一种改进脑电特征提取算法及其在情感识别中的应用

音乐诱发下的情感状态评估结果可为辅助音乐治疗提供理论支持与帮助。情感状态评估的关键是情感脑电的特征提取,故本文针对情感脑电特征提取算法的性能优化问题开展研究。采用Koelstra等提出的分析人类情绪状态的多模态标准数据库DEAP,提取8种正负情绪代表各个脑区的14个通道脑电数据,基于小波分解重构δ、θ、α、β四种节律波;在分析比较小波特征(小波系数能量和小波熵)、近似熵和Hurst指数三种脑电特征情感识别效果的基础上,提出一种基于主成分分析(PCA)融合小波特征、近似熵和Hurst指数的脑电特征提取算法。本算法保留累积贡献率大于85%的主成分,并选择特征根差异较大的特征参数,基于支持向量机实现情感状态评估。结果表明,使用单一小波特征(小波系数能量和小波熵)、近似熵和Hurst指数特征量,情感识别的正确率均值分别是73.15%、50.00%和45.54%,而改进算法识别准确率均值在85%左右。基于改进算法情感识别的分类准确率比传统方法至少能提升12%,可为情感脑电特征提取以及辅助音乐治疗提供帮助。     

一种基于改进经验模态分解的癫痫脑电识别新方法

在临床癫痫诊断过程中,为了提高癫痫脑电的识别率,能在癫痫发作前期就预测到癫痫疾病,其特征波的提取至关重要。针对这一问题,提出将平行延拓与镜像延拓相结合来改进EMD算法。首先,使用平行延拓的方法,在原始脑电信号的左、右端点处分别预测出一个极值;然后,使用基于镜像延拓的EMD方法,对信号进行镜像延拓,以避免经验模态分解过程中的端点效应;最后,采用支持向量机进行信号的分类识别。算法验证数据取自德国伯恩大学癫痫研究中心的脑电数据库,其中50例是正常脑电信号、50例是癫痫发作间期的脑电信号。实验研究表明：该方法对总测试脑电信号的识别率达到94%。其中,正常脑电信号和癫痫脑电信号的独立识别率均为94%,比传统EMD算法处理后的脑电识别率提高了5%,可见该方法可以有效地预测癫痫脑电。     

基于自回归小波包熵特征融合算法的情感识别研究

针对提高情感识别正确率这一国际开放问题,本文提出了一种基于小波包熵和自回归模型相结合的脑电信号特征提取算法。自回归过程能最大程度逼近脑电信号,用很少的自回归参数提供丰富的谱信息。小波包熵反映脑电信号在各个频带中的谱能量分布情况。将二者结合,能够更好地体现脑电信号的能量特征。本文基于核主成分分析方法,实现了脑电信号特征提取融合。课题组采用情感脑电国际标准数据集(DEAP),选取6类情感状态以本文算法进行情感识别。结果显示,本文算法情感识别正确率均在90%以上,最高情感识别正确率可达99.33%。本文的研究结果表明,该算法能够较好地提取脑电信号情感特征,是一种有效的情感特征提取算法。     

基于能量特征的脑电信号上肢运动意图智能识别

传统的对运动员上肢运动意图识别方法,没有对采集获得的大量脑电信号进行平滑滤波,存在较多毛刺干扰,导致识别准确率和识别率不高。我们提出一种基于能量特征的脑电信号上肢运动意图智能识别方法,采用快速傅里叶变换方法对采集获得的运动障碍患者脑电信号进行频率分析,获得患者脑电信号中的μ波和β波频率分布规律,找到脑电信号噪声所在频段;并采用Daubechies小波将患者脑电信号进行3阶分解,将患者脑电信号中低频部分的小波系数进行归零处理后,再进行脑电信号重构,即可消除低频脑电信号中的噪声干扰;在此基础上,采用小波包系数分析患者脑电能量,实现患者脑电信号能量特征提取;基于脑电信号能量特征,采用马氏距离判别方法对上肢运动意图进行智能识别。实验结果显示,所提方法能够去除原始脑电信号中的"毛刺"干扰,平均识别率结果为88. 6%,识别准确率和识别率较高。     

视觉刺激下基于“是-否”状态的脑电信号分类研究

目的为了探究脑机接口中脑电信号与判断认知心理活动之间的识别问题,本文在视觉刺激诱发实验设计中采用文字和图片结合的方式进行脑电分类研究以期提高识别率。方法通过设计视觉刺激诱发判断认知脑电实验采集到15名受试者在"是"或"否"状态下的脑电信号,经过预处理和事件相关扰动(event-related spectral dynamics,ERSP)特征分析,运用经验模式分解(empirical mode decomposition,EMD)优化共空间模式(common spatial pattern,CSP)的特征提取算法进行分类识别。首先,利用EMD对预处理后的脑电信号进行有效的固有模态函数(intrinsic mode function,IMF)频段筛选;其次,使用CSP滤波器进行滤波提取特征向量;最后,使用支持向量机(support vector machine,SVM)进行分类识别,并对测试组进行检验。结果经过EMD-CSP优化滤波后进行SVM分类正确率可达8897%,相比单独利用CSP进行特征提取下的SVM分类结果提高了约5%。结论 EMD-CSP优化滤波方法对判断认知脑电识别的可行性和有效性,为进一步开发脑机接口应用产品提供认知参考依据。     

