Prediction of Outcome Following Early Salvage Radiotherapy Among Patients with Biochemical Recurrence After Radical Prostatectomy

Background

Early salvage radiotherapy (eSRT) represents the only curative option for prostate cancer patients experiencing biochemical recurrence (BCR) for local recurrence after radical prostatectomy (RP).

Objective

To develop and internally validate a novel nomogram predicting BCR after eSRT in patients treated with RP.

Design, setting, and participants

Using a multi-institutional cohort, 472 node-negative patients who experienced BCR after RP were identified. All patients received eSRT, defined as local radiation to the prostate and seminal vesicle bed, delivered at prostate-specific antigen (PSA) ≤0.5 ng/ml.

Outcome measurement and statistical analysis

BCR after eSRT was defined as two consecutive PSA values ≥0.2 ng/ml. Uni- and multivariable Cox regression models predicting BCR after eSRT were fitted. Regression-based coefficients were used to develop a nomogram predicting the risk of 5-yr BCR after eSRT. The discrimination of the nomogram was quantified with the Harrell concordance index and the calibration plot method. Two hundred bootstrap resamples were used for internal validation.

Results and limitations

Mean follow-up was 58 mo (median: 48 mo). Overall, 5-yr BCR-free survival rate after eSRT was 73.4%. In univariable analyses, pathologic stage, Gleason score, and positive surgical margins were associated with the risk of BCR after eSRT (all p ≤ 0.04). These results were confirmed in multivariable analysis, where all the previously mentioned covariates as well as pre-RT PSA were significantly associated with BCR after eSRT (all p ≤ 0.04). A coefficient-based nomogram demonstrated a bootstrap-corrected discrimination of 0.74. Our study is limited by its retrospective nature and use of BCR as an end point.

Conclusions

eSRT leads to excellent cancer control in patients with BCR for presumed local failure after RP. We developed the first nomogram to predict outcome after eSRT. Our model facilitates risk stratification and patient counselling regarding the use of secondary therapy for individuals experiencing BCR after RP.

Patient summary

Salvage radiotherapy leads to optimal cancer control in patients who experience recurrence after radical prostatectomy. We developed a novel tool to identify the best candidates for salvage treatment and to allow selection of patients to be considered for additional forms of therapy.     

Long-term Impact of Adjuvant Versus Early Salvage Radiation Therapy in pT3N0 Prostate Cancer Patients Treated with Radical Prostatectomy: Results from a Multi-institutional Series

Background

Three prospective randomised trials reported discordant findings regarding the impact of adjuvant radiation therapy (aRT) versus observation for metastasis-free survival (MFS) and overall survival (OS) among patients with pT3N0 prostate cancer treated with radical prostatectomy (RP). None of these trials systematically included patients who underwent early salvage radiation therapy (esRT).

Multi-institutional Validation of the CAPRA-S Score to Predict Disease Recurrence and Mortality After Radical Prostatectomy

Background

The University of California, San Francisco, Cancer of the Prostate Risk Assessment Postsurgical (CAPRA-S) score uses pathologic data from radical prostatectomy (RP) to predict prostate cancer recurrence and mortality. However, this clinical tool has never been validated externally.

Objective

To validate CAPRA-S in a large, multi-institutional, external database.

Design, setting, and participants

The Shared Equal Access Regional Cancer Hospital (SEARCH) database consists of 2892 men who underwent RP from 2001 to 2011. With a median follow-up of 58 mo, 2670 men (92%) had complete data to calculate a CAPRA-S score.

Intervention

RP.

Outcome measurements and statistical analysis

The main outcome was biochemical recurrence. Performance of CAPRA-S in detecting recurrence was assessed and compared with a validated postoperative nomogram by concordance index (c-index), calibration plots, and decision curve analysis. Prediction of cancer-specific mortality was assessed by Kaplan-Meier analysis and the c-index.

Results and limitations

The mean age was 62 yr (standard deviation: 6.3), and 34.3% of men had recurrence. The 5-yr progression-free probability for those patients with a CAPRA-S score of 0–2, 3–5, and 6–10 (defining low, intermediate, and high risk) was 72%, 39%, and 17%, respectively. The CAPRA-S c-index was 0.73 in this validation set, compared with a c-index of 0.72 for the Stephenson nomogram. Although CAPRA-S was optimistic in predicting the likelihood of being free of recurrence at 5 yr, it outperformed the Stephenson nomogram on both calibration plots and decision curve analysis. The c-index for predicting cancer-specific mortality was 0.85, with the caveat that this number is based on only 61 events.

