Treatment with rtPA of stroke associated with intravenous immunoglobulins perfusion

Information about the security of intravenous recombinant tissue type plasminogen activator (rtPA) in immunoglobulins related stroke can only be ascertained from singular cases as it was not assessed in clinical trials. Only two cases of stroke associated with IVIg treated with rtPA were described in literature. We report the outcome of two patients with IVIg associated stroke that were treated with rtPA. In our patients there were hemorrhagic complications - remote cerebral haemorrhage and diffuse cutaneous hematomas.     

高血压丘脑出血的手术治疗

目的探讨高血压丘脑出血患者手术治疗的效果。方法高血压丘脑出血的患者58例,10例丘脑小血肿(10~30 m)l且有单侧或双侧脑室铸型者行脑室外引流及尿激酶纤溶治疗、17例丘脑出血未破入脑室且出血量31~40 ml者立体定向血肿穿刺碎吸术治疗,15例丘脑出血破入脑室且血肿量较大(>40 ml)者行血肿穿刺联合脑室外引流治疗及16例血肿量大且基本位于中心部位并破入脑室者经纵裂入路显微镜下丘脑血肿清除术治疗。结果术后6个月存活49例,死亡9例。存活者术后6个月按日常生活能力分级评估预后:1级15例,2级19例,3级10例,4级5例。结论高血压丘脑出血患者应根据出血量、有无破入脑室及其病情制定手术方案,经纵裂入路显微镜下丘脑血肿清除术对出血位于中线丘脑且出血量较大者有其可行性。     

脑立体定向术后并发颅内出血

目的：探讨脑立体定向术后并发颅内出血的原因、预防及治疗。方法：对１３例脑立体定向术后并发颅内出血患者临床资料进行分析总结。结果：定向术后并发颅内出血是一种或几种因素共同作用的结果，相关因素有年龄、血压、毁损灶、合并其他疾病及操作不当等。结论：定向术后并发颅内出血可以通过控制血压、排除合并其它疾病、定期保养设备等进行预防，出血后可保守治疗、脑室钻孔引流或开颅清除血肿。     

脑室铸型血肿的软性神经内镜治疗

目的 探讨应用软性神经内镜治疗脑室铸型血肿的疗效.方法 回顾性分析2014年5月～2016年1月航空总医院神经外科采用软性神经内镜治疗11例脑室铸型血肿患者的临床资料.评估手术时间、术后脑室外引流时间,额外的脑脊液分流手术,术后3个月结果和相关并发症.结果 在发病后第4天和第5天接受软性神经内镜手术的2例患者需要随后的脑脊液分流手术.相比之下,在发病当天接受内镜手术的9例患者中,只有1例患者因为纤维粘连导致继发性梗阻,需要额外行第三脑室底造瘘术.术后3个月,所有6例mRS评分为2～3分的患者符合以下标准:初始格拉斯哥昏迷评分高于8分,在发病当天接受软性神经内镜手术,并且脑室外引流时间小于4d.结论 使用软性神经内镜早期干预和术后短时间脑室外引流对于脑室铸型血肿效果较好.     

高血压脑出血CT立体定向手术30例临床分析

本文报告高血压脑出血30例采用CT立体定向术行血肿排空.平均年龄57岁,出血量最多是96ml,平均43ml,血肿破入侧脑室及第三、四脑室有铸型者21例.术前大部分合并有多脏器功能障碍,常规开颅清除血肿往往使这类病人难以耐受手术再次打击.作者通过临床手术治疗分析.体会到CT立体定向手术具有微创性,定位精确,手术时间短,副损伤轻.对存在多脏器功能障碍的病人全身干扰小.术后恢复快.对多层面的血肿靶点宜选在血肿中心层为佳,有利于血肿排空.对血肿破入脑室者,双侧选择靶点置管尿激酶溶液冲洗引流.同时腰穿放出血性脑脊液是尽快解除脑室梗阻的一种有效方法.注重多脏器功能衰竭的预防和治疗是提高CT立体定向术成功的关键.     

