牙源性下行性颌下、颈深部、纵隔、胸膜腔感染并脓肿形成一例

目的分析颌下、颈深部、纵隔、胸膜腔感染并脓肿形成的诊治方法。方法对1例牙源性下行性颌下、颈深部、纵隔、胸膜腔感染并脓肿形成的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果患者为中年男性,因左颌下疼痛10 d伴高热就诊,行颌面、颈部、胸部CT检查及穿刺引流出粪水样恶臭引流液,诊断为牙源性下行性颌下、颈深部、纵隔、胸膜腔感染并脓肿形成,给予多腔隙脓肿切开引流术,并及时应用敏感抗生素及营养支持治疗后,痊愈出院。结论颌下、颈深部、纵隔、胸膜腔感染并脓肿形成治疗的关键在于早期诊断,及时手术有效充分引流,同时给予足量、广谱抗生素及营养支持治疗。     

咽旁、咽后并纵隔脓肿1例及文献复习

目的：分析咽部脓肿的临床特点，提高临床对咽部脓肿并发纵隔脓肿的诊治水平。方法：结合文献复习．报告1例咽旁、咽后并纵隔脓肿患者的临床资料，对其临床资料进行分析、总结。结果：患者经及时诊断、足量抗生素和糖皮质激素应用及颈外径路咽部脓肿切开引流治疗后痊愈出院。结论：咽部脓肿临床表现多样化，治疗关键在于早期诊断，合理应用抗生素和及时有效手术引流。     

腹腔镜治疗重症胰腺炎后腹腔脓肿

目的：试用腹腔镜治疗重症胰腺炎后腹腔脓肿。方法：应用腹腔镜行腹腔探查后，寻找胰周及后腹膜脓肿，腔镜下切开脓腔，抽吸脓汁、钳取部分坏死组织、置管引流，有严重营养不良者，给予肠外营养支持。结果：共6例、脓肿9个，右侧腹壁1个、胰周8个，均1次置管成功。置管时间6～109d，术后住院时间5～19d，自行脱管致23mm残余脓腔1例，余5例造影无残腔后拔管，无手术远期并发症。结论：经腹腔入路腹腔镜治疗重症胰腺炎后腹腔脓肿，手术损伤轻，节省住院时间和费用，疗效明确，安全可靠。     

下行性坏死性纵隔炎的诊治及护理

下行性坏死性纵隔炎发病急,病死率高。1990年1月～2004年6月,我院共收治8例下行性坏死性纵隔炎,现就诊治经验及护理报告如下。临床资料1.一般资料。本组病人男6例,女2例,年龄18～72岁。所有病例均有口咽部严重感染病史,其中急性化脓性扁桃体炎4例,牙源性感染2例,化脓性中耳炎1例,咽部异物擦伤1例,所有病例均造成咽后壁及颌下间隙感染,继而形成纵隔炎。临床表现多为咽喉部肿痛、张口受限,1～2周后出现胸痛、呼吸困难、心悸及高热寒战,胸部CT检查提示纵隔脓肿、胸腔积液、心包积液及上腹部脓肿。2.方法。8例病人均行手术治疗。经颈—纵隔引流…     

十二指肠损伤28例临床分析

目的：探讨十二指肠损伤的处理及肠瘘等并发症的预防。方法：回顾性分析总结1996年4月至2006年4月收治的28例十二指肠损伤患者的临床资料。对其临床特征、早期诊断及治疗方法进行分析。结果：术前确诊6例（21．4％），术中确诊20例（71．4％），漏诊2例（7．1％）；治愈27例（96．4％），死亡1例（3．6％），发生并发症5例（17．9％），十二指肠瘘和腹腔脓肿是主要的并发症。结论：简单而合理的手术方式是治疗十二指肠损伤的重要措施，早期手术，有效的十二指肠减压和通畅的腹腔引流以及术后营养支持是影响预后的主要因素。     