Conclusions

In this external validation, the CAPRA-S score predicted recurrence and mortality after RP with a c-index >0.70. The score is an effective prognostic tool that may aid in determining the need for adjuvant therapy.     

Salvage Radiotherapy Versus Hormone Therapy for Prostate-specific Antigen Failure After Radical Prostatectomy: A Randomised,Multicentre, Open-label,Phase 3 Trial (JCOG0401)2

BackgroundNo standard therapy has been established for localised prostate cancer patients with prostate-specific antigen (PSA) failure after radical prostatectomy (RP).ObjectiveTo determine whether radiotherapy ± hormone therapy is superior to hormone therapy alone in such patients.Design, setting, and participantsThis study is a multicentre, randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial. Patients with localised prostate cancer whose PSA concentrations had decreased to <0.1 ng/ml after RP, and then increased to 0.4–1.0 ng/ml, were randomised to the salvage hormone therapy (SHT) group (80 mg bicalutamide [BCL] followed by luteinising hormone-releasing hormone agonist in case of BCL failure) or the salvage radiation therapy (SRT) ± SHT group (64.8 Gy of SRT followed by the same regimen as in the SHT group in case of SRT failure). From May 2004 to May 2011, 210 patients (105 in each arm) were registered, with the median follow-up being 5.5 yr.Outcome measurements and statistical analysisThe primary endpoint was time to treatment failure (TTF) of BCL.Results and limitationsTTF of BCL was significantly longer in the SRT ± SHT group (8.6 yr) than in the SHT group (5.6 yr; hazard ratio 0.56, 90% confidence interval [0.40–0.77]; one-sided p = 0.001). Thirty-two of 102 patients (31%) in the SRT ± SHT group did not have SRT treatment failure. However, clinical relapse-free survival and overall survival did not differ between the arms. The most frequent grade 3–4 adverse event was erectile dysfunction (83 patients [80%] in the SHT group vs. 76 [74%] in the SRT ± SHT group). Limitations include the short follow-up periods and surrogate endpoint setting to allow definitive conclusions.ConclusionsInitial SRT prolongs TTF of BCL in patients with post-RP PSA failure, indicating that SRT ± SHT is more beneficial than SHT alone.Patient summaryPatients who have prostate-specific antigen failure after radical prostatectomy benefit from salvage radiation therapy prior to salvage hormone therapy.     

Effect on Survival of Androgen Deprivation Therapy Alone Compared to Androgen Deprivation Therapy Combined with Concurrent Radiation Therapy to the Prostate in Patients with Primary Bone Metastatic Prostate Cancer in a Prospective Randomised Clinical Trial: Data from the HORRAD Trial

Background

The cornerstone of standard treatment for patients with primary bone metastatic prostate cancer (mPCa) is androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). Retrospective studies suggest a survival benefit for treatment of the primary prostatic tumour in mPCa, but to date, no randomised-controlled-trials (RCTs) have been published addressing this issue.

Multiparametric Magnetic Resonance Imaging Is an Independent Predictor of Salvage Radiotherapy Outcomes After Radical Prostatectomy

Background

The Stephenson nomogram is widely used to estimate the success of salvage radiotherapy (sXRT) for prostate cancer (PCa) recurrence after radical prostatectomy (RP).

Risk-Adjusted Hazard Rates of Biochemical Recurrence for Prostate Cancer Patients after Radical Prostatectomy

Background

Current prostate cancer (PCa) follow-up guidelines do not account for the risk of disease relapse.

Objective

To examine the annual hazard rate (anHR) of biochemical recurrence (BCR) according to risk strata in patients treated with radical prostatectomy (RP) for localised PCa. These rates might be used to devise a risk-adjusted follow-up.

Design, setting, and participants

From January 1992 to December 2005, 2911 patients underwent RP for localised PCa in one institution. This cohort was used to identify three distinct risk groups for BCR. A cohort of 2875 patients operated on in a second institution was used for validation purpose.

Intervention

RP, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) tests.

Measurements

Cox regression models addressing BCR were used to identify significant predictors and cut-offs for risk group stratification. The anHR for BCR was calculated (number of events divided by number of patients at risk) for each risk group.

