股骨头缺血性坏死修复与再造的长期随访观察

[目的]对成人股骨头缺血性坏死修复与再造术进行远期随访，评估该治疗方法的有效性。[方法]对1986年11月到1997年3月接受股骨头缺血性坏死修复与再造术治疗的313例（382侧）患者进行随访，平均年龄36．4岁（18—65岁），根据Ficat分期标准，Ⅱ期151侧，Ⅲ期142侧，Ⅳ期89侧，术后平均随访12．1年（10．20年），根据Harris髋关节功能评分标准进行临床评价，根据手术前后Ficat分期改变进行影像学评价。Kaplan．Meier生存曲线以关节置换为终结点，对股骨头修复与再造的生存率进行分析。[结果]术后19髋（19／382，5％）改行人工全髋关节置换术。术后Harris髋关节功能评分明显提高（术前平均56．2，术后平均85．8），临床生存率为85．6％（341髋），影像学生存率为75．4％。Kaplan-Meier生存曲线提示FicatⅣ期，激素性和酒精性以及55岁以上的患者远期生存率较低。[结论]针对不同程度、不同年龄以及不同病因的股骨头缺血性坏死采用单纯或联合带血管蒂骨（膜）瓣转移修复与再造术，远期疗效是满意的，是青壮年股骨头缺血性坏死患者保留股骨头的有效治疗方法。     

Long-term results of transtrochanteric rotational osteotomy for femoral head osteonecrosis

Twenty transtrochanteric rotational osteotomies were performed in 19 patients with osteonecrosis of the femoral head (average age 32 years; range 19–55 years). There were 17 hips at Ficat stage III and three at stage IV The average head rotation achieved was 70° (range 55°–95°). Fourteen hips were converted to a total hip arthroplasty after an average period of 5.6 years (range 1.5–12.7 years). Five hips have maintained a good clinical result and normal function for an average period of 11.3 years (range 9.2–13.5 years). One patient with an ankylosed hip was lost to follow-up at 3.5 years. All hips with incomplete rotation of the necrotic fragment out of the weight-bearing area were revised to total hip arthroplasties. All unrevised hips had radiographic evidence of mild to moderate osteoarthritis. Total hip arthroplasty was deferred for a modest period in most patients, and conversion was performed without difficulty. However, we no longer advocate transtrochanteric rotational osteotomy because of unpredictable results and technical difficulties, especially with large lesions.     

Resurfacing of the femoral head with fresh osteochondral allografts. Long-term results

Twenty-five fresh osteochondral allografts were transplanted in 21 patients. All except one were for avascular necrosis with segmental collapse of the femoral head. One transplant was in a hip with a Pipkin II fracture-dislocation. Most of the failures were in hips of patients receiving systemic steroid therapy. There was an 80% rate of success in non-steroid-treated patients. The allograft resurfacing procedure seems to be a successful intermediate alternative operation in young patients with avascular necrosis and segmental collapse of the head of the femur.     

Cementation for femoral head osteonecrosis: a preliminary clinic study

Treatment for femoral head osteonecrosis has been less successful in late stages of the disease, after progression to collapse. The current authors treated 21 patients (22 hips) with Stage III osteonecrosis by a technique of open reduction and fixation with methylmethacrylate cement (cementation). The followup ranged from 1 to 3 years (average, 1.7 years). Patient progress was followed using preoperative and postoperative Harris hip scores, Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index, and a health status questionnaire (Short Form-36). Patients were staged preoperatively using the Association Research Circulation Osseous international classification system and radiographic evaluation was done intraoperatively and postoperatively. The Harris hip score, Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index, and Short Form-36 physical health scores improved significantly from 53.5 to 78.0, 66.0 to 48.1, and 27.0 to 40.0, respectively. The outcome was worse for patients with more advanced disease. Six patients, all with severe disease, had total hip arthroplasty. Cementation is technically simple, enables patients' immediate postoperative pain relief and improvement in mobility, and has the potential to restore and maintain the sphericity of the femoral head after collapse. The high failure rate (27%) at short-term followup, although comparable with other reported techniques, does not support generalized use for Stage III disease. Currently the use of this procedure is restricted to symptomatic, young patients (younger than 40 years), preferably with mild to moderate Stage III disease (degree of head involvement < 30% and degree of collapse < 4 mm).     

