

目的探讨巴曲酶对糖尿病大鼠周围神经传导速度的作用。方法用链脲佐菌素一次性腹腔注射诱导糖尿病大鼠模型,在造模后2月和3月时腹腔注射巴曲酶8Bu/(kg·d),10d后测定坐骨神经运动及感觉神经传导速度。结果糖尿病大鼠在造模后2月和3月时周围神经传导速度明显减慢;用巴曲酶治疗的糖尿病大鼠周围神经传导速度明显加快。结论巴曲酶治疗能纠正糖尿病大鼠周围神经传导速度的异常。     

依达拉奉对糖尿病周围神经病大鼠神经保护的机制

目的 探讨依达拉奉对糖尿病周围神经病(DPN)大鼠神经保护的机制.方法 采用链脲佐菌素(STZ)一次性腹腔注射诱导建立SD大鼠DPN模型,并随机分为对照组和治疗组(各10只);治疗组给予依达拉奉3 mg/(kg·d)腹腔注射共4周.观察摆尾温度阈值(TTT)、坐骨神经运动神经传导速度(MCV)、感觉神经传导速度(SCV);应用酶标法及免疫组化法分别检测坐骨神经半胱氨酸蛋白酶( caspase)-3和Bcl-2表达水平,并与正常组(10只)比较.结果 与正常组比较,对照组大鼠TTT明显升高,MCV和SCV明显减慢,坐骨神经caspase-3和Bcl-2表达水平明显增高(均P＜0.01);与对照组比较,治疗组大鼠TTT明显降低,MCV和SCV明显提高(均P＜0.01);坐骨神经caspase-3表达水平明显降低,Bcl-2表达水平明显增高(均P＜0.05).结论 依达拉奉可以减轻DPN大鼠坐骨神经损伤,其机制可能与其降低周围神经caspase-3表达和增强Bcl-2表达有关.     

中枢类大麻受体拮抗剂利莫那班对2型糖尿病周围神经病变疗效的实验分析

目的 观察利莫那班对大鼠糖尿病周围神经痛变的疗效,探讨其作用机制.方法 采用链尿佐菌素(STZ)腹腔注射诱导形成糖尿病周围神经病变(DPN)模型,随机分为模型对照组、利莫那班小剂量组、利莫那班大剂量组、正常对照组.糖尿病大鼠造模成功后予利莫那班干预,开始给药24周后将模型组和正常组比较痛阈、坐骨神经传导速度.用酶联免疫吸附测定法(ELISA法)分别洲定各组大鼠血清、脊髓及坐骨神经内IL-Iβ、TNF-α的浓度.结果 利莫邢班对DNP大鼠痛阈、坐骨神经传导速度(NCV)有明显改善(P＜0.05).与对照组比较.DPN模型组大鼠的lL-Iβ、TNF-α的含量显著增高(P＜0.05),利莫那班治疗24周后.与DPN模型组比较IL-lβ、TNF-α的含量显著降低(P＜0.05).结论 利莫那班对糖尿病周围神经病变有良好的疗效,可能是通过调节自身免疫功能机制发挥作用.     

脓毒症大鼠模型脑胰岛素生长因子1表达的变化及影响

目的：探讨脓毒症大鼠模型胰岛素生长因子1（IGF-1）表达的变化及影响。方法采用盲肠结扎穿孔法（CLP）制作脓毒症大鼠模型,应用免疫荧光染色观察皮层IGF-1阳性细胞, western blot法检测IGF-1和caspase-3蛋白表达,TUNEL染色观察脑神经元凋亡。在脓毒症模型基础上,给予侧脑室定位注射IGF-1或生理盐水,相同方法检测caspase-3蛋白表达及脑神经元凋亡。结果与假手术组相比,脓毒症组大鼠皮层IGF-1阳性细胞数明显减少,caspase-3表达增高,IGF-1表达减低,神经元凋亡增加（均P＜0．05）。侧脑室注射IGF-1后,caspase-3表达和神经元凋亡较假手术组无明显变化;而侧脑室给予生理盐水大鼠caspase-3表达和神经元凋亡与脓毒症组相似。结论脓毒症大鼠的脑皮层IGF-1表达明显减低,细胞凋亡增多。给予外源性IGF-1后,细胞凋亡减少。提示IGF-1可能通过抑制caspase-3的上调对脓毒症大鼠起到脑保护作用。     