Results and limitations

Three risk groups could be identified: (1) low risk (23.7%), defined as PSA <11 ng/ml plus clinical stage T1c plus pathological Gleason <6 plus negative surgical margins plus organ confined tumour; (2) high risk (18.9%), defined as PSA >22 ng/ml or seminal vesicle invasion or pathological Gleason sum >8 or lymph node invasion or clinical stage T3; and (3) intermediate risk (57.4%), defined as all other patients. The anHR for the low-risk groups remained very low throughout follow-up (0–2.6). The anHR in the intermediate-risk group was initially low but remained elevated (1.3–7.2). The anHR for the high-risk group was initially markedly high (up to 32) and remained elevated during follow-up.

Conclusions

Annual hazard rates of BCR differ according to risk strata. These data might be used to devise a risk-adjusted follow-up protocol. Low-risk patients appear to need less frequent follow-up, whereas high-risk patients might need to be followed more frequently, relative to the current recommendations.     

Long-term Outcomes of Patients with Lymph Node Metastasis Treated with Radical Prostatectomy Without Adjuvant Androgen-deprivation Therapy

Background

The presence of lymph node metastasis (LNM) at radical prostatectomy (RP) is associated with poor outcome, and optimal treatment remains undefined. An understanding of the natural history of node-positive prostate cancer (PCa) and identifying prognostic factors is needed.

Objective

To assess outcomes for patients with LNM treated with RP and lymph node dissection (LND) alone.

Design, setting, and participants

We analyzed data from a consecutive cohort of 369 men with LNM treated at a single institution from 1988 to 2010.

Intervention

RP and extended LND.

Outcome measurements and statistical analysis

Our primary aim was to model overall survival, PCa-specific survival, metastasis-free progression, and freedom from biochemical recurrence (BCR). We used univariate Cox proportional hazard regression models for survival outcomes. Multivariable Cox proportional hazard regression models were used for freedom from metastasis and freedom from BCR, with prostate-specific antigen, Gleason score, extraprostatic extension, seminal vesical invasion, surgical margin status, and number of positive nodes as predictors.

Results and limitations

Sixty-four patients with LNM died, 37 from disease. Seventy patients developed metastasis, and 201 experienced BCR. The predicted 10-yr overall survival and cancer-specific survival were 60% (95% confidence interval [CI], 49–69) and 72% (95% CI, 61–80), respectively. The 10-yr probability of freedom from distant metastasis and freedom from BCR were 65% (95% CI, 56–73) and 28% (95% CI, 21–36), respectively. Higher pathologic Gleason score (>7 compared with ≤7; hazard ratio [HR]: 2.23; 95% CI, 1.64–3.04; p < 0.0001) and three or more positive lymph nodes (HR: 2.61; 95% CI, 1.81–3.76; p < 0.0001) were significantly associated with increased risk of BCR on multivariable analysis. The retrospective nature and single-center source of data are study limitations.

Conclusions

A considerable subset of men with LNM remained free of disease 10 yr after RP and extended LND alone. Patients with pathologic Gleason score <8 and low nodal metastatic burden represent a favorable group. Our data confirm prior findings and support a plea for risk subclassification for patients with LNM.     

前列腺癌去势术前后雄性激素变化的研究

目的 :观察前列腺癌去势术前后雄性激素的变化。　方法 :16例前列腺癌病人在手术前后分别采集血清样本 ,用放射免疫法测定睾酮 (T)、游离睾酮 (FT)、双氢睾酮 (DHT)的含量 ,进行对比分析。　结果 :手术前后 ,血清中T、FT、DHT浓度有非常明显的差异 ,手术后分别下降 92 .2 7%、92 .2 6%、5 8.3 6% ,以T、FT下降为主。根据 2次测定的结果采用配对t检验方法 ,P <0 .0 0 1。　结论 :去势术后 ,去除了血清中绝大部分T、FT ,而DHT仅下降5 8.3 6% ,应当继续使用雄性激素受体竞争剂 ,阻止残存的雄性激素作用     

Long-Term Follow-up of Patients with Prostate Cancer and Nodal Metastases Treated by Pelvic Lymphadenectomy and Radical Prostatectomy: The Positive Impact of Adjuvant Radiotherapy

Background

Recent large, prospective, randomised studies have demonstrated that adjuvant radiotherapy (RT) is a safe and effective procedure for preventing disease recurrence in locally advanced prostate cancer (PCa) patients. However, no study has ever tested the role of adjuvant RT in node-positive patients after radical prostatectomy (RP).

