耳蜗电图在婴幼儿听力障碍诊断中的应用

报道６０例临床疑有听力障碍的小儿耳蜗电图（ＥＣｏｃｈＧ）和脑干听觉诱发电位（ＢＡＥＰ）检测结果：正常１６例，异常４４例；其中周围性耳聋３９例，中枢性耳聋２例，混合性耳聋３例。证明ＥＣｏｃｈＧ在小儿听力检测中占有重要地位，它可以提高ＢＡＥＰＩ波检出率，能够判断耳蜗损害性质，与ＢＡＥＰ相结合还可以判断周围性或中枢性耳聋。因此，有必要将ＥＣｏｃｈＧ广泛用于婴幼儿听力检测。     

脑干听觉诱发电位监测高胆新生儿听力障碍

为早期发现高胆红素血症（高胆）造成的听力损害,我们对６０例高胆新生儿进行脑干听觉诱发电位（ＢＡＥＰ）检查,现报道如下。对象和方法一、对象：１９９５年２月～１９９７年２月高胆新生儿６０例,男３２例,女２８例。胎龄３６．９±２．２ｗｋ,出生体重２０５０±２６０ｇ,早产儿３１例。血清胆红素＜２２０μｍｏｌ／Ｌ６例,～２５７μｍｏｌ／Ｌ１０例,～３０８μｍｏｌ／Ｌ１６例,～３４２μｍｏｌ／Ｌ１６例,＞３４２μｍｏｌ／Ｌ１２例。二、方法：１．血清胆红素高峰时第１次ＢＡＥＰ检查,６ｍｏ后复查。２．异常标准：…     

硫酸丁胺卡那霉素对新生儿耳毒性作用的研究

目的 观察常规剂量硫酸丁胺卡那霉素（阿米卡星,ａｍｉｋａｃｉｎ,ＡＭＫ）对新生儿的耳毒性作用并探讨其与血药浓度的关系。方法 以脑干听觉诱导电位（ＢＡＥＰ）监测ＡＭＫ〖１０ｍｇ／（ｋｇ．ｄ）,连用７ｄ〗治疗组（２６例）与对照组（２０例）足月新生儿的听功能变化,并以荧光偏振免疫法对治疗组进行血药浓度监测。结果 治疗第７天,治疗组有３例ＢＡＥＰ异常（１２％）,对照组未发现异常,两组差异显著性（Ｐ〉０．０     

重度窒息新生儿视觉诱发电位改变初探

对１９例重度窒息新生儿进行了视觉诱发电位（ＶＥＰ）测定，并与脑干听觉诱发电位（ＢＡＥＰ）进行了对比研究。重度窒息儿ＶＥＰ异常表现为：波整体或部分缺失、潜伏期延长。其中缺氧缺血性脑病（ＨＩＥ）患儿ＶＥＰ异常阳性率８７．５％，同期ＢＡＥＰ异常阳性率仅为５３．３％，说明ＶＥＰ对窒息后急性期脑损伤敏感性高，与临床诊断有较高一致性，是评定重度窒息儿急性期脑损伤的一种较好辅助检查手段。     

利多卡因治疗新生儿顽固性惊厥16例临床观察

我院１９９７年用利多卡因静滴治疗１６例顽固性惊厥住院的新生儿，获满意效果，报道如下一般资料：本文１６例中男１４例，女２例，年龄从生后１小时至１４天。新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病（ＨＩＥ）１３例，均符合１９８９年济南会议所订《新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病临床诊断依据及分度》标准，其中中度４例，重度９例；化脓性脑膜炎２例；惊厥原因待确定１例。惊厥的表现：微小发作型４例，强直型３例，多灶阵挛型５例，混合型４例。脑电图检查１３例，结果轻度异常３例，高度异常１０例。头颅Ｂ超检查１３例，均提示ＨＩＥ，其中３例合并颅内出血。…     

2367例新生儿听力筛查初步报告

目的　筛查新生儿听力障碍。方法　采用诱发畸变耳声发射（ＤＰＯＡＥ）对２ ３６７ 例新生儿进行听力筛查，连续监测异常者，最后由脑干听觉诱发电位（ＡＢＲ） 确诊。结果　５ 例听觉障碍，其中单耳聋２ 例，双耳聋３ 例。中度听觉障碍２例，重度听觉障碍３ 例。结论　ＤＰＯＡＥ测试是适合于新生儿听力筛查可靠、有效、快速、简便的好方法。     

