一氧化氮对呼吸道纤毛运动的调控机制

呼吸道上皮细胞表面的纤毛是黏液纤毛传输系统的重要组成成分,研究发现一氧化氮在纤毛运动的调控机制中发挥重要作用.本文对一氧化氮信号分子在呼吸道分布,一氧化氮对纤毛运动调控机制以及一氧化氮与鼻科相关疾病发病的相关性做一综述.     

鼻粘膜纤毛功能评价方法研究进展

本文回顾了近年来鼻粘膜纤毛清除功能，纤毛摆动频率的体内体外检测方法的进展。     

一氧化氮对呼吸道纤毛运动的调控机制

呼吸道上皮细胞表面的纤毛是黏液纤毛传输系统的重要组成成分,研究发现一氧化氮在纤毛运动的调控机制中发挥重要作用.本文对一氧化氮信号分子在呼吸道分布,一氧化氮对纤毛运动调控机制以及一氧化氮与鼻科相关疾病发病的相关性做一综述.     

一氧化氮对呼吸道纤毛运动的调控机制

呼吸道上皮细胞表面的纤毛是黏液纤毛传输系统的重要组成成分,研究发现一氧化氮在纤毛运动的调控机制中发挥重要作用.本文对一氧化氮信号分子在呼吸道分布,一氧化氮对纤毛运动调控机制以及一氧化氮与鼻科相关疾病发病的相关性做一综述.     

一氧化氮对呼吸道纤毛运动的调控机制

呼吸道上皮细胞表面的纤毛是黏液纤毛传输系统的重要组成成分,研究发现一氧化氮在纤毛运动的调控机制中发挥重要作用.本文对一氧化氮信号分子在呼吸道分布,一氧化氮对纤毛运动调控机制以及一氧化氮与鼻科相关疾病发病的相关性做一综述.     

一氧化氮对呼吸道纤毛运动的调控机制

呼吸道上皮细胞表面的纤毛是黏液纤毛传输系统的重要组成成分,研究发现一氧化氮在纤毛运动的调控机制中发挥重要作用.本文对一氧化氮信号分子在呼吸道分布,一氧化氮对纤毛运动调控机制以及一氧化氮与鼻科相关疾病发病的相关性做一综述.     

一氧化氮对呼吸道纤毛运动的调控机制

呼吸道上皮细胞表面的纤毛是黏液纤毛传输系统的重要组成成分,研究发现一氧化氮在纤毛运动的调控机制中发挥重要作用.本文对一氧化氮信号分子在呼吸道分布,一氧化氮对纤毛运动调控机制以及一氧化氮与鼻科相关疾病发病的相关性做一综述.     

一氧化氮对呼吸道纤毛运动的调控机制

呼吸道上皮细胞表面的纤毛是黏液纤毛传输系统的重要组成成分,研究发现一氧化氮在纤毛运动的调控机制中发挥重要作用.本文对一氧化氮信号分子在呼吸道分布,一氧化氮对纤毛运动调控机制以及一氧化氮与鼻科相关疾病发病的相关性做一综述.     

一氧化氮对呼吸道纤毛运动的调控机制

呼吸道上皮细胞表面的纤毛是黏液纤毛传输系统的重要组成成分,研究发现一氧化氮在纤毛运动的调控机制中发挥重要作用.本文对一氧化氮信号分子在呼吸道分布,一氧化氮对纤毛运动调控机制以及一氧化氮与鼻科相关疾病发病的相关性做一综述.     

呼吸道纤毛运动状况的高速数字化显微成像

目的 通过对呼吸道纤毛摆动的频率和形式进行精确测量,以建立客观评价呼吸道上皮纤毛传输功能的指标。方法 采用高速数字化显微成像技术,对体外培养的兔和鼠气管黏膜以及人鼻腔黏膜的纤毛摆动状况进行观察。结果 ①数字化图像中测量点灰度的变化反映纤毛运动的状况,通过分析图像灰度的变化过程,可评价纤毛运动周期中各个时段的特征变化;②图像采集系统的采样速率为240帧/s时,可清晰显示纤毛运动状况,而当采样速率下降为30帧/s时,则无法获得正确的纤毛摆动频率(ciliary beat frequency,CBF)数据;③30℃时,鼠呼吸道CBF基值(x±sx)为(15.6±0.7)Hz(n=5);兔呼吸道CBF基值为(13.2±0.9)Hz(n=7);人鼻腔CBF基值为(13.4±1.1)Hz(n=5),3者间差异无显著性(P>0.05)。当向培养液中加入ATP后,CBF将在数秒内快速升高。结论 高速数字化显微成像和精确的数据处理技术,能够准确反映呼吸道纤毛运动状况,为客观评价呼吸道黏液纤毛传输功能提供临床实用指标。     

