粪肠球菌和屎肠球菌的临床分布及耐药监测研究

目的 研究临床感染患者中粪肠球菌和屎肠球菌的临床分布、对抗菌药物的敏感性以及耐药情况。方法北京积水潭医院2014年1月至2015年12月临床送检的感染标本,分离粪肠球菌和屎肠球菌进行鉴定和药敏分析。结果 分离出粪肠球菌184株,屎肠球菌109株。粪肠球菌药物敏感性从高到低依次为万古霉素、替考拉宁、氨苄西林、呋喃妥因、利奈唑胺、高浓度庆大霉素。屎肠球菌药物敏感性从高到低依次为替考拉宁、利奈唑胺、万古霉素、四环素、高浓度庆大霉素。检测出耐高浓度庆大霉素(HLGR)粪肠球菌75株,分离率为40.76%,HLGR屎肠球菌48株,分离率为44.04%。检测出2株耐万古霉素的粪肠球菌,分离率为1.09%,9株耐万古霉素霉素的屎肠球菌,分离率为8.26%。结论 肠球菌属的总体耐药率较高,且综合评价屎肠球菌的耐药性高于粪肠球菌,但肠球菌属对于万古霉素、利奈唑胺、替考拉宁等仍然保持较高的敏感性,临床上应选用合适的方法对肠球菌属进行耐药性检测,根据药敏结果选择适当的抗菌药物治疗。     

2002年广州地区临床分离肠球菌药敏监测结果分析

目的 了解广州地区临床分离的350株肠球菌的耐药性。方法 统一采用纸片扩散法进行试验，以美国NCCLS文件为执行标准，每次试验的质控数据均有标准要求。结果有8家广州市三级甲等医院实验室参加耐药性监测工作，统计临床分离肠球菌350株，其中粪肠球菌279株(79．7％)，屎肠球菌39株(11．1％)，鸟肠球菌10株(2．9％)，其他肠球菌22株(6．3％)。结论 肠球菌对替考拉宁、万古霉素、呋喃妥因的耐药率最低，粪肠球菌对氨苄西林和青霉素的耐药率相对较低，是临床首选的一类药，但对除粪肠球菌外的其他肠球菌应慎用氨苄西林和青霉素。屎肠球菌对氨苄西林和青霉素的耐药率较高，对氯霉素和四环素的耐约率相对较低，对于屎肠球菌，可选用氯霉素和四环素。肠球菌对庆大霉素、环丙沙星、链霉素的耐药率相对较高，应慎用，对红霉素的耐药率很高，应避免使用。     

肠球菌感染的临床分布特点和耐药性分析

目的分析肠球菌在临床标本中的分布及对常用抗菌药物的耐药性,为临床治疗提供参考。方法应用Vitek微生物系统回顾性统计分析近3年我院肠球菌的分离及耐药情况。结果肠球菌的分离率为2.75%,分类以粪肠球菌为主,其次为屎肠球菌;肠球菌属对利福平、四环素、红霉素、莫西沙星、左氧氟沙星耐药率较高。而对万古霉素、利奈唑烷、替考拉宁仍然保持良好的敏感性。粪肠球菌对青霉素、氨苄西林、呋喃妥因、高浓度庆大霉素(GM500)、高浓度链霉素(S2000)的耐药率分别是23.3%,24.4%,12.2%,46.7%,38.8%,低于屎肠球菌的80%,84%,28%,68%,56%(p<0.05);屎肠球菌对四环素、氯霉素的耐药率分别为48%,28%低于粪肠球菌的85.6%,44.4%(p<0.05);结论临床标本中,肠球菌在泌尿生殖道标本中的分布最高,粪肠球菌和屎肠球菌的耐药谱明显不同,在重症感染时可选用万古霉素、替考拉宁、利奈唑烷进行治疗。     