脑干听觉诱发电位在痉挛性脑瘫患儿中的应用

脑干听觉诱发电位（ＢＡＥＰ）作为重要的临床辅助检查,可提供中枢神经系统（ＣＮＳ）功能的客观记录。为评估ＢＡＥＰ检查对将来神经发育异常的诊断价值,进行了该项回顾性研究。 对象与方法 选择７５位痉挛性脑瘫（ＳＣＰ）思儿作为研究对致,男４２例,女 ３３例,平均年龄 ６岁（２～１１岁）。选 ４０位同龄正常小儿作为对照,对两组分别进行ＢＡＥＰ检查,分析波Ｉ～波Ⅴ的潜伏期,波Ⅰ～Ⅲ、波Ⅲ～Ⅴ、波Ⅰ～Ⅴ的波峰间期及波Ⅰ与波Ⅴ的波幅比值。各波的间期≥正常值２个标准差即为异常。根据ＢＡＥＰ结果将ＳＣＰ 患儿分为ＢＡＥＰ…     

生长发育迟缓与胰岛素样生长因子的关系

目的提高由于生长激素－胰岛素样生长因子（ＧＨ－ＩＧＦ）轴异常引起的生长发育迟缓诊断的准确性。方法分别收集门诊６８例生长发育迟缓儿童运动激发试验前后２次血清和１４例住院患儿药物激发试验１０次血标本,用免疫放射计量（ＩＲＭＡ）方法测定ＩＧＦ－１,ＩＧＦ－２和ＩＧＦＢＰ－３,放免方法（ＲＩＡ）测定ＧＨ。结果药物激发试验ＧＨ水平与ＩＧＦ－１,ＩＧＦ－２和ＩＧＦＢＰ－３测定一致。运动激发试验根据运动后ＧＨ水平及身高百分位的情况将６８例分为３组：ＧＨ＜５０μｇ／Ｌ,５０～１００μｇ／Ｌ,＞１００μｇ／Ｌ。ＧＨ＜５０μｇ／Ｌ组１４例,其中１０例身高小于第３百分位,其ＩＧＦ－１,ＩＧＦ－２和ＩＧＦＢＰ－３水平分别是（３９±２０）,（２７４±１２２）,（４２０±２１０）ｎｍｏｌ／Ｌ,低于正常值（Ｐ＜００１）,ＧＨ水平与ＩＧＦ－１,ＩＧＦ－２和ＩＧＦＢＰ－３相符。结论用运动激发试验联合测定ＧＨ、ＩＧＦ－１和ＩＧＦＢＰ－３三项指标可以提高由于ＧＨ－ＩＧＦ轴异常所引起的生长发育迟缓诊断的准确性。     

婴儿外部性脑积水40例

外部性脑积水（Ｅｘｔｅｒｎａｌｈｙｄｒｏｃｅｐｈａｌｕｓ,ＥＨ）又称脑外积水,是一种暂时性交通性脑积水,原因是多方面的,具有共同的影像学特点,本文对我院４０例外部性脑积水病例作一分析。１　临床资料１．１　一般情况男３０例,女１０例。年龄＜１个月２例（最早者８天）,１月～１１例,３月～１０例,６月～１３例,１岁～３例,２岁～１例。与围产期因素有关２０例：窒息１４例,其中剖宫产３例,臀位产３例;早产２例;颅内出血２例;新生儿高胆红素血症２例。与感染因素有关４例：化脓性脑膜炎２例,病毒性脑炎１例,中耳…     

下呼吸道感染患儿外周血单个核细胞呼吸道合胞病毒感染的研究

为探讨呼吸道合胞病毒（ＲＳＶ）对外周血单个核细胞（ＰＢＭＣ）的感染情况及感染后细胞免疫的变化，采用免疫组化法对１８例ＲＳＶ性急性下呼吸道感染患儿ＰＢＭＣ内ＲＳＶ及其Ａ、Ｂ亚型抗原进行了检测；采用ＡＰＡＡＰ法、ＭＴＴ比色法和ＥＬＩＳＡ法对Ｔ细胞亚群及Ｔ细胞表面白细胞介素２受体表达、ＰＢＭＣ培养上清液白细胞介素２（ＩＬ－２）活性和可溶性ＩＬ－２受体水平进行了测定。结果显示：１８例ＲＳＶ感染患儿中７例ＰＢＭＣ内可检测到ＲＳＶ抗原；１１例ＲＳＶＡ亚型感染者５例ＰＢＭＣ内均为ＲＳＶＡ亚型阳性，７例ＲＳＶＢ型感染者２例Ｂ亚型阳性；７例恢复期和１０例对照组患儿均为阴性；发病３天以内ＰＢＭＣ中ＲＳＶ抗原阳性者多于３天以后（Ｐ＜０．０５）。ＲＳＶ感染组ＰＢＭＣ内ＲＳＶ抗原阳性者，ＣＤ４细胞比率和ＩＬ－２水平均低于阴性者（ｔ＝２．３８，２．４０，Ｐ值均＜０．０５）。提示：ＲＳＶ性急性下呼吸道感染患儿ＰＢＭＣ可被ＲＳＶ感染，可能由此加重免疫活性细胞损害，导致细胞免疫功能紊乱。     