腹腔镜胆总管探查术后腹膜后脓肿7例

目的:探讨腹腔镜胆总管探查(LCBDE)术后腹膜后脓肿的诊断及治疗方法.方法:回顾性分析本中心2004年1月至2008年12月行LCBDE术后并发腹膜后脓肿7例患者临床诊治资料.结果:右侧腹膜后脓肿6例,左侧1例;脓肿范围最小10 cm×1.9 cm×1.1 cm,最大10.6 cm×16 cm×6.8 cm.其中,1例脓肿局限后自行吸收;其余病例经后腰部途径引流,5例行经皮穿刺置导管引流,1例行切开引流,所有病例均治愈出院.治愈时间35～62 d,平均45 d.结论:尽早诊断,积极抗炎和营养支持,有效引流是减少并发症、降低病死率的关键.     

食道异物穿孔后严重并发症的处理

目的：探讨食道异物穿孔后严重并发症的诊断及处理。方法：分析了1997年1月-2002年12月收治的12例食道异物穿孔后伴严重并发症的临床资料。结果：异物种类：骨类7例，鱼刺3例，刀片1例，假牙1例，均有食道穿孔。引起颈部脓肿4例，颈纵膈脓肿3例，食道周围脓肿3例，其他严重并发症2例。行食道内引流4例，颈侧切开引流4例，颈-纵隔引流3例，开胸引流2例。治愈11例，死亡1例。结论：食道异物需及时行异物取出术，一旦出现食道穿孔，应严格禁食，应用强有力的抗生素，及时有效地引流，避免严重并发症的发生。     

纵隔淋巴结结核23例临床分析

目的：探讨纵隔淋巴结结核的临床表现特点。方法：总结自1982年4月～2001年11月间收治并经手术证实的23例病案。结果：男性10例，女性13例；年龄21～59岁(平均34．31岁)；均无明显结核中毒症状。肿大淋巴结位于左纵隔3例，右侧12例，双侧共同累及8例。9例胸部CT观察到环状强化与间隔状强化的表现。接受结核菌素皮试(PPD)的21例均有不同程度的阳性。术前初诊恶性病变16例(69．57％)、结节病或纵隔良性肿瘤3例，仅4例拟淋巴结核。本组病例术式为：剖胸探查活检11例。肺门支气管旁脓肿清除术2例，纵隔镜活检10例。术后均行抗痨(2HRZE／10-16HR)12～18个月后痊愈。结论：纵隔淋巴结结核常表现为多组淋巴结受累，尤以右侧为主，肺内并不一定伴有可检出的病灶存在；胸CT检查应注重淋巴结在增强扫描前后的密度与形态变化。PPD试验及纤维支气管镜检查对本病诊断有一定的价值。手术是得到病理诊断的方法之一，应注重术后强化抗结核治疗。     

小儿髂窝脓肿

目的：探讨小儿髂窝脓肿的诊断及治疗。方法：对我院从1985年至今共收治的14例小儿髂窝脓肿进行回顾性分析。结果：手术治疗8例、保守治疗6例均成功治愈，手术患儿平均住院日短。结论：积极手术切开引流是小儿髂窝脓肿的首选方法。     

胰腺损伤的诊断与治疗（附21例报告）

目的探讨胰腺损伤的诊断及治疗方法。方法分析1995年1月～2005年12月间收治的21例胰腺损伤的诊断与治疗情况。结果按美国创伤外科学会（AAST）胰腺损伤分级法分级：Ⅰ级4例，Ⅱ级5例，Ⅲ级7例，Ⅳ级3例，Ⅴ级2例。本组均手术治疗，术后发生假性胰腺囊肿2例，胰瘘3例，腹腔脓肿1例，肺部感染2例，切口感染3例；治愈19例，死亡2例。结论胰腺损伤早期诊断是治疗的关键。诊断主要依靠外伤史，CT检查及腹腔穿刺液淀粉酶检查；剖腹探查是诊断的又一重要手段，术中仔细探查十分重要。治疗以清创、止血、引流、保存胰腺功能为基本原则，根据损伤的程度采用不同的手术方式。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.