Objective

We hypothesised that adjuvant RT with early hormone therapy (HT) might improve long-term outcomes of patients with PCa and nodal metastases treated with RP and extended pelvic lymph node dissection (ePLND).

Design, setting, and participants

This retrospective study included 250 consecutive patients with pathologic lymph node invasion. We assessed factors predicting long-term biochemical recurrence (BCR)–free and cancer-specific survival (CSS) in node-positive PCa patients treated with RP, ePLND, and adjuvant treatments between 1988 and 2002 in a tertiary academic centre.

Intervention

All patients received adjuvant treatments according to the treating physician after detailed patient information: 129 patients (51.6%) were treated with a combination of RT and HT, while 121 patients (48.4%) received adjuvant HT alone.

Measurements

BCR-free survival and CSS in patients with node-positive PCa.

Results and limitations

Mean follow-up was 95.9 mo (median: 91.2). BCR-free survival and CSS rates at 5, 8, and 10 yr were 72%, 61%, 53% and 89%, 83%, 80%, respectively. In multivariable Cox regression models, adjuvant RT and the number of positive nodes were independent predictors of BCR-free survival (p = 0.002 and p = 0.003, respectively) as well as of CSS (p = 0.009 and p = 0.01, respectively). Moreover, there was significant gain in predictive accuracy when adjuvant RT was included in multivariable models predicting BCR-free survival and CSS (gain: 3.3% and 3%, respectively; all p < 0.001).

Conclusions

Our data showed excellent long-term outcome for node-positive PCa patients treated with radical surgery plus adjuvant treatments. This study is the first to report a significant protective role for adjuvant RT in BCR-free survival and CSS of node-positive patients.     

Impact of Adjuvant Radiation Therapy on Urinary Continence Recovery After Radical Prostatectomy

Background

Little is known about the impact of adjuvant radiation therapy (aRT) after radical prostatectomy (RP) on urinary continence (UC).

Objective

To evaluate the impact of aRT on UC recovery in patients with unfavourable pathologic characteristics.

Design, setting, and participants

The study included 361 patients with either pT2 with positive surgical margin(s) or pT3a/pT3b node-negative disease treated with RP at a tertiary care referral centre.

Intervention

Patients were stratified according to the administration of aRT into two groups: group 1 (no aRT; n = 208; 57.8%) and group 2 (aRT; n = 153; 42.2%).

Outcome measurements and statistical analysis

Continence was defined as no use of protective pads. Log-rank test was used to compare the rate of UC recovery according to aRT status. The association between aRT and UC was also tested in Cox regression models after accounting for age, Cancer of the Prostate Risk Assessment (CAPRA) score, nerve-sparing (NS) status, Charlson Comorbidity Index, body mass index, and year of surgery.

Results and limitations

At a mean follow-up of 30 mo, 254 patients (70.4%) recovered complete UC. The 1- and 3-yr UC recovery was 51% and 59% for patients submitted to aRT versus 81% and 87% for patients not receiving aRT, respectively (p < 0.001). At univariable analysis, older age (p < 0.001), presence of non–organ-confined disease (p < 0.001), non-NS procedure (p < 0.001), and delivery of aRT (p < 0.001) were significantly associated with lower UC. At multivariable analysis, the delivery of aRT remained an independent predictor of worse UC recovery (hazard ratio: 0.57; p = 0.001). Patients treated with aRT had a 1.6-fold higher risk of incontinence. Younger age (p = 0.02), lower CAPRA score (p = 0.03), and NS approach (p < 0.001) also represented independent predictors of UC recovery. The main limitations of the study are related to the lack of validated questionnaires in the evaluation of UC and in the lack of information regarding UC status at aRT.

Conclusions

The delivery of aRT has a detrimental effect on UC. The oncologic benefits must be balanced with an impaired UC recovery. Patients should be informed of such impairment before adjuvant treatments are planned.     