沙盘游戏疗法在地中海贫血患儿心理干预中的应用

本文目的是对沙盘游戏疗法在地中海贫血患儿心理干预中的应用进行综述,以期为地中海贫血患儿的心理康复提供参考。地中海贫血是以珠蛋白生成障碍为主要特征的遗传性疾病,由于长期输血治疗,患儿存在较多的心理和行为问题。沙盘游戏疗法作为一种有效、实用的儿童心理治疗方法,对提高地中海贫血患儿的康复效果、改善生存质量有重要的临床意义。     

癫痫共病抑郁的机制及临床诊疗

本文目的是探讨癫痫共病抑郁的可能机制及临床诊疗。癫痫是一种常见的、慢性的、致残性的神经疾病,癫痫患者生活质量下降,存在明显的负性情绪,常伴发各种精神疾病。癫痫与抑郁具有共同的神经生物学基础,可能存在共同的发病机制。本文从癫痫共病抑郁的发病机制、临床诊断及治疗方面予以总结归纳。     

Efficacy and Effectiveness of Child and Adolescent Psychotherapy and Pharmacotherapy

Decades of intervention research have produced a rich body of evidence on the effects of psychotherapies and pharmacotherapies with children and adolescents. Here we summarize and critique that evidence. We review findings bearing on the efficacy of psychosocial treatments and medications under controlled experimental conditions. We also report evidence, where available, on the effectiveness of both classes of treatment with clinically referred youth treated in real-world clinical contexts. In general, the large body of evidence on efficacy contrasts sharply with the small base of evidence on effectiveness. Addressing this gap through an enriched research agenda could contribute importantly to linking scientific inquiry and clinical practice—to the benefit of both ventures. This is one element of a multifaceted agenda for future research and for synthesis of research, which will require the interplay of multiple disciplines related to child and adolescent mental health.     

Cultural Identity and Experiences of Prejudice and Discrimination of Afghan and Iranian Immigrant Youth

In culturally diverse and immigrant receiving societies, immigrant youth can be subject to prejudice and discrimination. Such experiences can impact on immigrant youth’s cultural identity and influence their psychosocial outcomes. This paper presents findings of a study that examined cultural identity and experiences of prejudice and discrimination among Afghan (N = 9) and Iranian (N = 17) immigrant youth in Canada. The study had a prospective, comparative, longitudinal qualitative design. Data was gathered through focus groups, interviews, journals and field logs. Four main themes emerged on participants’ experiences of prejudice and discrimination: (a) societal factors influencing prejudice; (b) personal experiences of discrimination; (c) fear of disclosure and silenced cultural identity; and (d) resiliency and strength of cultural identity. Drawing from Rosenberg’s (Conceiving the self, Basic Books, New York, 1979) self-concept framework and Romero and Roberts (J. Adolesc., 21:641–656, 1998) distinction between prejudice and discrimination, results indicated that youth’s extant and presenting cultural identity were affected. Inclusive policies and practices are needed to promote youth integration in multicultural and immigrant receiving settings.

发作性睡病与异态睡眠的诊治

本文目的是探讨发作性睡病与异态睡眠的诊断与治疗.发作性睡病被漏诊和误诊的几率较高,危害较大,共患异态睡眠比例高.文章从发作性睡病临床特征、REM睡眠的作用、发作性睡病与异态睡眠(睡眠瘫痪、睡眠幻觉、快眼动睡眠期行为障碍)共病特征及治疗这四个方面进行了讨论.     

Effects of Agonists and Antagonists of Cholecystokinin on Contractile and Myoelectric Activity of Isolated Muscle of Colon and Ileum in the Dog and Guinea Pig

This study evaluates the effects of agonists and antagonists of cholecystokinin (CCK) on contractile and myoelectrical activity in isolated longitudinal muscle strips from colon or ileum of guinea pigs or beagle dogs. Caerulein and CCK-8 caused a dose-dependent increase of contractile and myoelectrical spike activity in both species with maximal effects seen between 10⁻⁸ and 3 × 10⁻⁸ M. The dose responses were identical for both CCK agonists and species. The dose-related effects of CCK compounds on colonic muscle were slightly shifted to the right when compared to ileum in both species. All antagonists, the proglumide-derivatives CR1409, CR1392, and CR1505, as well as the nonpeptide substances asperlicin and L-364,718, caused a parallel rightward shift of CCK's dose-dependent motor activity response, indicating the competitive nature of inhibition. The antagonists displayed a rank order of potency in antagonizing CCK's action on intestinal motility similar to their ability to antagonize CCK's action on pancreas and gallbladder. L-364,718 was the most potent antagonist, followed by CR1409, CR1505, CR1392, asperlicin, and proglumide. The antagonists did not affect contractile or myoelectrical responses to acetylcholine, histamine, motilin, or substance P. Thus compounds that have been described as CCK antagonists for pancreas and gallbladder also act as specific and competitive antagonists of CCK's action on contractile and myoelectrical activity of Heal and colonie muscle.     