306株肠球菌的临床分布和耐药性分析

[目的]了解临床送检的痰、中段尿等标本中肠球菌的临床分布及耐药情况.[方法]从临床标本共分离出306株肠球菌,用Phoenix 100全自动微生物鉴定仪进行鉴定及药敏试验.[结果]306株肠球菌中主要为粪肠球菌194株(63.4%),屎肠球菌90株(29.4%),肠球菌对8种常用抗生素的耐药率排序为:替考拉宁(1.3%),万古霉素(2.0%)呋喃妥因(27.5%)、青霉素G(39.2%)、四环素(51.0%)、环丙沙星(67.3%)、利福平(71.2%)、红霉素(94.1%),而高浓度庆大霉素耐药(HLGR)和高浓度链霉素耐药(HLSR)肠球菌的检出率分别为60.1%和61.4%.屎肠球菌对青霉素G、环丙沙星、利福平、呋喃妥因、高浓度庆大霉素和高浓度链霉素的耐药率显著高于粪肠球菌.[结论]肠球菌是呼吸道、泌尿道等部位常见致病菌,对多种抗生素具有耐药性,而且不同菌种之间耐药性也有很大差异.     

2010年中国CHINET肠球菌属细菌耐药性监测

目的了解2010年中国主要地区临床分离肠球菌属细菌对各类抗菌药物的耐药性。方法国内主要地区14所教学医院(12所综合性医院,2所儿童医院)按统一方案、采用统一的材料、方法(K-B法)和判断标准(CLSI 2010年版)进行肠球菌属细菌的耐药性监测。结果共分离到4 046株非重复肠球菌属细菌,最常见菌种为粪肠球菌1 829株(45.2%)、屎肠球菌1 817株(44.9%)、鹑鸡肠球菌78株(1.9%)、鸟肠球菌54株(1.3%)、铅黄肠球菌49株(1.2%)。肠球菌属对利奈唑胺、万古霉素、替考拉宁仍极敏感,耐药率<4%,万古霉素耐药粪肠球菌和屎肠球菌检出率分别为0.6%、3.6%。粪肠球菌对呋喃妥因、磷霉素和氨苄西林耐药率较低,分别为3.2%、5.7%和11.3%,对高浓度庆大霉素耐药率为44.0%;屎肠球菌耐药性明显高于粪肠球菌,对氨苄西林耐药率接近90%,对高浓度庆大霉素耐药率接近70%,对氯霉素耐药率仅为7.3%,儿童屎肠球菌分离株对磷霉素、呋喃妥因耐药率<10%。不同医院分离的肠球菌属细菌对抗菌药物的耐药率有一定差异。结论屎肠球菌的分离率有增加趋势,肠球菌属细菌对利奈唑胺、万古霉素、替考拉宁依然保持极高的敏感性。     

肠球菌的临床分布及耐药性分析

目的：了解肠球菌的临床分布及耐药性，为临床治疗提供依据。方法：用微生物检验常规方法或API、ATB系统(Bio-Merieux，法国)鉴定肠球菌，用K-B法及E-test试条法检测肠球菌耐药率。结果：湖北省15家三级甲等医院2000-2003年临床分离出不重复的肠球菌2706株，粪肠球菌、屎肠球菌、耐久肠球菌分别占72.1％、16.8％和3.5％，标本来源依次为尿液33％、分泌物14．9％、生殖道分泌物10.1％、痰8.8％、伤口分泌物5.1％及血液4.0％，肠球菌对万古霉素、替考拉宁、呋喃妥因、氨苄西林、青霉素G及高浓度庆大霉素的耐药率分别为1.8％、3．3％、9.5％、33.3％、34.8％和46.2％，除万古霉素、替考拉宁外，屎肠球菌对常用抗生素的耐药率均显著高于粪肠球菌，耐氨苄西林株和氨基糖甙类高水平耐药株的分离率分别为42．1％和28.5％。结论：肠球菌的临床分布较广，对常用抗生素的耐药性较严重，临床应加强对使用抗生素的管理并应动态监测细菌耐药性的变化。     