CT辅助下立体定向穿刺引流术治疗基底节区脑出血的疗效分析

目的探讨CT辅助下立体定向穿刺引流术治疗老年高血压基底节区脑出血的疗效及其并发症。方法将发病24 h内的80例老年高血压脑出血患者分为穿刺引流术组和对照组。两组患者分别采用CT辅助下立体定向穿刺引流术和药物保守治疗;观察比较两组患者的住院治疗时间、并发症、治疗后的神经功能恢复,以及治疗前、后的神经功能评分。结果引流术组患者的并发症发生率为12.5%,对照组则为32.5%。引流术组的住院时间(17.6 d)、最终NIHSS评分(3.28分)和总有效率(92.5%)均明显优于对照组(24.6 d,4.00分和77.5%)。结论 CT辅助下立体定向穿刺引流术治疗基底节区脑出血创伤小,可以明显减少各种并发症,缩短患者的住院时间减少花费。与保守治疗相比,能促进患者神经功能的早期恢复。     

慢性硬膜下血肿96例诊治体会

目的探讨慢性硬膜下血肿的诊断、治疗及提高疗效的注意事项。方法选择我科96例慢性硬膜下血肿患者,全部病例均经头颅CT扫描证实诊断、判断出血量;采用单侧或双侧钻孔、冲洗、引流的治疗方法。结果术后血肿腔引流量最少50ml,最多450ml;头颅CT复查,90例(93.8%)仅见少量残存血肿(<10ml);创腔积气2例;4例症状加重,CT示血肿量较大,行开颅手术清除血肿;双侧血肿病例单侧钻孔的3例对侧血肿增多,行对侧钻孔引流。结论钻孔引流术是治疗慢性硬膜下血肿的首选最佳治疗方法,它创伤小、疗效显著、恢复快,对老年患者大大降低了手术风险;正确的操作是提高疗效的保证。     

Widespread subcutaneous haematoma after thrombolytic therapy in stroke patients. Mild falls at stroke onset may be dangerous

Recombinant tissue Plasminogen Activator (rtPA) is one of the more and more often used therapies in ischemic stroke. Main adverse effect of rtPA could be bleeding in different anatomical sites. Onset of the stroke is often associated with falls due to sudden limb weakness. Mild trauma can be not reported by patients and their families and can leave no visible signs on the skin. Thrombolytic therapy given in such cases can cause potentially dangerous complication such as subcutaneous or subfascial hematoma. The article presents two cases of patients with ischemic stroke who received thrombolytic therapy with subsequent complication of wide-spread subcutaneous hematomas.     

经额软通道微创穿刺引流术治疗高血压性基底节区脑出血76例临床分析

目的 探讨经额软通道微创穿刺引流术治疗高血压性基底节区脑出血的技术方法 和临床疗效.方法 对山东省邹城市红十字会急救中心神经外科自2005年3月至2008年4月收治且符合条件的76例高血压性基底节区脑出血患者,选择血肿侧距眉间7～9 cm、旁开中线3.5～4.5cm的额部为穿刺点,根据头颅CT影像资料计算确定适宜的穿刺方向和穿刺深度,以软通道行血肿腔的微创穿刺引流术清除脑内血肿.结果 术后引流管留置时间36～120h,平均(70±5.6)h.术后再出血3例,均无气颅或颅内感染发生.76例患者中30 d内基本痊愈11例,显著进步35例,进步16例,无效或恶化4例,死亡10例,病死率为13.2%.总有效率为81.6%.结论 经额软通道微创穿刺引流术治疗高血压性基底节区脑出血是一种切实有效的治疗方法 ,能最大限度的减少术后并发症发生,从而改善患者预后,且创伤小、操作简单,易于在基层医院推广应用.     