Interaction between mucociliary transport and the ciliary beat of chicken nasal mucosa

Summary We studied the relationship between the mucociliary transport time and the ciliary beat frequency in the chicken nares following water deprivation and topical administrations of cocaine, atropine, and Newcastle disease virus (NDV). Dehydration produced progressive decelerations of mucociliary flow but not ciliary beat frequency. In vivo 5% cocaine resulted in decreased sinus mucociliary transport time, while application of 20% cocaine to in vitro tissues caused ciliary paralysis within 5 min. Topical atropine was seen to affect both mucociliary flow and the ciliary beat frequency. NDV infection induced deceleration of the turbinate clearance time after 72 h, but did not change ciliary beat frequency. By day 12, mucociliary flow remained unchanged although ciliary beat frequency decreased significantly. Our results support the general concept that mucus is more important than are the cilia in normal nasal mucociliary function.     

The effect of middle ear effusions from children on in vitro ciliary activity

Summary In an attempt to clarify the effect of middle ear effusions (MEEs) on ciliary activity, the ciliary beat frequency (CBF) of nasal epithelium from normal subjects was determined following incubation in Hanks' solution containing effusions from pediatric otitis media with effusion. Both serous and mucoid types of effusions increased CBF 15 min after incubation. The mucoid type of effusion was then found to decrease CBF 6 h after incubation. Since the pH and osmotic pressure of the solution containing the effusions were within the physiological ranges for normal ciliary beating, our findings show that MEEs can influence CBF in vitro. Offprint requests to: Y. Sakakura     

Effects of irradiation on the ciliary activity of the eustachian tube and the middle ear mucosa

Summary Radiation-induced changes in the ciliary activity of the eustachian tube and middle ear mucosa were investigated in a laboratory model. Twenty-four guinea pigs were sacrificed, and a mucosa at the bony portion of each eustachian tube and from the middle ear proximal and distal to the tube were sampled. The mucosal samples were irradiated with 200 kV hard X-rays discretely at a dosage level of 0.5–30.0 Gy, and the induced changes in ciliary activity were expressed as a percent deviation from baseline levels before irradiation. The present study demonstrates that the cilia of the eustachian tube and middle ear mucosa show different reactions to irradiation according to their tympanic locations.     

Degeneration of human respiratory cell ciliary beat in monolayer cell cultures

Summary The degeneration of ciliary beat of human respiratory cells was studied in monolayer cell cultures by using a differential interference microscope equipped with a high speed video system. This method for studying ciliary beat in cell cultures on collagen-coated cover glasses is quite advantageous, because it allows for detailed study of all parts of ciliary function and not just ciliary beat frequency (CBF). In the present study both CBF and ciliary beat amplitude (CBA) were found to decrease continuously from the 1st day after plating but the wave form of ciliary beat did not change. Cultures with high cell density provided better preservation of normal ciliary beat for a longer period. In contrast, ciliary beat degenerated quickly in cultures with low cell density. CBF and CBA in cell cultures less than 5 days after plating were always high, supporting use of these cultures for studies of normal ciliary motility.     

局部用药对家兔气管黏膜纤毛活动能力的影响

目的体外实验观察上呼吸道局部用药对哺乳类动物呼吸道黏膜纤毛活动能力的影响。方法健康成年家兔10只,经乌拉坦静脉麻醉后取颈段气管3 cm,切成等大的气管瓣,分别入选为ATP组、庆大霉素组、呋嘛组和DMEM组。通过计算机动态图像分析系统分别观察并自动测量置于DMEM组和经上述3种药液处理的各组气管瓣的黏膜表面液流速度(velocity of mucosa superficial flow,VMSF)变化,作为评价黏膜纤毛活动能力的指标。结果兔气管黏膜的VMSF,经0.1%ATP处理后5 min下降到处理前的56%,10 min下降到38%;经0.8%庆大霉素处理后5 min下降到处理前的41%,10 min下降到25%;经0.5%呋麻滴鼻液处理后,VMSF在15 min内几乎直线下降,15 min时降到处理前的14%。结论3种药物均在短时间内引起气管黏膜纤毛活动能力明显下降,可能部分的与制剂中的辅料或防腐剂有关。所以,在生产鼻用制剂或经呼吸道给药时,要充分考虑药品本身和制剂辅料对呼吸道黏膜纤毛系统的毒性。本文建立的观察和检测兔呼吸道VMSF的方法简便、可靠,与目前常用的观察蟾蜍上颚黏膜纤毛摆动持续时间的方法比较,需时短,且更能模拟人呼吸道的生理病理状态,是研究哺乳类动物呼吸道黏膜纤毛活动能力的较好方法。     

Effects of bacterial endotoxin on the ciliary activity in the in vitro eustachian tube

Summary We have used a tissue culture technique and a photoelectric method to examine the direct effect of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on the ciliary activity present in the eustachian tube. Since LPS possesses the major part of the biological activity of endotoxin, our results show clearly that LPS deteriorates the ciliary activity in a dose-response fashion: LPS does not deteriorate the ciliary activity up to 168 h if its concentration is 1ng/ml or less; 10 ng/ml LPS can cause deterioration of the ciliary activity with extended exposure (more than 96 h); LPS can cause dysfunction of the cilia rather quickly if the concentration is 100 ng/ml or more. Our results show that the ciliary activity in the eustachian tube under clinical conditions can be affected by endotoxin.     

