聚合酶链反应诊断病毒性心肌炎

用聚合酶链反应（ＰＣＲ）检测３０例小儿病毒性心肌炎血清肠道病毒（ＥＶ）ＲＮＡ，６例阳性。检出率２０％，并对阳性病例作临床分析。用ＥＬＩＳＡ法混合反应对照检测柯萨奇Ｂ组病毒（ＣＢＶ）ＩｇＭ、ＩｇＧ，阳性率分别为７７％和３０％。认为ＰＣＲ对ＥＶ感染早期检出率高，对病原学诊断有意义。     

单纯疱疹病毒性脑为临床诊断与治疗观察

为探讨单纯疱疹病毒性脑炎（ＨＳＶＥ）的诊断，应用间接ＥＬＩＳＡＳ法测定７０例病毒性脑炎患儿脑脊液的ＩｇＭ、ＩｇＧ，同时对１５例患儿的血清进行ＨＳＶ特异性ＩｇＧ的检测；采用ＥＬＩＳＡ双抗夹心法对７０例患儿的脑脊液同时检测ＨＳＶ抗原。结果：脑脊液ＨＳＶ抗原最阳性２０例，ＩｇＭ阳性７８例，ＩｇＧ血清／脑脊液比值〈２０为１２例。对ＨＳＶＥ患儿予以连续静脉滴注无环鸟苷７天，结果治愈，好转２０例（８０％）。提     

单纯疱疹病毒性脑炎诊断方法与治疗观察

目的探讨单纯疱疹病毒性脑炎（ＨＳＶＥ）的诊断方法，了解对ＨＳＶＥ的治疗效果。方法应用聚合酶链反应（ＰＣＲ）技术和酶联免疫吸附测定（ＥＬＩＳＡ）方法，对２７例病毒性脑炎患儿的脑脊液进行单纯疱疹病毒（ＨＳＶ）ＤＮＡ和特异性ＩｇＭ抗体检测。结果ＨＳＶＤＮＡ阳性１１例；ＨＳＶＩｇＭ阳性４例，其中Ⅰ型３例，Ⅱ型１例；ＤＮＡ与ＩｇＭ同时阳性３例。将脑脊液检查ＨＳＶＤＮＡ阳性或ＨＳＶＩｇＭ抗体阳性者１２例诊断为ＨＳＶＥ，占４４％。对ＨＳＶＥ患儿予以静脉滴注无环鸟苷，连续用药一周，结果治愈８例，好转２例，自动出院及死亡各１例。结论ＰＣＲ与ＩｇＭ抗体检测两种方法相结合有助于ＨＳＶＥ病原学早期诊断，并指导ＨＳＶＥ的临床治疗     

三种不同类型抗心磷脂抗体在小儿病毒性心肌炎中的价值

采用酶联免疫吸附试验（ＥＬＩＳＡ）法测定６２例ＣｏｘＢ组病毒引起的病毒性心肌炎（ＶＭ）患儿和４０名健康儿童的血清抗心磷脂抗体（ＡＣＡ）。结果：ＶＭ组ＡＣＡ－ＩｇＧ、ＡＣＡ－ＩｇＡ、ＡＣＡ－ＩｇＭ阳性率（分别为４５．２％、３０．６％、３３．９％）均显著高于正常对照组（分别为２．５％、０、０）;ＶＭ发病早期ＡＣＡ－ｉｇＡ、ＡＣＡ－ＩｇＭ阳性显著多于ＡＣＡ－ｉｇＧ阳性恩赐 ＡＣＡ－ＩｇＧ阳性者的ＣＫ－Ｍ     

小儿病毒性心肌炎与柯萨奇B组病毒抗体的关系探讨

目的探讨柯萨奇 Ｂ组病毒抗体ＩｇＭ测定在心肌炎病原学诊断和临床诊断中的意义。方法１９９６～１９９８年儿科住院病人７０例,分为心肌炎组２０例,疑似心肌炎组２５例,对照组２５例。用间接酶联免疫吸附法（ＥＬＩＳＡ）测定柯萨奇Ｂ组病毒抗体ＩｇＭ和ＩｇＧ。结果柯萨奇Ｂ组病毒抗体ＩｇＭ阳性心肌炎组１１例（５５％）,疑似心肌炎组１１例（４４％）,对照组１１例（４４％）,经统计学处理,其差别无显著性意义。结论用ＥＬＩＳＡ法测定柯萨奇Ｂ组病毒抗体ＩｇＭ,阳性提示有柯萨奇Ｂ组病毒感染,对心肌炎患儿可以作出病因和病原学诊断,但不能以此作为临床诊断心肌炎的依据。     