rtPA intravenous thrombolysis in anterior choroidal artery territory stroke

OBJECTIVE: To study the possible specific response to recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA) thrombolysis of anterior choroidal artery (AChA) stroke. BACKGROUND: Outcome and response after rtPA thrombolysis are possibly better in small-vessel infarcts, but a specific study of AChA stroke has not yet been performed. METHODS: The authors proposed an open trial of IV rtPA within 7 hours in patients age 20 and 81 years with all types of internal carotid artery territory stroke if the baseline Scandinavian Stroke Scale (SSS) score was less than 48. A dose of rtPA 0.8 mg/kg was infused over 90 minutes. Of 114 consecutive patients, 9 patients (7.9%) exhibited hypodensity in the AChA territory on day 1 brain CT. RESULTS: Seven of nine patients with AChA infarct had a primary early recovery within 6 hours after the initiation of rtPA infusion. In addition, recovery was complete in five patients and partial in two patients. No intracerebral hematoma was observed. Three patients had a "reinfarct syndrome" at 12, 25, and 48 hours respectively. However, in the two latter patients treated with IV heparin, the deficit disappeared again with the increase of heparin dose in one patient and disappeared spontaneously in the other patient. The overall outcome at day 90 was six total recoveries in nine patients (66%). Patients with a final good outcome had a slight "unstructured" hypodensity in the AChA territory on day 1 brain CT, whereas patients with a bad outcome had the classic "structured" hypodensity of AChA territory stroke. CONCLUSION: These data support a specific quick response of AChA territory stroke to IV rtPA thrombolysis, probably due to the small size of the artery and of the "clot." The high frequency of the reinfarct syndrome is a clinical fact that is difficult to explain. Efficient heparin treatment after 24 hours may control the reinfarct syndrome in some patients.     

Clinical application of 3DSlicer and Sina in minimally invasive puncture drainage of elderly patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage under local anesthesia

BackgroundDecreased organ function and poor physical compensatory capacity in elderly patients diagnosed with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) can make surgical treatment procedures challenging and risky. Minimally invasive puncture drainage (MIPD) combined with urokinase infusion therapy is a safe and feasible method of treating ICH. This study aimed to compare the treatment efficacy of MIPD conducted under local anesthesia using either 3DSlicer + Sina application or computer tomography (CT)–guided stereotactic localization of hematomas in elderly patients diagnosed with ICH.MethodsThe study sample included 78 elderly patients (≥ 65 years of age) diagnosed with ICH for the first time. All patients exhibited stable vital signs and underwent surgical treatment. The study sample was randomly divided into two groups, either receiving 3DSlicer+Sina or CT-guided stereotactic assistance. The preoperative preparation time; hematoma localization accuracy rate; satisfactory hematoma puncture rate; hematoma clearance rate; postoperative rebleeding rate; Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score after 7 days; and modified Rankin scale (mRS) score 6 months after surgery were compared between the two groups.ResultsNo significant differences in gender, age, preoperative GCS score, preoperative hematoma volume (HV), and surgical duration were observed between the two groups (all p-values > 0.05). However, the preoperative preparation time was shorter in the group receiving 3DSlicer + Sina assistance compared to that receiving CT-guided stereotactic assistance (p-value < 0.001). Both groups exhibited significant improvement in GCS scores and reduction in HV after surgery (all p-values < 0.001). The accuracy of hematoma localization and puncture was 100% in both groups. There were no significant differences in surgical duration, postoperative hematoma clearance rate, rebleeding rate, postoperative GCS and mRS scores between the two groups (all p-values > 0.05).ConclusionsA combination of 3DSlicer and Sina is effective in accurately identifying hematomas in elderly patients with ICH exhibiting stable vital signs, thus simplifying MIPD surgeries conducted under local anesthesia. This procedure may also be preferred over CT-guided stereotactic localization in clinical practice due to its ease of use and accuracy in hematoma localization.     

