胎儿纤维连接蛋白检测在早产预测中的价值

目的：探讨胎儿纤维连接蛋白( fFN)与经阴道宫颈管长度( CL)的测定在早产预测中的价值。方法将101例临床诊断为先兆早产及有早产高危因素的孕妇分别测定其阴道分泌物中fFN的含量,并同时经阴道测量宫颈管长度,以宫颈管长度>2.5cm为阴性,≤2.5cm为阳性;fFN≥50ng/mL为阳性,<50ng/mL为阴性。结果在101例患者中,fFN与CL均为阳性者34例,发生早产28例;两者均为阴性者57例,发生早产2例。 fFN阳性预测的价值与fFN阴性预测的价值比较,差异有统计学意义(χ2=51.46,P=0.000)。 fFN与CL联合预测早产的敏感性为93.33%,特异性为90.16%;阳性预测值为82.35%,阴性预测值为96.49%。结论 fFN与CL均可用于早产的预测,但两者联合应用可提高早产的预测敏感性、特异性及阳性预测值和阴性预测值,值得临床推广使用。     

Neonatal mortality due to preterm birth at 28-36 weeks' gestation in China, 2003-2008

Almost all (99%) neonatal deaths occur in developing countries, where the progress in reducing neonatal mortality rates (NMR) has been small; the Millennium Development Goal for child survival cannot be met if this situation continues. China is among the 10 countries that have the largest numbers of neonatal deaths. In order to provide effective interventions to reduce the national NMR for government policy makers, we analyse the trends, causes and characteristics of the neonatal deaths of preterm babies in different regions of China during the period 2003-2008. The data for this retrospective study were retrieved from the population-based Maternal and Child Health Surveillance System of China. The Cochran-Armitage trend test was used to analyse the trend of NMRs due to immaturity. The national NMR due to immaturity has decreased by 38.7% in 6 years. However, the proportion of preterm births among the causes of neonatal death has increased significantly from 33.6% in 2003 to 40.9% in 2008. The relative risk of neonatal death among preterm babies has shown significant regional disparity. In 2008, the adjusted relative risk was 1.30 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.95, 1.78] in the inland regions and 2.37 [95% CI 1.56, 3.60] in the remote regions, both compared with the coastal regions. The proportion of neonatal deaths with a gestational age <32 weeks or a birthweight <1500 g was highest among the coastal regions. Most neonatal deaths of preterm babies in remote areas were born at home and were not treated before death. Our study suggests that preterm birth is the leading cause of neonatal death in China and neonatal mortality due to immaturity displayed regional differences. The Chinese government should implement major effective strategies for reducing the mortality of preterm infants to further decrease the total NMR. Priority interventions should be region-specific, depending on the availability of economic and health care resources.     

Associated factors and consequences of late preterm births: results from the 2004 Pelotas birth cohort

Although neonatal and infant mortality rates have fallen in recent decades in Brazil, the prevalence of preterm deliveries has increased in certain regions, especially in the number of late preterm births. This study was planned to investigate: (1) maternal antenatal characteristics associated with late preterm births and (2) the consequences of late preterm birth on infant health in the neonatal period and until age 3 months. A population-based birth cohort was enrolled in Pelotas, Southern Brazil, in 2004. Mothers were interviewed and the gestational age of newborns was estimated through last menstrual period, ultrasound and Dubowitz's method. Preterm births between 34 and 36 completed weeks of gestational age were classified as late preterm births. Only singleton live births from mothers living in the urban area of Pelotas were investigated. Three months after birth, mothers were interviewed at home regarding breast feeding, morbidity and hospital admissions. All deaths occurring in the first year of life were recorded. A total of 447 newborns (10.8%) were late preterms. Associations were observed with maternal age <20 years (prevalence ratio [PR] 1.3 [95% CI 1.1, 1.6]), absence of antenatal care (PR 2.4 [1.4, 4.2]) or less than seven prenatal care visits, arterial hypertension (PR 1.3 [1.0, 1.5]), and preterm labour (PR 1.6 [1.3, 1.9]). Compared with term births, late preterm births showed increased risk of depression at birth (Relative risk [RR] 1.7 [1.3, 2.2]), perinatal morbidity (RR 2.8 [2.3, 3.5]), and absence of breast feeding in the first hours after birth (PR 0.9 [0.8, 0.9]). RRs for neonatal and infant mortality were, respectively, 5.1 [1.7, 14.9] and 2.1 [1.0, 4.6] times higher than that observed among term newborns. In conclusion, in our setting, the prevention of all preterm births must be a priority, regardless of whether early or late.     