青光眼患者睫状突位置测量及其临床意义

目的 探讨原发性青光眼患者及正常人睫状突相对位置及其与眼部其他生物学参数的相关性,为经巩膜睫状体光凝精细化治疗提供研究资料。 方法 招募30例原发性青光眼患者和10例年龄匹配的正常对照人群。将青光眼患者分为3组,分别为原发性急性闭角型青光眼(APACG)组(10例),原发性慢性闭角型青光眼(CPACG)组(10例),原发性开角型青光眼(POAG)组(10例)。所有受试者行眼科A型超声及UBM检查,测量相关参数,包括房角开放距离(AOD)、小梁虹膜夹角(TIA)、小梁睫状突夹角(TCA)、睫状突高度(CBTmax)、睫状突体表投影位置(a)、前方深度(ACD)、晶体厚度(LT)、眼轴长度(AL)等眼前节生物学参数。 结果 对照组和POAG组在房角开放距离、小梁虹膜夹角及小梁睫状突夹角方面均大于APACG组和CPACG组(P<0.05),而对照组与POAG组之间、APACG组与CPACG组之间在房角开放距离、小梁虹膜夹角及小梁睫状突夹角方面的差异没有统计学意义。对照组的睫状突高度大于POAG组、APACG组及CPACG组(P<0.05),但是后三者的睫状突高度之间的差异无统计学意义。与正常对照组相比,APACG组的睫状体相对位置最靠前,CPACG组次之,差异均具有统计学意义;而POAG组与对照组在睫状突相对位置方面的差异无统计学意义。此外,前房深度、晶体厚度、眼轴长度、晶状体相对位置与房角开放距离、小梁虹膜夹角、小梁睫状突夹角以及睫状突体表投影位置之间有高度的相关性(P<0.001)。 结论 与原发性开角型青光眼患者及正常人相比,原发性闭角型青光眼患者睫状突体表投影位置偏前。利用UBM可以对青光眼患者睫状突进行定位,便于精确指导经巩膜睫状突光凝。     

Calcitonin gene-related peptide in vitro stimulation of ciliary beat in human upper respiratory cilia

Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is one of the neuropeptides that is released in the human nasal mucosa after trigeminal nerve stimulation. We investigated the in vitro effect of CGRP on the ciliary beat frequency (CBF) of human upper respiratory cilia. Ciliated epithelium of freshly removed adenoidal tissues was used in all experiments. CBF was measured using a computerized photo-electric method. The results showed that CGRP exerted a significant dose-dependent stimulation on CBF in concentrations of 10-9-10-6 M (n = 10), with a maximum of 23%. Our findings indicate that CGRP in vivo may help to protect the airway epithelium by directly stimulating ciliary beat.     

Comparison of ciliary wave disorders measured by image analysis and electron microscopy

Conclusion We have developed a simple, reliable method for the simultaneous determination of the ciliary wave disorder (CWD) and ciliary beat frequency (CBF) of actively beating cilia.

Objective The CBF and the directions of beating cilia are two important components of mucociliary transport. Although lots of studies have been performed on the measurement of the CBF, there have been few studies on the direction of cilia, with the exception of those using electron microscopy (EM). EM takes too long to determine the directions of cilia, and it cannot determine the direction of actively beating cilia. The aim of this study was to develop an image analysis (IA) system to conveniently determine the wave directions of multiple actively beating cilia as well as the CBF.

Material and methods Sphenoid sinus mucosae obtained from 10 patients undergoing pituitary tumor removal via a trans-septal trans-sphenoidal approach were divided into two 4×4 mm²-sized pieces. One piece was studied using IA, the other with EM. Using IA, ciliary wave directions were determined from 5 20×20 μm² regions of interest and the mean of 5 consecutive values was regarded as the CWD of each sample. The CBF was also measured. CWD was also measured using EM.

Results The average number of cilia analyzed by EM was 102.50 (range 48–136). The mean CWDs determined using IA and EM were 28.25±4.84° and 23.59±8.16°, respectively. There was a significant correlation between the CWDs determined using these two methods (Spearman's correlation coefficient =0.648; p=0.043). The mean CBF of sphenoid mucosa was 10.50±2.20 Hz.