CT引导立体定向碎吸治疗高血压脑出血(附70例报告)

目的探讨CT引导立体定向碎吸排空、术后辅以尿激酶溶凝引流治疗高血压脑出血的应用价值。方法采用ASA-602型脑立体定向仪,在CT引导下进行血肿定位,使用Backlund排空针次全排空血肿,置管辅以尿激酶溶凝引流治疗高血压脑出血70例。其中6例因术后再出血,行开颅清除血肿。结果术中死亡1例,死于脑动静脉畸形(术前未获诊断)大出血。余69例出院时,预后良好27例,中残18例,重残13例,死亡11例。幸存的58例被随访6~24个月,其中良好32例,中残19例,重残6例,死亡1例。结论立体定向碎吸术是一种治疗高血压脑出血安全、微侵袭且疗效较为满意的手术方式;合理选择手术时机,有效控制术后高血压,防止再出血、坠积性肺部感染和深静脉血栓形成是改善患者预后、提高其生存质量的关键。     

Acute stroke management in the elderly

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Though the proportion of elderly stroke patients is increasing, patients >80 years are often excluded from clinical stroke trials. We reviewed the management of older patients presenting with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) and assessed the safety and efficacy of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA) administration in a community-based setting. METHODS: A retrospective review of patients >80 years (n = 341) admitted to a community stroke center with AIS were compared to their younger counterparts (n = 690) using the stroke center database from April 2003 to December 2005. Parameters that were measured included admission and discharge NIH Stroke Scale (NIHSS), rate of thrombolytic treatment, the frequency and etiology of thrombolytic exclusion criteria and complications from rtPA for the different aged populations. Additional data were collected for Barthel Index at 12 months. RESULTS: A total of 166 patients underwent thrombolysis. Older patients were not delayed in reaching the hospital within 3 h of stroke onset (182/690, 26%, in the <80 cohort vs. 98/341, 29%, in the > or = 80 cohort). Although the overall rates of tPA use were similar in both the young and aged cohort, older patients were less likely to be treated with rtPA because of reasons not listed as exclusion criteria (17% in the <80 cohort vs. 32% in the > or = 80 cohort).The older group did not have an excess risk of intracranial hemorrhage following rtPA infusion despite equivalent NIHSS on admission (13.5 in the <80 cohort vs. 12.4 in the > or = 80 cohort). Both groups showed improvement in NIHSS following thrombolytic treatment with a drop of 7.7 points in the younger age group and 5.6 points in the older group. Elderly patients treated with rtPA had a comparable 12-month modified Barthel Index score to younger cohorts. CONCLUSIONS: Early treatment with rtPA in patients >80 years appears to be both safe and efficacious. Treated patients showed improvements both acutely (a decrease in NIHSS at 72 h) and chronically, as shown by a sustained improvement in the Barthel Index. A large number of elderly patients were excluded from rtPA treatment despite arriving within the time frame of treatment for reasons not considered as traditional exclusion criteria. Older patients with AIS can be treated safely with thrombolytic therapy in a community setting. This therapy should not be withheld on the basis of age.     

饮水量对慢性硬膜下血肿钻孔引流术后脑复张的影响

目的 探讨饮水量对慢性硬膜下血肿钻孔引流术后脑复张的影响。方法 2016年1月至2017年12月择期行钻孔引流术治疗慢性硬膜下血肿156例,按术后饮水量分为大量饮水组（饮水量≥2 000 ml/d,52例）、适量饮水组（饮水量1 000~2000 ml/d,52例）和少量饮水组（饮水量≤1 000 ml/d,52例）。术前、术后14 d测量脑灌注压,行头颅CT评价脑复张。结果 随着饮水量的增加,脑灌注压明显上升（P<0.05）,而脑复张不全发生率明显降低（P<0.05）。3组术后血肿复发率无统计学差异（P>0.05）。结论 慢性硬膜下血肿钻孔引流术术后饮水量≥2 000 ml/d,可提高脑灌注压,降低脑复张不全发生率。     