Socioeconomic inequalities and infant mortality of 46,470 preterm infants born in Sweden between 1992 and 2006

Studies on possible sociodemographic inequities in the survival of preterm infants are scarce. Individual and neighbourhood sociodemographic factors are related to preterm birth and to infant mortality in full-term infants. The aim here was to examine whether infant mortality in Swedish preterm infants is related to individual and neighbourhood sociodemographic factors, and to study whether the hypothesised association between neighbourhood deprivation and infant mortality persists after accounting for individual sociodemographic factors. The study included 46,470 infants with a gestational length of <37 weeks, born in Sweden between 1992 and 2006. Neighbourhood deprivation was assessed by an index (education, income, unemployment, welfare assistance) in small geographical units, and categorised into low, moderate and high deprivation. Adjusted odds ratios for infant mortality were examined in relation to individual and neighbourhood sociodemographic factors. After adjusting for maternal age, infant mortality was associated with the following sociodemographic variables: maternal non-married/non-cohabiting status, low family income, low maternal education and rural status. After full adjustment, the odds ratio [95% confidence interval] was 2.98 [2.42, 3.67] for low family income compared with high family income. An increase in infant mortality was also associated with high neighbourhood deprivation; however, this increased risk no longer remained statistically significant after adjusting for individual sociodemographic factors. In conclusion, this study showed an increased infant mortality in preterm infants born to women with a less favourable sociodemographic profile.     

Alteration in vaginal microflora,douching prior to pregnancy,and preterm birth

We aimed to determine the relationship of douching prior to pregnancy and bacterial vaginosis (BV) during pregnancy on preterm birth, addressing individual and joint effects. We used a prospective cohort study and assessed vaginal microflora using gram stains and Nugent's criteria. Douching behaviour was based on self‐report about the 12 months prior to pregnancy. Preterm births were categorised as spontaneous or medically indicated. A total of 2561 women provided vaginal specimens and 1492 provided self‐reports on douching behaviour. Bacterial vaginosis assessed at 24–28 weeks' gestation in the absence of douching prior to pregnancy was associated with spontaneous preterm birth (odds ratio = 2.74 [95% confidence interval 1.13, 6.66]) as was douching in the absence of BV (OR = 2.20 [1.29, 3.75]). The combination of BV and douching was unrelated to spontaneous or medically indicated preterm birth. We concluded that acute alterations in vaginal microflora at mid‐pregnancy or douching prior to pregnancy were associated with an increased risk of preterm birth, but the combination did not appear to increase the risk further than would be expected.     

Stillbirth and infant mortality in singletons by cause of death,birthweight, gestational age and birthweight‐for‐gestation,Newcastle upon Tyne 1961–2000

Glinianaia SV, Rankin J, Pearce MS, Parker L, Pless‐Mulloli T. Stillbirth and infant mortality in singletons by cause of death, birthweight, gestational age and birthweight‐for‐gestation, Newcastle upon Tyne 1961–2000. Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology 2010. The dramatic reduction observed in stillbirth and infant mortality over the last few decades has not been assessed by both birthweight and gestation. We have explored temporal changes in stillbirth and infant mortality in Newcastle upon Tyne, UK, by cause of death, birthweight, gestational age, birthweight standardised for gestation and infant sex during 1961–2000. We included 131 044 singleton births to mothers resident in Newcastle, including 1342 stillbirths and 1620 infant deaths. Cause‐, birthweight‐, gestational age‐ and birthweight‐for‐gestation‐specific stillbirth (per 1000 total births) and infant mortality (per 1000 livebirths) rates were compared between 1961–80 and 1981–2000 and between individual consecutive decades. Between 1961 and 2000, total stillbirth and infant mortality rates declined dramatically from 23.4 to 4.7 per 1000 total births and from 25.7 to 5.9 per 1000 livebirths, respectively. Rates fell continuously during the first two study decades; however, from 1981–90 to 1991–2000 the decline was not statistically significant. Between 1961–80 and 1981–2000, both stillbirth and infant mortality significantly declined in all birthweight and gestational age categories and for most leading causes of death. Although the population mean birthweight during 1981–2000 [3304 g (SD ± 569)] was significantly higher than during 1961–80 [3255 g (SD ± 572)] (P < 0.0001), the lowest stillbirth and infant mortality rates in 1981–2000 were consistently at about 1 SD above the mean birthweight, with mortality rates increasing for babies with lower or higher weight‐for‐gestation. Declines in stillbirth and infant mortality in Newcastle were associated with reductions in birthweight‐ and gestational age‐specific mortality rates and occurred in most cause‐specific groups of death.     