Allergic factors associated with the development of asthma and the influence of cetirizine in a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial: First results of ETA®

There is a common progression known as the allergic march from atopic dermatitis to allergic asthma. Cetirizine has several antiallergic properties that suggest a potential effect on the development of airway inflammation and asthma in infants with atopic dermatitis. Methods. Over a two year period, 817 infants aged one to two years who suffered from atopic dermatitis and with a history of atopic disease in a parent or sibling were included in the ETAC^® (Early Treatment of the Atopic Child) trial, a multi-country, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. The infants were treated for 18 months with either cetirizine (0.25mg/ kg b.i.d.) or placebo. The number of infants who developed asthma was compared between the two groups. Clinical and biological assessments including analysis of total and specific IgE antibodies were performed. Results. In the placebo group, the relative risk (RR) for developing asthma was elevated in patients with a raised level of total IgE (≥ 30 kU/I) or specific IgE (≥ 0.35 kUA/I) for grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander (RR between 1.4 and 1.7). Compared to placebo, cetirizine significantly reduced the incidence of asthma for patients sensitised to grass pollen (RR = 0.5) or to house dust mite (RR = 0.6). However, in the population that included all infants with normal and elevated total or specific IgE (intention-to-treat - ITT), there was no difference between the numbers of infants developing asthma while receiving cetirizine or placebo. The adverse events profile was similar in the two treatment groups. Discussion. Raised total IgE level and raised specific IgE levels to grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander were predictive of subsequent asthma. Cetirizine halved the number of patients developing asthma in the subgroups sensitised to grass pollen or house dust mite (i.e. 20% of the study population). In view of the proven safety of the drug, we propose this treatment as a primary pharmacological intervention strategy to prevent the development of asthma in specifically sensitised infants with atopic dermatitis.     

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孤独症谱系障碍(autistic-spectrum disorders,ASDs)近年来患病率逐年攀升至1%左右,其症状往往伴随终生,成为严重威胁儿童健康和发展的神经发育性疾患;注意缺陷多动障碍(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,ADHD)是儿童期最常见的精神障碍,国内报道患病率为4.13%～5.83%,其症状可延续至青少年期,甚至到成年期[1]。这两类精神障碍在成年期的临床表现、共患病、治疗策略和预后与儿童期有哪些不同呢?本文通过回顾相     

EXCITING NEW TREATMENT APPROACHES FOR PATHYPHYSIOLOGIC MECHANISMS OF SICKLE CELL DISEASE

During the past several decades, our understanding of the complex pathophysiology of vasoocclusion associated with sickle cell disease has improved greatly. Interaction of genes, hemoglobin molecules, red cell membrane and metabolic changes, cell-cell interactions and cell-plasma interactions, red cell adhesion to vascular endothelium, activation of coagulation, and vascular reactivity play a role in vaso occlusion. Penicillin prophylaxis of pneumococcal infections and appropriate use of blood transfusions and other supportive measures improved survival of sickle cell patients. Hydroxyurea made a major impact on sickle cell therapy when it was shown to decrease acute painful episodes, acute chest syndrome, and the need for blood transfusion in adults. Significant experience in the use of hydroxyurea has been accumulated in older children. The benefits and risks of hydroxyurea for younger children and long-term risks in all patients will be evaluated in future investigations. Other promising therapies include butyrate compounds, clotrimazole, magnesium supplementation, poloxamer 188, antiadhesion agents, anticoagulant approaches, and nitric oxide. Hemopoietic transplantation remains the only curative therapy. However, several transgenic mouse models are available for studies of gene therapy or other treatment approaches on biochemical, cellular, and pathologic effects of mutant genes.     

Infiltrations of Epstein-Barr virus-carrying cells in granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders corresponding to chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection

A 21-year-old man with granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders (GLPD) associated with chronic active Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is described. Chromosomal analyses revealed several clonal abnormalities and two of them were mainly repetitious. High copy numbers of monoclonal EBV genome were also detected in the proliferative large granular lymphocytes (LGLs), indicating the monoclonal expansion of EBV-infected LGLs. The patient had an indolent course for several years, and there was no evidence of infiltrations of his bone marrow until the end stage. At autopsy, microscopic studies revealed marked infiltrations of LGL in the liver and spleen, and the infiltrating cells were NK-cell immunophenotype. The infiltrated LGLs showed latency I.     