Salvage Surgery in Patients with Local Recurrence After Radical Prostatectomy

BackgroundSince the introduction of prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) positron emission tomography (PET) imaging, isolated local recurrence after radical prostatectomy (RP) can be delineated accurately.ObjectiveTo describe and evaluate surgical technique, biochemical response, and therapy-free survival (TFS) after salvage surgery in patients with local recurrence in the seminal vesicle bed.Design, setting, and participantsWe retrospectively assessed 40 patients treated with open salvage surgery in two centres (11/2014-02/2020). All patients presented with biochemical recurrence (BCR) after RP with a singular local recurrence at PSMA PET imaging. Thirty-three (82.5%) patients received previous salvage radiation therapy.Surgical procedureOpen salvage surgery with PSMA radioguidance.MeasurementsProstate-specific antigen (PSA) nadir and percentage of patients with complete biochemical response (cBR) without further treatment (PSA < 0.2 ng/ml) after 6–16 wk were assessed. BCR-free survival and TFS were calculated using Kaplan-Meier estimates. Clavien-Dindo complications were evaluated.Results and limitationsPrior to salvage surgery, median PSA was 0.9 ng/ml (interquartile range [IQR]: 0.5–1.7 ng/ml). Postoperatively, median PSA nadir was 0.1 ng/ml (IQR: 0–0.4 ng/ml). In 31 (77.5%) patients, cBR was observed. During the median follow-up of 24.4 months, 22 (55.0%) patients experienced BCR and 12 (30.0%) received further therapy. At 1 yr of follow-up, BCR-free survival rate was 62.2% and TFS rate was 88.3%. Three (7.5%) Clavien-Dindo grade III complications were observed. The main limitations are the retrospective design, short follow-up, and lack of a control group.ConclusionsSalvage surgery of local recurrence within the seminal vesicle bed is feasible. It may present an opportunity in selected, locally recurrent patients to prolong BCR-free survival and increase TFS. Further studies are needed to confirm our findings.Patient summaryWe looked at the outcomes from prostate cancer patients with locally recurrent disease after radical prostatectomy and radiotherapy. We found that surgery in well-selected patients may be an opportunity to prolong treatment-free survival.     

Inguinal Hernia After Radical Prostatectomy for Prostate Cancer: Results From a Randomized Setting and a Nonrandomized Setting

Background

Observational data indicate that retropubic radical prostatectomy (RRP) for prostate cancer (PCa) may induce inguinal hernia (IH) formation. Little is known about the influence of robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (RALP) on IH risk.

Objective

To compare the incidence of IH after RRP and RALP to that of nonoperated patients with PCa and to a population control.

Design, setting, and participants

We studied two groups. All 376 men included in the Scandinavian Prostate Cancer Group Study Number 4 constitute study group 1. Patients were randomly assigned RRP or watchful waiting (WW). The 1411 consecutive patients who underwent RRP or RALP at Karolinska University Hospital constitute study group 2. Men without PCa, matched for age and residence to each study group, constitute controls.

Measurements

Postoperative IH incidence was detected through a validated questionnaire. The participation rates were 82.7% and 88.4% for study groups 1 and 2, respectively.

Results and limitations

The Kaplan-Meier cumulative occurrence of IH development after 48 mo in study group 1 was 9.3%, 2.4%, and 0.9% for the RRP, the WW, and the control groups, respectively. There were statistically significant differences between the RRP group and the WW and control groups, but not between the last two. In study group 2 the cumulative risk of IH development at 48 mo was 12.2%, 5.8%, and 2.6% for the RRP, the RALP, and the control group, respectively. There were statistically significant differences between the RRP group and the RALP and control groups, but not between the last two.

Conclusions

RRP for PCa leads to an increased risk of IH development. RALP may lower the risk as compared to open surgery.     

Head-to-Head Comparison of the Three Most Commonly Used Preoperative Models for Prediction of Biochemical Recurrence After Radical Prostatectomy

Background

Several models can predict the rate of biochemical recurrence (BCR) after radical prostatectomy (RP).

Objective

We tested the three most commonly used models—the D’Amico risk stratification scheme, the Cancer of the Prostate Risk Assessment (CAPRA) score, and the Stephenson nomogram—in a European cohort of RP patients.

Design, setting, and participants

We relied on preoperative characteristics and prostate-specific antigen follow-up data of 1976 patients, as required by the three tested models. All patients were treated with an open RP between 1992 and 2006.

Measurements

Analyses included tests of accuracy (Harrell's concordance index) and calibration between predicted and observed BCR rates at 3 yr and 5 yr after RP. Additionally, we relied on decision curve analyses to compare the three models directly in a head-to-head fashion.

Results and limitations

The median follow-up of censored patients was 32 mo. BCR-free rates at 3 yr and 5 yr after RP were 80.2% and 72.6%, respectively. The concordance index for 3-yr BCR predictions was 70.4%, 74.3%, and 75.2% for the D’Amico, CAPRA, and Stephenson models, respectively, versus 67.4%, 72.9%, and 73.5% for 5-yr BCR predictions. Calibration results supported the use of either the CAPRA or Stephenson models. Decision curve analyses indicated a small benefit for the CAPRA score relative to the Stephenson nomogram. Our findings apply to German patients treated with RP at a high-volume tertiary care centre. Consequently, the rank order reported in this paper may not be the same in North American or other European cohorts.