Ethnic differences in rates of infant mortality and sudden infant death in Sweden, 1978-1990

This study examined ethnic differences in infant mortality rates(IMRs) and rates of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) amongSwedish and immigrant women between 1978 and 1990 in Sweden.The study population comprised 1,265,942 single live birthsto women between the ages of 15 and 44 years in Sweden. Datafrom 3 registers In Sweden were linked to obtain medical andsociodemographic information for each mother and child in thestudy. Logistic regression analyses were employed to assessethnic differences in infant mortality and SIDS while controllingfor relevant confounders. This study revealed no ethnic differencesin IMRs. There were also no ethnic differences in the mortalityrates due to SIDS, except for immigrant women from SoutheastAsia and the Pacific Islands who experienced significantly higherrates of SIDS than Swedish women. This study shows that, ingeneral, the IMRs and mortality rates due to SIDS are not aserious public health problem among immigrant women in Swedenand suggests several reasons why this is the case.     

Early mortality among aboriginal and non-aboriginal women who had a preterm birth in Western Australia: A population-based cohort study

Background

Having a preterm (<37 weeks' gestation) birth may increase a woman's risk of early mortality. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander (hereafter Aboriginal) women have higher preterm birth and mortality rates compared with other Australian women.

Objectives

We investigated whether a history of having a preterm birth was associated with early mortality in women and whether these associations differed by Aboriginal status.

Methods

This retrospective cohort study used population-based perinatal records of women who had a singleton birth between 1980 and 2015 in Western Australia linked to Death Registry data until June 2018. The primary and secondary outcomes were all-cause and cause-specific mortality respectively. After stratification by Aboriginal status, rate differences were calculated, and Cox proportional hazard regression was used to estimate adjusted hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for all-cause and cause-specific mortality.

Results

There were 20,244 Aboriginal mothers (1349 deaths) and 457,357 non-Aboriginal mothers (7646 deaths) with 8.6 million person-years of follow-up. The all-cause mortality rates for Aboriginal mothers who had preterm births and term births were 529.5 and 344.0 (rate difference 185.5, 95% CI 135.5, 238.5) per 100,000 person-years respectively. Among non-Aboriginal mothers, the corresponding figures were 125.5 and 88.6 (rate difference 37.0, 95% CI 29.4, 44.9) per 100,000 person-years. The HR for all-cause mortality for Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal mothers associated with preterm birth were 1.48 (95% CI 1.32, 1.66) and 1.35 (95% CI 1.26, 1.44), respectively, compared with term birth. Compared with mothers who had term births, mothers of preterm births had higher relative risks of mortality from diabetes, cardiovascular, digestive and external causes.

Conclusions

Both Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal women who had a preterm birth had a moderately increased risk of mortality up to 38 years after the birth, reinforcing the importance of primary prevention and ongoing screening.     

上海市出生婴儿死亡风险分析

【目的】建立婴儿出生、死亡联合档案,分析导致婴儿死亡的危险因素,为制订相应的预防控制措施提供依据。【方法】应用婴儿出生、死亡记录共同建立婴儿出生死亡联合档案的方法,对2004—2007年出生的婴儿1年内的死亡情况进行了分析。【结果】2004—2007年上海市的婴儿死亡风险在3.14‰~4.09‰之间,新生儿死亡风险高于后期婴儿死亡风险。出生体重越低,婴儿死亡风险越高,但当婴儿出生体重达到或超过4 500 g时,婴儿死亡风险不降反有所上升。同时,婴儿出生体重越低,在新生儿期死亡的比例越高。【结论】匹配婴儿出生、死亡档案的方法可以帮助发现婴儿死亡的危险因素。婴儿的出生体重是影响婴儿生存状况的重要因素。     

Socioeconomic inequalities in perinatal and infant mortality from 1854 to 1990 in Amsterdam, the Netherlands

Trends in socioeconomic differences in infant and perinatalmortality in Amsterdam were studied for the period 1854–1990,using published and unpublished material, at the aggregate andat the individual level. Absolute and relative socioeconomicmortality differences (SEMD) per data-set were calculated usinginequality indices developed by Pamuk. The results show a decreaseof the absolute differences in both infant and perinatal mortality.For infant mortality, this is mainly due to the overall declineof the infant mortality rate. Relative differences in infantmortality did not decrease during the study period. This isthe result of separate developments in 3 time periods. Fromapproximately 1850 to approximately 1910 an increase in relativedifferences can be seen, a trend which is reversed from approximately1910 to the end of World War II. After World War II relativedifferences seem to stabilize at the same level. For perinatalmortality, for which only data from the post-World War II periodare available, the decrease in the absolute differences is dueboth to the overall decline of the perinatal mortality rateand to a decline of relative differences between socioeconomicgroups. It is conduded that although SEMD in infant and perinatalmortality have declined in an absolute sense, they still existand that the relative position of deprived groups concerninginfant mortality was not ameliorated during the study period.     