Charnley-Kerboull total hip arthroplasty for osteonecrosis of the femoral head a minimal 10-year follow-up study

The purpose of this retrospective study was to report the minimum 10-year follow-up results of a consecutive series of 122 cemented low-friction total hip arthroplasties performed for osteonecrosis. Revision was performed for high polyethylene wear associated with periprosthetic osteolysis and socket loosening in 6 hips, and for deep sepsis in 1. The survival rate at 15 years, using revision for any reason as the end point, was 88.5%. Among the variables studied in this series, the only factor associated with a higher risk of revision was a socket wear rate greater than 0.1 mm/y. This series indicated that cemented low-friction total hip arthroplasty performed for avascular necrosis could grant satisfactory long-term results, provided that polyethylene socket wear remained below 0.1 mm/y.     

Hemiresurfacing for femoral head osteonecrosis

A modified THARIES femoral resurfacing component was used as a hemiarthroplasty in 11 young adult patients (12 hips) with osteonecrosis. The mean follow-up period was 39 months (range, 24-62 months). In all of the hips, the necrosis had advanced to the stage of subchondral femoral head fracture and segmental depression, but there was a relatively normal acetabulum. Ten hips have maintained satisfactory improvement of UCLA pain, walking, and function hip scores. One hip was revised to an uncemented total replacement, and one has some residual pain. No case failed because of component loosening. The modified femoral THARIES component was used as a preferable alternative to unipolar or bipolar hemiarthroplasty, and the results appear to be comparable in this difficult group of patients. Hemiresurfacing was conceived not as a definitive procedure but rather as a time-buying measure to improve symptoms and function and to allow the performance of a technically uncompromised total hip arthroplasty at a future date.     

Endoprostheses for osteonecrosis of the femoral head

Summary Eighty-eight hip arthroplasties were carried out in 75 patients, all aged 50 years or less, with osteonecrosis. All the operations were carried out by one surgeon. Four different methods were used: a standard cemented arthroplasty; a cemented THARIES surface replacement; an uncemented surface replacement; a cemented titanium femoral surface hemiarthroplasty. Comparable clinical improvement occurred in all 4 groups initially. Aseptic loosening, with intersurface degradation and osteolytic lesions, was the most common cause of failure in the 3 types which had a polythene bearing. Polyethylene is the major contributor to bone loss around the endoprosthesis and loosening. Fixation of the surface hemiarthroplasty remained intact in every patient and failure was secondary to wear of the acetabular cartilage. We recommend surface hemiarthroplasty as an interim solution for young patients with stage III or early stage IV osteonecrosis because this procedure conserves bone stock, there is little osteolysis and it can easily be revised.

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Résumé Quatre-vingt-huit prothèses de hanche chez 75 patients atteints d'ostéonécrose et âgés de 50 ans ou moins ont été faites par un seul chirurgien. Vingt patients (24 hanches) ont été traités par une prothèse conventionelle cimentée. Il y eut 6 révisions, en moyenne à 87 mois. Trente et un patients (35 hanches) furent traités par une cupule couplée cimentée THARIES. Vingt deux révisions furent nécessaires, en moyenne à 84 mois. Un remplacement de surface sans ciment a été utilisé chez 19 patients, dont 10 furent réopérés à 60 mois en moyenne. Neuf patients (10 hanches) furent traités avec une hémi-arthroplastie fémorale de surface en titane, cimentée. 5 d'entre-eux ont dû être réopérés à un délai moyen de 89 mois. L'amélioration fonctionnelle a été comparable dans les 4 groupes. Dans les 3 groupes ayant une surface de frottement en polyéthylène, le descellement aseptique avec lésions d'ostéolyse fut la cause la plus fréquente d'échec. La fixation de l'hémi-arthroplastic fémorale ne s'est pas dégradée, et les échecs survinrent secondairement à cause de l'usure du cartilage acétabulaire. Ceci suggère que le polyéthylène est le facteur principal de l'ostéolyse péri-prothétique et du descellement. Avec l'avantage de la conservation osseuse, de l'absence d'ostéolyse et la facilité de la reprise, nous recommandons l'hémiarthroplastie de surface comme solution temporaire chez le jeune patient atteint d'une ostéonécrose au stade III ou IV précoce.