焦作某医院中段尿分离粪肠球菌与屎肠球菌耐药性分析

目的分析326株泌尿系感染粪肠球菌与屎肠球菌的耐药性,为临床合理使用抗生素提供依据。方法对医院2014年1月至2017年12月门诊及住院送检的中段尿培养分离的粪肠球菌与屎肠球菌进行回顾性分析,采用珠海黑马微生物鉴定产品进行细菌鉴定及药敏试验,使用WHONET 5.4软件对数据进行统计分析。结果 326株粪肠球菌与屎肠球菌,粪肠球菌占57.7%,屎肠球菌占42.3%,粪肠球菌分离率高于屎肠球菌;屎肠球菌对氨苄西林(92.8%)、红霉素(93.5%)、环丙沙星(88.4%)、高浓度庆大霉素(76.1%)、青霉素(93.5%)、左氧氟沙星(81.9%)、利福平(77.5%)表现出高度耐药率,粪肠球菌对红霉素(82.4%)、四环素(86.2%)、高浓度庆大霉素(68.6%)表现出高度耐药率,粪肠球菌与屎肠球菌分别检出利奈唑胺耐药1.1%、2.9%,未检出万古霉素与替考拉宁耐药菌株。结论粪肠球菌与屎肠球菌对抗菌药物耐药性差别较大,临床需依据细菌鉴定及药物结果合理使用抗生素,检出的利奈唑胺耐药粪肠球菌与屎肠球菌,应引起临床医生与感控人员的注意,加强细菌耐药性检测,从而减少耐药株的产生,防止细菌耐药性的增加。     

泌尿系统分离肠球菌耐药性分析

目的了解该院患者泌尿系统分离的肠球菌耐药现状,为临床合理用药提供依据。方法对该院2011年1月至2012年12月期间所有泌尿系统分离的肠球菌药敏结果进行回顾性分析。结果泌尿系统共分离肠球菌109株,屎肠球菌分离率（53.2%）,略高于粪肠球菌（44.0%）。肠球菌对万古霉素、替考拉宁的敏感性最高,均高于90%。发现耐万古霉素的屎肠球菌（VRE）4株,其中3株同时耐高浓度的氨基糖苷类抗菌药物（HLAR）;对红霉素、克林霉素、复方磺胺、阿米卡星、庆大霉素、妥布霉素、苯唑西林、头孢西丁耐药率最高,均高于90%。屎肠球菌对青霉素类、氨苄西林、呋喃妥因、环丙沙星耐药率均高于粪肠球菌;对四环素、奎努普丁/达福普汀耐药率低于粪肠球菌。结论肠球菌是引起泌尿系统感染的重要病原菌之一,且呈多重耐药性,屎肠球菌和粪肠球菌耐药水平差异较大,临床应根据不同种类的肠球菌及药敏结果合理选择抗菌药物。     

2002年广州地区临床分离肠球菌药敏监测结果分析

目的　了解广州地区临床分离的 35 0株肠球菌的耐药性。方法　统一采用纸片扩散法进行试验 ,以美国NCCLS文件为执行标准 ,每次试验的质控数据均有标准要求。结果　有 8家广州市三级甲等医院实验室参加耐药性监测工作 ,统计临床分离肠球菌 35 0株 ,其中粪肠球菌 2 79株 (79.7% ) ,屎肠球菌 39株 (11.1% ) ,鸟肠球菌 10株 (2 .9% ) ,其他肠球菌 2 2株 (6 .3% )。结论　肠球菌对替考拉宁、万古霉素、呋喃妥因的耐药率最低 ,粪肠球菌对氨苄西林和青霉素的耐药率相对较低 ,是临床首选的一类药 ,但对除粪肠球菌外的其他肠球菌应慎用氨苄西林和青霉素。屎肠球菌对氨苄西林和青霉素的耐药率较高 ,对氯霉素和四环素的耐约率相对较低 ,对于屎肠球菌 ,可选用氯霉素和四环素。肠球菌对庆大霉素、环丙沙星、链霉素的耐药率相对较高 ,应慎用 ,对红霉素的耐药率很高 ,应避免使用     

临床常见肠球菌的药敏分析

目的：调查肠球菌在临床分布及药敏分析。方法：用纸片扩散法检测肠球菌对抗生素的敏感性。结果：屎肠球菌对氨苄西林、青霉素G、环丙沙星的耐药率为71．4％、73．8％、64．2％显著高于粪肠球菌的28．5％、18．3％、34．9％对氯霉素的耐药率为28．5％低于粪肠球菌的69．1％。屎肠球菌对高水平庆大霉素的耐药率66．6％和对高水平链霉素的耐药率68．1％分别高于粪肠球菌的39．6％和41.3％两种肠球菌都对万古霉素和替考拉宁敏感。泌尿道分离到粪肠球菌70（55．5％）屎肠球菌41（32．5％）高于其它标本分离率。结论：肠球菌已成为院内感染的重要致病菌，其耐药性不断变迁。因此。在常规工作中检测其耐药性的发展变化十分重要。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.