A comparison of perinatal mortality between ethnic Chinese and ethnic whites: Why the Chinese rate was lower

Objectives. To confirm the observation that has been occasionally reported in the literature that perinatal mortality rate is lower in ethnic Chinese than in ethnic whites, and to assess the reasons for this lower perinatal mortality rate.

Methods. Secondary‐analysis based on published data.

Results. This exercise demonstrates that the perinatal mortality rate was lower in ethnic Chinese than in ethnic whites. The birth weight distribution in ethnic Chinese was more favourable with reduced births at two extremes of the distribution, and the exposure to risk factors for perinatal death by their mothers was also lower.

Conclusion: Perinatal mortality rate is lower in ethnic Chinese than in ethnic whites, and the lower perinatal mortality rate in ethnic Chinese is probably caused by their favourable birth weight distribution and lower exposure to risk factors of perinatal death by their mothers.     

Investigating variations in infant mortality in England and Wales by mother's country of birth, 1983-2001

The aim of this study was to investigate variations in infant mortality from 1983 to 2001 by birthweight, registration status, father's social class, age of mother at birth and cause of death, among babies of mothers born in countries that represent the largest ethnic minority groups in England and Wales. A total of 70,208 infant death registration records linked to their corresponding birth registration records were used. The study focused on infant deaths of babies of mothers born in the UK, Republic of Ireland, Caribbean, West Africa, East Africa, India, Pakistan and Bangladesh. From 1983 to 2001 infant mortality rates decreased overall, and this was also apparent in the rates by mother's country of birth. Overall, babies of mothers born in Pakistan consistently had the highest infant mortality rates. Low-birthweight babies of mothers born in West Africa had the highest infant, neonatal and postneonatal death rates. Differences were also seen by registration status, mother's age and between manual and non-manual occupations for all countries from 1983 to 2001. For babies of mothers born in the UK, Caribbean and West Africa, immaturity-related conditions were the most common cause of infant deaths. The leading cause of infant death among babies of mothers born in Pakistan and Bangladesh was congenital anomalies.     

Air pollution and postneonatal infant mortality in the United States, 1999-2002

OBJECTIVE: Our goal was to evaluate the relationship between cause-specific postneonatal infant mortality and chronic early-life exposure to particulate matter and gaseous air pollutants across the United States. METHODS: We linked county-specific monitoring data for particles with aerodiameter of < or = 2.5 microm (PM2.5) and < or = 10 microm (PM10), ozone, sulfur dioxide, and carbon monoxide to birth and death records for infants born from 1999 to 2002 in U.S. counties with > 250,000 residents. For each infant, we calculated the average concentration of each pollutant over the first 2 months of life. We used logistic generalized estimating equations to estimate odds ratios of postneonatal mortality for all causes, respiratory causes, sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), and all other causes for each pollutant, controlling for individual maternal factors (race, marital status, education, age, and primiparity), percentage of county population below poverty, region, birth month, birth year, and other pollutants. This analysis includes about 3.5 million births, with 6,639 postneonatal infant deaths. RESULTS: After adjustment for demographic and other factors and for other pollutants, we found adjusted odds ratios of 1.16 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.06-1.27] for a 10-mug/m3 increase in PM10 for respiratory causes and 1.20 (95% CI, 1.09-1.32) for a 10-ppb increase in ozone and deaths from SIDS. We did not find relationships with other pollutants and for other causes of death (control category). CONCLUSIONS: This study supports particulate matter air pollution being a risk factor for respiratory-related postneonatal mortality and suggests that ozone may be associated with SIDS in the United States.     