     

Long-term results of decompression and muscle-pedicle bone grafting for osteonecrosis of the femoral head

In this paper, 152 patients with 187 osteonecrotic femoral heads (83 idiopathic, 56 corticosteroid induced, 40 post-traumatic, seven alcohol abuse and one associated with gout) were classified according to the staging by Ficat and Arlet (Ischemia and necroses of bone, Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, Maryland, pp 171-182, 1980); four were in Stage I, 82 in Stage II and 101 in Stage III. The majority of the patients were young (average age 35.5 years). Multiple drilling, curettage of the necrotic bone and muscle-pedicle bone grafting using tensor fascia lata was carried out in all patients except in six adolescents, where sartorius grafting was performed. Cheilectomy of the femoral head and subcutaneous adductor tenotomy were also performed in the advanced stages. During the follow up of 10 to 21.5 years (average 16.5 years), radiological improvement was noted in 81.3% of patients in Stage II and 70.1% of patients in Stage III cases. Excellent and good results according to the Hospital for Special Surgery (HSS) score were obtained in 100% of cases in Stage I, 92% in Stage II and 80.4% in stage III, with a survivorship of 91% in Stage II and 82% in Stage III cases. The patients having an HSS score below 20 (non-survival) were recommended for total hip replacement (THR) therapy.     

Long-term results of conventional varus half-wedge proximal femoral osteotomy for the treatment of osteonecrosis of the femoral head

We have previously described the mid- to long-term results of conventional simple varus intertrochanteric osteotomy for osteonecrosis of the femoral head, showing that 19 of the 26 hips had good or excellent results. We extended the follow-up to a mean of 18.1 years (10.5 to 26) including a total of 34 hips in 28 patients, with a mean age at surgery of 33 years (19 to 53). There were 18 men and ten women and 25 hips (74%) had a satisfactory result with a Harris hip score ≥ 80. In all, six hips needed total hip replacement (THR) or hemiarthroplasty. The collapse of the femoral head or narrowing of the joint space was found to have progressed in nine hips (26%). Leg shortening after osteotomy was a mean of 19?mm (8 to 36). With conversion to THR or hemiarthroplasty as the endpoint, the ten-year survival rate was 88.2% (95% confidence interval (CI) 82.7 to 93.7) and the 20-year survival rate was 79.7% (95% CI 72.1 to 87.3); four hips were converted at ten years and other two hips were converted at 20 years. Shortening of the leg after osteotomy remains a concern; however, the conventional varus half-wedge osteotomy provides favourable long-term results in hips with less than two-thirds of the medial part of the femoral head affected by necrotic bone and with normal bone superolaterally.     

Extracorporeal shock wave therapy in early osteonecrosis of the femoral head: prospective clinical study with long-term follow-up

Introduction  

Extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT) may exert beneficial effects in avascular necrosis of femoral head (AVNFH).     

非创伤性股骨头坏死的国外研究进展

非创伤性股骨头坏死在国内外均被列为尚未解决的难治性疾病之一,本文中作者综合近几年的研究对非创伤性股骨头坏死的病因及手术和非手术治疗方法进行最新的阐述.非创伤性股骨头坏死的发病有遗传学基础,各种危险因素及遗传易感性的相互作用将决定病情的转归.早期诊断及在股骨头出现塌陷之前进行干预是关节保留治疗能否得到良好结果的关键.关节是否保留取决于放射影像学表现.对于股骨头已经塌陷的患者,行关节置换术的满意度优于关节保留治疗.最新的药物治疗方法如生长分化因子可能会改变作者目前的治疗方法,但是有待于临床研究结果及长期的随访.     

Nonself-centering Bateman bipolar endoprosthesis for nontraumatic osteonecrosis of the femoral head: a 12- to 18-year follow-up study

We studied the long-term results of bipolar endoprosthetic replacement in 12 patients (12 hips) 12 to 18 years after surgery. These patients had Ficat stage III nontraumatic osteonecrosis of the femoral head. The original Bateman universal proximal femoral endoprosthesis, which did not have a self-centering mechanism, was inserted without cement as a primary surgical intervention. Three patients underwent revision surgery, 3, 17, and 17 years after surgery, respectively. The reasons for revision surgery were migration of the stem in 2 patients and migration of both the stem and the outer cup in 1. In the remaining 9 patients, the total Merle d'Aubigné and Postel score was 16.1 ± 1.3 at the time of follow-up. Radiographs showed migration of the endoprosthesis in 1 of these 9 patients. Thus, 11 of the 12 patients retained the endoprosthesis 12 years or more after implantation. We concluded that the original Bateman endoprosthesis was effective in delaying the need for total hip replacement for more than 10 years in patients with Ficat stage III nontraumatic osteonecrosis of the femoral head. Received: May 15, 2001 / Accepted: August 24, 2001     