The neuroendocrinology of stress and the pathophysiology and therapy of depression and anxiety

Clinical and preclinical studies have gathered substantial evidence that stress response alterations play a major role in the development of major depression, panic disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder. The stress response, the hypothalamic pituitary adrenocortical (HPA) system and its modulation by corticotropin-releasing hormones (CRH),corticosteroids,and their receptors, and the roles of natriuretic peptides and neuroactive steroids are described. We review the role of the HPA system in major depression, panic disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder and its possible relevance for treatment. Impaired glucocorticoid receptor function in major depression is associated with an excessive release of neurohormones such as CRH, to which a number of signs and symptoms characteristic of depression can be ascribed. In panic disorder, a role of central CRH in panic attacks has been suggested. Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) is causally involved in sodium lactate-induced panic attacks. Furthermore, preclinical and clinical data on its anxiolytic activity suggest that nonpeptidergic ANP receptor ligands may be potentially useful in the treatment of anxiety disorders. Post-traumatic stress disorder is characterized by a peripheral hyporesponsive HPA system and elevated CRH concentrations in the CSF. This dissociation is probably related to an increased risk of this disorder. We further review recent data that describe an important role of GABA(A)-receptor modulatory,3 alpha-reduced neuroactive steroids in major depression, anxiety, and its treatment. Antidepressants are effective in both depression and anxiety disorders and have major effects on the HPA system,especially on glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptors. Normalization of HPA system abnormalities is a strong predictor of the clinical course, at least in major depression and panic disorder. Currently,CRH-R1 or glucocorticoid receptor antagonists and ANP receptor agonists are being studied and may provide future treatment options more closely related to the pathophysiology of these disorders.     

小胶质细胞和少突胶质细胞前体的培养和鉴定

目的 探讨新生大鼠脑组织小胶质细胞(MG)和少突胶质细胞(OL)前体的分离和体外培养方法 . 方法 取新生2 d SD大鼠脑组织,体外原代培养混合胶质细胞7 d后,分别采用"改良振荡伴差速贴壁"法和"营养缺失伴振荡"法纯化培养MG和OL前体,并分别应用免疫荧光染色异凝集素-B4(IB4)和OL前体标记物(O4)进行鉴定.结果 混合胶质细胞培养7 d后呈明显三层增长,其中MG位于上层,星型胶质细胞位于底层,两者之间为2型少突星型(O2A)祖细胞.纯化培养后OL前体胞体呈小圆形,有双极或三极突起,MG则以阿米巴形、圆形居多,或边缘呈毛刺状.免疫荧光染色IB4显示绿色荧光,MG纯度达到90%以上.免疫荧光染色O4显示棕黄色荧光,OL前体纯度达到95%以上. 结论 采用"改良振荡伴差速贴壁"法以及"营养缺失伴振荡"法分别成功获取大量纯度高、活力好的MG和OL前体.     

Review and meta-analysis of the phenomenology and clinical characteristics of mania in children and adolescents

OBJECTIVE: Using predetermined criteria for study quality and methods, a literature review and meta-analysis of seven reports about pediatric bipolar disorder (BPD) was conducted to determine if there is a consistent picture of the phenomenology and clinical characteristics of BPD in children and adolescents. METHODS: Searches were conducted in MedLine and PsycINFO using the terms mania, BPD, children and adolescents, and was limited to published articles in peer-reviewed journals. Seven reports were selected that met the following criteria: a systematic method for the elicitation and reporting of symptoms and clinical characteristics of subjects; subjects were interviewed by a trained researcher or clinician; ages 5-18 years; use of a diagnostic system, either DSM or RDC for categorization; a consensus method for the establishment of the diagnosis of BPD. RESULTS: Most DSM-IV symptoms of mania were common in the children and adolescents with BPD with the most common symptoms being increased energy, distractibility, and pressured speech. On average, four of five bipolar cases also showed threshold levels of irritable mood and grandiosity, and more than 70% of all cases showed elated/euphoric mood, decreased need for sleep, or racing thoughts. Roughly 69% of cases also showed poor judgment, whereas only half of bipolar cases demonstrated flight of ideas, and slightly more than one-third showed hypersexuality or psychotic features. CONCLUSIONS: The clinical picture that emerges is that of children or adolescents with periods of increased energy (mania or hypomania), accompanied by distractibility, pressured speech, irritability, grandiosity, racing thoughts, decreased need for sleep and euphoria/elation.