脑干病变的立体定向治疗

目的:评价计算机体层摄影(CT)引导下的立体定向法在治疗脑干病变中的意义。方法:29例病人(脑干肿瘤24例,脑干出血5例),男14例,女15例,平均年龄38岁。采用CT引导下的立体定向法(为Leksell立体定向仪)。治疗种类包括脑干病变的活检、间质内放疗、后装置管放疗及血肿排空术。结果:29例病人均一次穿刺成功,术中无一例死亡。6个月后统计的治疗有效率:好转89％,恶化5.5％,死亡5.5％,主要并发症有意识障碍、恶心呕吐、四肢抽搐、外展神经麻痹等。结论:CT引导下的立体定向法在治疗脑干病变中具有损伤小(不开颅),适应范围广,疗效好,致残、致死率比开颅术低,并发症、后遗症少,以及简便安全等微侵袭的特点。同时具有诊断和治疗的双重作用,是一种有实用价值的治疗方法。     

Argatroban tPA stroke study: study design and results in the first treated cohort

BACKGROUND: The benefit of intravenous recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA) in acute stroke is linked to clot lysis and artery recanalization. Argatroban is a direct thrombin inhibitor that safely augments the benefit of rtPA in animal stroke models. There are no human data on this combination. DESIGN: We report the first phase of the Argatroban tPA Stroke Study, an ongoing prospective, open-label, dose-escalation, safety and activity study of argatroban and rtPA in patients with ischemic stroke. The primary outcome was incidence of intracerebral hemorrhage; secondary outcome, complete recanalization at 2 hours. After standard-dose intravenous rtPA administration, a 100-mug/kg bolus of argatroban followed by infusion of 1 mug/kg per minute for 48 hours was adjusted to a target partial thromboplastin time of 1.75 times that of the control group. RESULTS: Fifteen patients (including 10 men) were enrolled, with a mean +/- SD age of 61 +/- 13 years. All patients had middle cerebral artery occlusions. Baseline median National Institute of Health Stroke Scale score was 14 (range, 4-25). The mean +/- SD time from symptom onset to argatroban bolus administration was 172 +/- 53 minutes. Symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage occurred in 2 patients, including 1 with parenchymal hemorrhage type 2. Asymptomatic bleeding occurred in 1 patient and there was 1 death. Recanalization was complete in 6 patients and partial in another 4, and reocclusion occurred in 3 within 2 hours of rtPA bolus administration. CONCLUSION: The safety of low-dose argatroban combined with intravenous rtPA may be within acceptable limits, and its efficacy for producing fast and complete recanalization is promising, but a larger cohort of patients is required to confirm these preliminary observations.     

个体化手术治疗对不同部位高血压性脑出血近期预后的影 响

目的 探讨个体化手术治疗对不同部位高血压性脑出血近期预后的影响。方法 回顾性分析2010年2月至2016年3月手术治疗的712例高血压性脑出血的临床资料,根据治疗方法分为小骨窗组（320例,采用小骨窗开颅血肿清除术治疗）,大骨瓣组（232例,采用骨瓣开颅清除血肿术治疗）及外引流术组（160例,采用侧脑室外引流术治疗）。术后1个月采用GOS评分评估近期预后。结果 术后1 d,小骨窗组,大骨瓣组,外引流术组血肿清除率分别为（82.69±1.69）%,（90.55±1.65）%,（77.25±1.58）%;术后1个月,分别为（90.18±1.85）%,（90.34±1.65）%,（90.25±1.71）%。术后1个月,小骨窗组,大骨瓣组,外引流术组GOS评分分别为（4.01±0.69）分,（3.98±0.75）分,（4.12±0.71）分。结论 个体化手术治疗对不同部位高血压性脑出血近期预后存在一定影响,选择合理的手术治疗方案可改善患者预后。     

锥颅治疗脑内血肿:单孔引流与多孔引流的效果对比

目的 比较简易头皮下定位锥颅单孔引流与多孔引流治疗自发性脑内血肿的效果.方法 回顾性分析55例自发性颅内血肿患者,头皮定位单孔引流31例[血肿量(52.9±13.2)ml],头皮定位多孔锥颅24例[血肿量(55.3±15.4)ml],术后给予尿激酶溶解血肿.比较引流时间、血肿残留量及日常生活能力Barthel指数.结果 多孔引流组引流时间[(6.5±2.7)d]明显短于单孔引流组[(10.6±3.2)d](P<0.05);在治疗后3个月,多孔引流组的Barthel指数(71.87±7.53)明显高于单孔引流组(50.62±17.20)(P<0.05).结论 对于较大的且形状不规则的血肿应该在定位下实施多点穿刺.微创穿刺血肿腔引流加尿激酶冲洗简单易行,血肿清除率高,术后恢复好.     