股骨头坏死物理治疗的研究进展

股骨头坏死(osteonecrosis of the femoral head,ONFH)是一种好发于30~50岁中青年人群的难治性、致残性骨科疾病。人工全髋关节置换术是目前世界公认的有效治疗方法,但人工髋关节假体寿命有限,远期将面临翻修的现实。因此,对于早期坏死及年轻患者,应尽可能保留其自身髋关节,物理治疗作为选择之一越发受到重视。目前常用于股骨头坏死的物理治疗方法包括非负重(non-weight-bearing,NWB)、高压氧(hyperbaric oxygen,HBO)、脉冲电磁场(pulsed electromagnetic fields,PEMFs)、体外冲击波(extracorporeal shock wave therapy,ESWT)。本文就股骨头坏死物理治疗的研究进展进行综述,旨在为临床应用提供参考。     

晚期股骨头坏死的人工关节置换术

[目的]探讨晚期股骨头坏死患者髋关节置换术的选择方法及其临床结果。[方法]对本科于1985年5月～2003年12门行髋关节置换术的119例（138髋）股骨头坏死患者进行了随访。使用人工双极股骨头置换术及THA治疗晚期股骨头坏死者分别为29例（31髋），90例（107髋）。所有手术均采用后外侧人路。[结果]早期使用的国产骨水泥人工双极股骨头假体，86．7％的股骨柄假体出现松动。全骨水泥THA，50％髋出现了髋臼杯似体松动，62．5％髋股骨柄似体松动，25％髋行全髋人工关节翻修术：混合型（Hybrid）THA，未出现髋臼杯及股骨柄似体的松动，非骨水泥THA，除1例外无髋臼杯及股骨柄假体松动或下沉。[结论]使用人工双极股骨头置换术治疗晚期股骨头坏死应慎重选择，可适用于老年、日常活动量小的患者；而对于年轻患者，非骨水泥型THA为最佳选择；对于股骨侧出现骨质疏松或不适合使用生物固定型股骨柄假体的患者，混合型（Hybrid）THA同样可以获得满意疗效；全骨水泥犁THA应很少使用。     

Intertrochanteric osteotomy for osteonecrosis of the femoral head

We studied 32 hips (in 27 patients) treated by intertrochanteric osteotomy for osteonecrosis of the femoral head. Average follow-up was 17 (range 9-26) years. There were 22 men and 5 women with an average age of 39 (range 25-55) years. Eleven hips were classified as Ficat stage II, 19 as stage III and two as early stage IV. Nine hips showed collapse of the femoral head within 3 years after operation and in six hips collapse occurred after 3-8 years. In 13 hips slow progression with incipient signs of arthrosis was noted 8 years after surgery. Four hips with a moderate degree of necrosis at the time of surgery showed no radiological progression 9-26 years after operation. We recommend intertrochanteric osteotomy for patients with Ficat stage II and early stage III, provided that they still have a good range of motion in the hip.     

Core decompression of the femoral head for osteonecrosis

The results of forty core-decompression procedures that were performed for ischemic necrosis of the femoral head in thirty-one patients over a four-year period were retrospectively reviewed to ascertain the effectiveness of the procedure. The data did not support the published rates of success of the procedure for Stage-1 and Stage-2 lesions. With a mean length of follow-up of eighteen months, 60 per cent of the hips that had a decompression prior to collapse of the femoral head demonstrated progression of the lesion and were judged to be a failure by clinical or radiographic criteria. Computerized tomographic scans and magnetic resonance imaging proved to be 100 per cent sensitive for diagnosis in preoperative testing; isotopic bone-scanning was less sensitive (80 per cent). Functional intraoperative testing by the method of Ficat did not provide added sensitivity or specificity to the results of the preoperative bone scan. A postoperative or intraoperative fracture occurred in four hips, for an incidence that exceeded any in previously published reports. We concluded that core decompression should be considered a relatively ineffective procedure with significant morbidity.     

A microangiographic study of idiopathic osteonecrosis of the femoral head

Microangiography was performed on 31 femoral heads with idiopathic osteonecrosis to investigate the pathogenesis of this disease from the aspect of circulation disturbance. Microangiography showed the following: (1) the interruption of the superior retinacular arteries in the extraosseous area; (2) the presence of numerous newly formed vessels of varying diameter arising from the stumps of the interrupted superior retinacular arteries; (3) compensatory hypertrophy and large-area invasion of the inferior retinacular arteries and the ligamentum teres arteries, both of which medially enter the affected head; and (4) the blockage of revascularization, which occurred along the area of subchondral fracture and collapse at the weight-bearing region. These findings strongly suggest that revascularization is aborted by the subchondral fracture and collapse caused by weight bearing. It was assumed that interference with revascularization occurred repeatedly in the repair process of affected heads due to the influence of subchondral fracture and collapse caused by weight bearing.