Conclusions

Different methods yield different results, and it may be difficult to reconcile concordance index, calibration, and decision curve analysis findings. Our data suggest that the CAPRA score outperforms the other models when decision curve analysis and calibration were used as benchmarks. Conversely, the Stephenson nomogram outperformed the other models when concordance index was used as a metric.     

Topography of Prostate Cancer Recurrence After Radiation Therapy: A Detailed Mapping Study of Salvage Radical Prostatectomy Specimens

In men who do not respond to initial radiation therapy, accurate knowledge of the site of cancer recurrence or persistence is necessary to understand treatment failure. We evaluated the pathologic characteristics of recurrent/persistent prostate cancer with tumor maps from the whole-mount slides of salvage radical prostatectomies performed between 2000 and 2014. Of 216 consecutive patients, detailed tumor maps were available for 77. Sixty-nine patients (90%) were found to have tumor in the apex, of which 46% occurred in the most apical 3 mm. Fifty-three patients (69%) had tumors at a distance of ≤5 mm from the urethra. Five patients had tumor directly involving the urethra, all of whom had urethral invasion at the apex. Seminal vesicle involvement was seen in 32 patients (42%), two of whom had tumor only in the seminal vesicles. Sixty-two patients (81%) had tumors in the distal apex, periurethral area, or seminal vesicles, that is, areas that are not routinely biopsied. Targeting these areas could improve the accuracy of biopsy when cancer recurrence is suspected.

Impact of Early Salvage Radiation Therapy in Patients with Persistently Elevated or Rising Prostate-specific Antigen After Radical Prostatectomy

Background

Salvage radiation therapy (SRT) is a recommended treatment option for biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy (RP). However, its effectiveness may be limited to specific categories of patients.

Long-Term Rates of Undetectable PSA with Initial Observation and Delayed Salvage Radiotherapy after Radical Prostatectomy

Background

Randomized trials have shown an improvement in progression-free survival rates with adjuvant radiation therapy (ART) after radical prostatectomy for patients with a high risk of cancer recurrence. Less is known about the relative advantages and disadvantages of initial observation with delayed salvage radiation therapy (SRT).

Objective

To examine the results of SRT in a large single-surgeon radical prostatectomy series.

Design, Setting, and Participants

From a radical prostatectomy database, we identified 859 men with positive surgical margins (SM+), extracapsular tumor extension (ECE), or seminal vesicle invasion (SVI) who chose to defer ART. Following a period of initial observation, 192 ultimately received SRT for prostate-specific antigen (PSA) progression.

Measurements

Survival analysis was performed to examine the outcomes of initial observation followed by SRT.

Results and Limitations

In patients with SM+/ECE and SVI, the 7-yr PSA progression-free survival rates with observation were 62% and 32%, respectively. Among those who had PSA progression, 56% and 26%, respectively, maintained an undetectable PSA for 5 yr after SRT. The long-term rates of undetectable PSA associated with an SRT strategy were 83% and 50% for men with SM+/ECE and SVI, respectively. In the subset of 716 men who did not receive any hormonal therapy, the corresponding long-term rates of undetectable PSA were 91% and 75%, respectively.

Conclusions

Following radical prostatectomy, initial observation followed by delayed SRT at the time of PSA recurrence is an effective strategy for selected patients with SM+/ECE. Some patients with SVI may also benefit from this strategy. However, additional prospective studies are necessary to further examine the survival outcomes following SRT.     

External Beam Radiotherapy Increases the Risk of Bladder Cancer When Compared with Radical Prostatectomy in Patients Affected by Prostate Cancer: A Population-based Analysis

Background

Long-term survival can be achieved in patients affected by localized prostate cancer (PCa) treated with either radical prostatectomy (RP) or external beam radiotherapy (EBRT). However, development of a second primary tumor is still poorly investigated.

A Systematic Review and Framework for the Use of Hormone Therapy with Salvage Radiation Therapy for Recurrent Prostate Cancer

Context

Salvage radiotherapy (SRT) is a standard of care for men who recur postprostatectomy, and recent randomized trials have assessed the benefit and toxicity of adding hormone therapy (HT) to SRT with differing results.