单纯交疹病毒性脑炎诊断方法与治疗观察

目的 探讨单纯疱疹病毒性脑炎（ＨＳＶＥ）的诊断方法，了解对ＨＳＶＥ的治疗效果。方法应用聚合酶链反应（ＰＣＲ）的技术和酶联免疫吸附测定（ＥＬＩＳＡ）方法，对２７例病毒性脑炎患儿的脑脊液进行单纯疱疹病毒（ＨＳＶ）ＤＮＡ和特异性ＩｇＭ抗体检测。结果 ＨＳＶ－ＤＮＡ阳性１１例，ＨＳＶ－ＩｇＭ阳性４例，其中Ⅰ型３例，Ⅱ型１例；ＤＮＡ与ＩｇＭ同时阳性３例。将脑脊液检查ＨＳＶ－ＤＮＡ阳性或ＨＳＶ－Ｉdisplay stat     

逆转录—多聚酶链反应检测柯萨奇B组病毒

研究目的用分子生物学方法对柯萨奇Ｂ组病毒（ＣＢＶ）进行检测并探讨与临床症病的关系。研究方法对我院２９８例疑似ＣＢＶ感染的患儿，采用特异性引物进行逆转录－多聚酶链反应（ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ）检测ＣＢＶ。结果检出ＣＢＶ阳性１２７人，阳性率４２．６％。感染与年龄有关，夏秋季多见。８０例健康儿童中，阳性５人，占６．２５％。２０例ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ检测阳性标本用ＥＬＩＳＡ法检测，１７例阳性。结论ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ可快速、敏感、准确地检出标本中的ＣＢＶ。此病毒可侵犯多种器官，引起各种临床症病，有较强的传染性。     

肠道病毒感染与儿童Ⅰ型糖尿病关系的研究

目的 探讨儿童Ⅰ型糖尿病与肠道病毒（ＥＶ）感染,特别是柯萨奇Ｂ组病毒（ＣＶＢ）感染的关系。方法 采用ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ方法,对４５例糖尿病患儿血中ＥＶ－ＲＮＡ进行检测,用微量中和试验方法,对糖尿病患儿正常小儿血清中抗ＣＶＢ中和抗体水平进行测定,同时用ＥＬＩＳＡ方法,测定ＣＶＢ特异性ＩｇＭ。结果（１）糖尿病线４５例患和中ＥＶ－ＲＮＡ阳性者为１７例,（３９％）,对照组５１名儿童中了性者为３名（６％）。（２）     

低出生体重儿TORCH先天性感染及影响因素的研究

２８１例出生体重＜２５００ｇ的早产儿和小于胎龄儿与母配对，用ＥＬＩＳＡ法和ＩＨＡ法分别检测ＣＭＶ、ＲＶ、ＨＳＶ－Ⅱ特异性ＩｇＭ抗体和Ｔｏｘ地特异性ＩｇＧ抗体。结果表明：ＴＧＯＲＣＨ先天性感染率早产儿组２７．５％，ＳＧＡ组为２０．１％，均明显高于对照组足月儿５．２％。     

31例散发性脑炎的病原学诊断及临床分析

经酶联免疫吸附试验（ＥＬＩＳＡ）检测３１例散发性脑炎患儿血清和脑脊液（ＣＳＦ）中的单纯疱疹病毒Ⅰ、Ⅱ型（ＨＳＶ－Ｉ，ＨＳＶ－Ⅱ）ＩｇＭ、ＩｇＧ抗体；用聚合酶链反应（ＰＣＲ）检测ＣＳＦ中ＨＳＶ－ＤＮＡ。结果１５例确诊为单纯疤疹脑炎（ＨＳＥ），１６例为非单纯疱疹脑炎（ＮＨＳＳＥ）。在ＨＳＥ的临床表现中，意识障碍发生率显著高于ＮＨＳＳＥ；实验室脑脊液常规检测，ＨＳＥ多见红细胞；脑电图及ＣＴ检查额，颞部位有特征性改变。提示ＨＳＥ的病原学诊断对于早期诊断及指导临床治疗具有重要意义．     

Allergic factors associated with the development of asthma and the influence of cetirizine in a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial: First results of ETA®