The rtPA (alteplase) 0- to 6-hour acute stroke trial, part A (A0276g) : results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter study. Thromblytic therapy in acute ischemic stroke study investigators

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The Thrombolytic Therapy in Acute Ischemic Stroke Study, which started in August of 1991, was designed to assess the efficacy and safety of intravenous rtPA (alteplase) in patients with acute (0 to 6 hours) ischemic stroke. In October 1993 enrollment was halted because of Safety Committee (DMSB) concerns. In December 1993 the time window was changed to 0 to 5 hours, and it was decided to restart enrollment as a separate study (part B). We report here the results of the original study (part A), focusing on evaluating the safety and efficacy of rtPA given between 0 and 6 hours after stroke onset. METHODS: This investigation was a phase II, placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized study utilizing 0.9 mg/kg IV rtPA or placebo over 1 hour, which was conducted at university and community sites in North America. Except for time to treatment, enrollment criteria were very similar to those of the NINDS rtPA stroke study. Primary efficacy end points were the number of patients with a decrease of 4 or more points on the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) at 24 hours and day 30, along with infarct volume at day 30. Secondary end points included mortality and functional recoveries on the Barthel Index and Modified Rankin scale at days 30 and 90. RESULTS: A total of 142 patients were enrolled at 42 sites in North America, including 22 <3 hours (15%) and 46 between 5 and 6 hours (32%). The groups were well matched on baseline characteristics, including NIHSS (mean of 13 for both). For the primary end points, a higher percentage of rtPA patients had a 4-point improvement at 24 hours (placebo 21%, rtPA 40%; P=0.02); however, this early effect was reversed by 30 days, with more placebo patients having a 4-point improvement (75%) than patients treated with rtPA (60%, P=0.05). Treatment with rtPA significantly increased the rate of symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage within 10 days (11% versus 0%, P<0.01) and mortality at 90 days (23% versus 7%, P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: This study found no significant rtPA benefit on any of the planned efficacy end points at 30 and 90 days in patients treated between 0 and 6 hours after stroke onset. These negative results apply to patients treated after 3 hours, because only 15% of the patients were enrolled before 3 hours. The risk of symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage was increased with rtPA treatment, particularly in patients treated between 5 and 6 hours after onset. These results do not support the use of intravenous rtPA for stroke treatment >3 hours after onset.     

Treatment of intraventricular hemorrhage with intraventricular administration of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator A clinical study of 18 cases

OBJECTIVE: Intraventricular hemorrhage is associated with a very poor outcome. Simple external ventricular drainage alone has not resulted in a decline of mortality. The aim was to study the effect of direct intraventricular administration of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA). PATIENTS AND METHODS: A retrospective series of eighteen adult patients with severe intraventricular hemorrhage, admitted to our university hospital, was studied for the effect of direct intraventricular administration of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA). rtPA was administered in a dosage of 2mg. The injection was repeated at 12h intervals until serial CT scans showed a substantial reduction of intraventricular blood. RESULTS: The total of rtPA doses per patient ranged from 2 to 32mg. Seven out of 18 patients showed good neurological recovery, 4 died. Only one patient had a complication which could be directly attributed to the intraventricular thrombolytic therapy. CONCLUSION: We conclude that the procedure of intraventricular administration of a thrombolytic agent, i.e. rtPA, seems effective in lysis of the intraventricular hematoma and may, therefore, improve outcome.