山东省2000-2009年婴儿主要死因变化趋势及干预措施的研究

【目的】 掌握山东省婴儿死亡率的动态变化趋势,分析主要死因构成及其顺位变化,探讨干预措施。 【方法】 采用Foxpro建立数据库,对山东省2000-2009年间婴儿死亡监测资料进行统计分析。计算全省婴儿死亡率及变化趋势,分析死因顺位。 【结果】 9年间,全省婴儿死亡率均呈下降趋势,2000、2009年全省婴儿死亡率分别为20.47‰、8.47‰(χ²=7.86,P＜0.01 );2000-2009年前两位主要死因早产和低出生体重、出生窒息死亡率均有下降趋势(P均＜0.01)。 【结论】 加强围生期保健管理,整合临床、保健资源优势,开展孕前、孕中、孕后系统化服务模式,提高临床救治能力及妇幼保健服务能力,降低婴儿死亡率,是降低早期新生儿死亡率是降低婴儿死亡率的关键。     

北京市通州区单胎孕妇2013-2017年早产发生情况及危险因素研究

目的 了解北京市通州区2013-2017年单胎妊娠孕妇的早产发生情况及影响因素,为降低早产的发生提供科学依据。方法 采用回顾性队列研究的方法,通过医院电子信息系统获得2013-2017年单胎孕妇的社会人口学资料、孕产史及本次妊娠情况,分析早产发生率以及不同因素对早产发生率的影响,采用多因素Logistic回归分析早产的危险因素。结果 2013-2017年通州区单胎孕妇的早产发生率为4.1%(1 418/34 726)。其中,自发性早产和治疗性早产分别占68.8%(975/1 418)和31.2%(443/1 418)。产妇年龄≥35岁(OR=1.314,95%CI:1.113～1.551)、经产妇(OR=1.399,95%CI:1.223～1.600)、男胎(OR=1.237,95%CI:1.100～1.390)、前置胎盘(OR=10.162,95%CI:7.100～14.546)、胎盘早剥(OR=9.201,95%CI:6.596～12.837)、胎膜早破(OR=3.328,95%CI:2.953～3.750)、妊娠期糖尿病(OR=1.232,95%CI:1.082～1.403)、妊娠期高血压疾病(OR=3.283,95%CI:2.755～3.911)是早产的危险因素。其中,产妇失业或待业(OR=1.159,95%CI:1.003~1.339)、丈夫年龄≥35岁(OR=1.243,95%CI:1.036~1.490)、初次妊娠(OR=1.407,95%CI:1.157~1.710)、经产妇(OR=1.295,95%CI:1.049~1.598)、男胎(OR=1.273,95%CI:1.109~1.462)是自发性早产的危险因素。结论 对于年龄≥35岁,经产妇,男胎、前置胎盘、胎盘早剥、胎膜早破、妊娠期糖尿病及高血压疾病的孕妇,应及早采取预防措施以降低早产发生率。     

Air pollution exposure during pregnancy, ultrasound measures of fetal growth, and adverse birth outcomes: a prospective cohort study

Background: Air pollution exposure during pregnancy might have trimester-specific effects on fetal growth.Objective: We prospectively evaluated the associations of maternal air pollution exposure with fetal growth characteristics and adverse birth outcomes in 7,772 subjects in the Netherlands.Methods: Particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter < 10 μm (PM₁₀) and nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) levels were estimated using dispersion modeling at the home address. Fetal head circumference, length, and weight were estimated in each trimester by ultrasound. Information on birth outcomes was obtained from medical records.Results: In cross-sectional analyses, NO₂ levels were inversely associated with fetal femur length in the second and third trimester, and PM₁₀ and NO₂ levels both were associated with smaller fetal head circumference in the third trimester [–0.18 mm, 95% confidence interval (CI): –0.24, –0.12 mm; and –0.12 mm, 95% CI: –0.17, –0.06 mm per 1-μg/m³ increase in PM₁₀ and NO₂, respectively]. Average PM₁₀ and NO₂ levels during pregnancy were not associated with head circumference and length at birth or neonatally, but were inversely associated with birth weight (–3.6 g, 95% CI: –6.7, –0.4 g; and –3.4 g, 95% CI: –6.2, –0.6 g, respectively). Longitudinal analyses showed similar patterns for head circumference and weight, but no associations with length. The third and fourth quartiles of PM₁₀ exposure were associated with preterm birth [odds ratio (OR) = 1.40, 95% CI: 1.03, 1.89; and OR = 1.32; 95% CI: 0.96, 1.79, relative to the first quartile]. The third quartile of PM₁₀ exposure, but not the fourth, was associated with small size for gestational age at birth (SGA) (OR = 1.38; 95% CI: 1.00, 1.90). No consistent associations were observed for NO₂ levels and adverse birth outcomes.Conclusions: Results suggest that maternal air pollution exposure is inversely associated with fetal growth during the second and third trimester and with weight at birth. PM₁₀ exposure was positively associated with preterm birth and SGA.