There is a common progression known as the allergic march from atopic dermatitis to allergic asthma. Cetirizine has several antiallergic properties that suggest a potential effect on the development of airway inflammation and asthma in infants with atopic dermatitis. Methods. Over a two year period, 817 infants aged one to two years who suffered from atopic dermatitis and with a history of atopic disease in a parent or sibling were included in the ETAC^® (Early Treatment of the Atopic Child) trial, a multi-country, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. The infants were treated for 18 months with either cetirizine (0.25mg/ kg b.i.d.) or placebo. The number of infants who developed asthma was compared between the two groups. Clinical and biological assessments including analysis of total and specific IgE antibodies were performed. Results. In the placebo group, the relative risk (RR) for developing asthma was elevated in patients with a raised level of total IgE (≥ 30 kU/I) or specific IgE (≥ 0.35 kUA/I) for grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander (RR between 1.4 and 1.7). Compared to placebo, cetirizine significantly reduced the incidence of asthma for patients sensitised to grass pollen (RR = 0.5) or to house dust mite (RR = 0.6). However, in the population that included all infants with normal and elevated total or specific IgE (intention-to-treat - ITT), there was no difference between the numbers of infants developing asthma while receiving cetirizine or placebo. The adverse events profile was similar in the two treatment groups. Discussion. Raised total IgE level and raised specific IgE levels to grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander were predictive of subsequent asthma. Cetirizine halved the number of patients developing asthma in the subgroups sensitised to grass pollen or house dust mite (i.e. 20% of the study population). In view of the proven safety of the drug, we propose this treatment as a primary pharmacological intervention strategy to prevent the development of asthma in specifically sensitised infants with atopic dermatitis.     

Resurgence of measles in Singapore: profile of hospital cases

OBJECTIVE: To ascertain the profile of cases of measles seen at a general hospital during a recent outbreak that occurred despite a measles vaccination program. METHODOLOGY: A retrospective study from January 1991 to March 1998. All patients with measles (ICD code 055. 9) seen at the emergency unit or as inpatients were included. RESULTS: There were 87 cases identified. The diagnosis was clinical in all and proven serologically in 71%. Eighty-five per cent of the cases occurred between January 1997 and March 1998. There was a bi-modal age distribution with peaks in the very young (相似文献   

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孤独症谱系障碍(autistic-spectrum disorders,ASDs)近年来患病率逐年攀升至1%左右,其症状往往伴随终生,成为严重威胁儿童健康和发展的神经发育性疾患;注意缺陷多动障碍(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,ADHD)是儿童期最常见的精神障碍,国内报道患病率为4.13%～5.83%,其症状可延续至青少年期,甚至到成年期[1]。这两类精神障碍在成年期的临床表现、共患病、治疗策略和预后与儿童期有哪些不同呢?本文通过回顾相     

EXCITING NEW TREATMENT APPROACHES FOR PATHYPHYSIOLOGIC MECHANISMS OF SICKLE CELL DISEASE

During the past several decades, our understanding of the complex pathophysiology of vasoocclusion associated with sickle cell disease has improved greatly. Interaction of genes, hemoglobin molecules, red cell membrane and metabolic changes, cell-cell interactions and cell-plasma interactions, red cell adhesion to vascular endothelium, activation of coagulation, and vascular reactivity play a role in vaso occlusion. Penicillin prophylaxis of pneumococcal infections and appropriate use of blood transfusions and other supportive measures improved survival of sickle cell patients. Hydroxyurea made a major impact on sickle cell therapy when it was shown to decrease acute painful episodes, acute chest syndrome, and the need for blood transfusion in adults. Significant experience in the use of hydroxyurea has been accumulated in older children. The benefits and risks of hydroxyurea for younger children and long-term risks in all patients will be evaluated in future investigations. Other promising therapies include butyrate compounds, clotrimazole, magnesium supplementation, poloxamer 188, antiadhesion agents, anticoagulant approaches, and nitric oxide. Hemopoietic transplantation remains the only curative therapy. However, several transgenic mouse models are available for studies of gene therapy or other treatment approaches on biochemical, cellular, and pathologic effects of mutant genes.     