LUTEINIZING HORMONE RECEPTOR MUTATIONS IN DISORDERS OF SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT AND CANCER

Human male sexual development is regulated by chorionic gonadotropin (CG) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Aberrant sexual development caused by both activating and inactivating mutations of the human luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) have been described. All known activating mutations of the LHR are missense mutations caused by single base substitution. The most common activating mutation is the replacement of Asp-578 by Gly due to the substitution of A by G at nucleotide position 1733. All activating mutations are present in exon 11 which encodes the transmembrane domain of the receptor. Constitutive activity of the LHR causes LH releasing hormone-independent precocious puberty in boys and the autosomal dominant disorder familial male-limited precocious puberty (FMPP). Both germline and somatic activating mutations of the LHR have been found in patients with testicular tumors. Activating mutations have no effect on females. The molecular genetics of the inactivating mutations of the LHR are more variable and include single base substitution, partial gene deletion, and insertion. These mutations are not localized and are present in both the extracellular and transmembrane domain of the receptor. Inactivation of the LHR gives rise to the autosomal recessive disorder Leydig cell hypoplasia (LCH) and male hypogonadism or male pseudohermaphroditism. Severity of the clinical phenotype in LCH patients correlates with the amount of residual activity of the mutated receptor. Females are less affected by inactivating mutation of the LHR. Symptoms caused by homozygous inactivating mutation of the LHR include polycystic ovaries and primary amenorrhea.     

Resurgence of measles in Singapore: profile of hospital cases

OBJECTIVE: To ascertain the profile of cases of measles seen at a general hospital during a recent outbreak that occurred despite a measles vaccination program. METHODOLOGY: A retrospective study from January 1991 to March 1998. All patients with measles (ICD code 055. 9) seen at the emergency unit or as inpatients were included. RESULTS: There were 87 cases identified. The diagnosis was clinical in all and proven serologically in 71%. Eighty-five per cent of the cases occurred between January 1997 and March 1998. There was a bi-modal age distribution with peaks in the very young (相似文献   

Personality profiles and heart rate variability (vagal tone) in children with recurrent abdominal pain

The aim of the study was to explore psychological factors and autonomic activity in children with recurrent abdominal pain and to compare them with those in a control group of healthy children. The Personality Inventory for Children was used for assessment of developmental, emotional and psychosocial factors in 25 children with recurrent abdominal pain (age, 7-15 y). Parasympathetic and sympathetic functions in these children and in 23 healthy control subjects (age, 7-13 y) were also investigated, non-invasively using a computerized polygraph. Vagal tone (parasympathetic function) was indexed by calculation of respiratory sinus arrhythmia in beats/min. Skin conductance (sympathetic function) was recorded by the constant current method. On the Personality Inventory for Children, 16 patients had high scores on somatic concern. Several patients had scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal and anxiety, but the mean scores for these personality profile scales were well within the normal range of healthy children. Interestingly, there was a spike on the L (Lie)-scale for most of the patients and 15 patients had scores above or close to the clinical cut-off value. As compared with the scores in healthy children, vagal tone and sympathetic tone were normal. Conclusion: Many children with recurrent abdominal pain have scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal, anxiety and L-scale indicating coping problems, denial and a trend towards somatic concern that may contribute to the evolution of abdominal pain. Autonomic nerve activity was not disturbed in these children.     

Overcoming surfactant inhibition with polymers

Inhibition of the function of pulmonary surfactant in the alveolar space is an important element of the pathophysiology of many lung diseases, including meconium aspiration syndrome, pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome. The known mechanisms by which surfactant dysfunction occurs are (a) competitive inhibition of phospholipid entry into the surface monolayer (e.g. by plasma proteins), and (b) infiltration and destabilization of the surface film by extraneous lipids (e.g. meconium-derived free fatty acids). Recent data suggest that addition of non-ionic polymers such as dextran and polyethylene glycol to surfactant mixtures may significantly improve resistance to inhibition. Polymers have been found to neutralize the effects of several different inhibitors, and can produce near-complete restoration of surfactant function. The anti-inhibitory properties of polymers, and their possible role as an adjunct to surfactant therapy, deserve further exploration.     

Understanding infant formula

The World Health organisation recommends breast feeding infants for the first six months of life. When this breast feeding does not occur either through parental choice or medical need, infant formulas will be required. There is a bewildering array of formulas on the UK market for many different requirements. When faced with an unsettled infant many parents (and healthcare professionals) will experiment with the infant formula available and then attend the paediatric clinic looking for help and advice. It is therefore essential that paediatricians understand what milks are available and what the key differences between different products are. This review attempts to provide a simple guide through many of the formulations currently available in the UK; and offers advice for the dietary management of the child with extra calorie requirements, infants with cow's milk protein allergy, gastro oesophageal reflux disease, apparent unresolved hunger and infantile colic. Whatever the underlying condition, there is likely to be an infant formula that is suitable in this generation of ever expanding formulations.