基于EMD的左右手运动想象脑电信号分析研究

基于经验模态分解(EMD)理论,提出一种左右手运动想象脑电信号分析方法.首先利用时间窗对脑电信号数据进行划分,对每段数据通过经验模态分解法将其分解为一组固有模态函数IMF,提取主要信号所在的IMF层去除信号中的噪声.对含有主要信号的几层IMF进行Hilbert变换,得到瞬时频率与对应的瞬时幅值.再提取左右手想象的特定频段mu节律和beta节律的能量信号作为特征,分别利用支持向量机(SVM)和Fisher进行了分类比较.对EMD和小波包在去噪和特征提取进行了比较.结果表明,EMD是一种很有效的去噪方法,经过EMD分解后提取的能量信号在区分左右手想象上更具有优势,识别率高.     

脑电信号的小波特征提取及半监督识别方法的研究

特征提取和特征分类是脑机接口中模式识别过程中两个关键的环节。首先,针对脑电信号的非平稳特性,提出基于小波变换系数、系数均值及小波熵相结合的特征提取方法,该方法在特征中加入了脑电信号的能量信息。实验证明,通过该方法获取的P300信号特征量能够更好地表达脑电信号中的瞬变成分,进一步提高了识别率;其次,在模式识别方面,改进了基于自训练半监督的支持向量机算法和基于自训练半监督的K均值聚类算法。在BCI2003竞赛数据集上的实验表明,相比于传统的BP神经网络,两种改进的分类算法在获得了更高的识别率的同时,能够将特征量维数降低一个数量级,明显提高了训练收敛速度,有效增加了基于脑电信号的实时BCI系统的可实现性。     

基于样本熵与小波包能量特征提取和Real AdaBoost算法的正常期、癫痫间歇与发作期的脑电自动检测

脑电图(EEG)分析已被广泛应用于疾病的诊断,针对癫痫患者的脑电检测可及时对患者的发病情况作出判断,具有很强的实用价值,因此急需癫痫脑电自动检测、诊断分类技术。为实现患者正常期、癫痫发作间期和发作期各时段脑电的快速、高精度自动检测分类,本文提出一种基于样本熵(SampEn)与小波包能量特征提取结合纠错编码(ECOC)Real AdaBoost算法的脑电自动分类识别方法。将输入信号的样本熵值和4层小波包分解后的部分频段能量作为特征,并用纠错编码和Real AdaBoost算法相结合的方式对其进行分类。本文采用德国波恩大学癫痫数据库实验数据(含正常人清醒、睁眼与清醒、闭眼,癫痫患者间歇期致痫灶外与致痫灶内及癫痫发作期5组脑电信号)进行了方法有效性检验。研究结果表明,该方法有较强的脑电特征分类识别能力,尤其对癫痫间歇期脑电信号识别率提升显著,上述5组3个时期不同特征脑电信号的平均识别率可达96.78%,优于文献已报道的多种算法且有较好稳定性与运算速度及实时应用潜力,可在临床上对癫痫疾病的预报及检测起到良好的辅助决策作用。     

基于固有模态分解和深度学习的抑郁症脑电信号分类分析

以采集到的抑郁症患者和正常人的脑电信号为基础,采用固有模态分解算法对原始信号去噪处理,通过卷积神经网络对抑郁症患者和正常人进行分类分析。首先通过脑电信号的采集实验,采集15位抑郁症患者和15位正常人对照组Fp1的静息态脑电信号;之后对采集到的静息态脑电进行去噪处理,脑电去噪处理主要包括固有模态分解算法对原始信号的分解获得不同层次的IMF分量,对IMF分量进行频域分析,通过硬阈值的方法剔除原始信号中的噪声信号;最后采用卷积神经网络对抑郁症患者和正常人对照组进行二值分类,结果相较于传统的特征提取-机器学习算法,分类准确率明显提高。     

经验模式分解与代价敏感支持向量机在癫痫脑电信号分类中的应用

提取出脑电信号中微弱征兆信息,可以更好地了解脑电信号的特征,但由于各类外界信号的相互混叠,信号呈现出非线性、非平稳性,因此脑电信号的提取是个难题。为此本研究提出了优于小波分解的经验模式分解(EMD)算法对脑电信号进行分解,提取主要IMF分量的特征值,随后采取代价敏感支持向量机(CSVM)进行分类,并对参数进行寻优。在对癫痫患者脑电信号研究的实验中,分类准确率均达到90%以上,验证了本方法的可行性。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.