Infiltrations of Epstein-Barr virus-carrying cells in granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders corresponding to chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection

A 21-year-old man with granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders (GLPD) associated with chronic active Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is described. Chromosomal analyses revealed several clonal abnormalities and two of them were mainly repetitious. High copy numbers of monoclonal EBV genome were also detected in the proliferative large granular lymphocytes (LGLs), indicating the monoclonal expansion of EBV-infected LGLs. The patient had an indolent course for several years, and there was no evidence of infiltrations of his bone marrow until the end stage. At autopsy, microscopic studies revealed marked infiltrations of LGL in the liver and spleen, and the infiltrating cells were NK-cell immunophenotype. The infiltrated LGLs showed latency I.     

LUTEINIZING HORMONE RECEPTOR MUTATIONS IN DISORDERS OF SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT AND CANCER

Human male sexual development is regulated by chorionic gonadotropin (CG) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Aberrant sexual development caused by both activating and inactivating mutations of the human luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) have been described. All known activating mutations of the LHR are missense mutations caused by single base substitution. The most common activating mutation is the replacement of Asp-578 by Gly due to the substitution of A by G at nucleotide position 1733. All activating mutations are present in exon 11 which encodes the transmembrane domain of the receptor. Constitutive activity of the LHR causes LH releasing hormone-independent precocious puberty in boys and the autosomal dominant disorder familial male-limited precocious puberty (FMPP). Both germline and somatic activating mutations of the LHR have been found in patients with testicular tumors. Activating mutations have no effect on females. The molecular genetics of the inactivating mutations of the LHR are more variable and include single base substitution, partial gene deletion, and insertion. These mutations are not localized and are present in both the extracellular and transmembrane domain of the receptor. Inactivation of the LHR gives rise to the autosomal recessive disorder Leydig cell hypoplasia (LCH) and male hypogonadism or male pseudohermaphroditism. Severity of the clinical phenotype in LCH patients correlates with the amount of residual activity of the mutated receptor. Females are less affected by inactivating mutation of the LHR. Symptoms caused by homozygous inactivating mutation of the LHR include polycystic ovaries and primary amenorrhea.     

A profile of respiratory symptoms in urban and rural South Australian school children

This report describes the cross-sectional analyses of data from the first year of a longitudinal study using questionnaire and respiratory function data over a 5 year period from a sample of rural South Australian school children. The cumulative or lifetime prevalences of respiratory symptoms were estimated in 825 rural and 1261 urban school children aged between 5 and 15 years in order to determine if the prevalence rates differed between rural and urban school children. The study found the overall cumulative prevalence of asthma and/or wheezy breathing (AWB) to be 24.1% in the rural school children compared to 27.6% in the urban school children. Most children developed AWB symptoms before the age of 7 years, with 20% reporting moderately severe symptoms and 10% having more than one attack per fortnight. The cumulative prevalence of bronchitis, loose/rattly cough (BLRC) differed significantly between the rural school children (34.1%) and urban school children (47.9%). The BLRC symptoms preceded the development of AWB in many cases. Urban school children also reported a higher prevalence of atopic conditions.     

Personality profiles and heart rate variability (vagal tone) in children with recurrent abdominal pain

The aim of the study was to explore psychological factors and autonomic activity in children with recurrent abdominal pain and to compare them with those in a control group of healthy children. The Personality Inventory for Children was used for assessment of developmental, emotional and psychosocial factors in 25 children with recurrent abdominal pain (age, 7-15 y). Parasympathetic and sympathetic functions in these children and in 23 healthy control subjects (age, 7-13 y) were also investigated, non-invasively using a computerized polygraph. Vagal tone (parasympathetic function) was indexed by calculation of respiratory sinus arrhythmia in beats/min. Skin conductance (sympathetic function) was recorded by the constant current method. On the Personality Inventory for Children, 16 patients had high scores on somatic concern. Several patients had scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal and anxiety, but the mean scores for these personality profile scales were well within the normal range of healthy children. Interestingly, there was a spike on the L (Lie)-scale for most of the patients and 15 patients had scores above or close to the clinical cut-off value. As compared with the scores in healthy children, vagal tone and sympathetic tone were normal. Conclusion: Many children with recurrent abdominal pain have scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal, anxiety and L-scale indicating coping problems, denial and a trend towards somatic concern that may contribute to the evolution of abdominal pain. Autonomic nerve activity was not disturbed in these children.     

Hauttemperaturen verschiedener Körperoberflächenareale des Rumpfes bei Säuglingen

Summary In two groups of infants (3–53 weeks old) skin temperatures were controlled in different areas of the trunk—i.e.: regions of sternum, lungs, heart, liver, spleen, kidneys—at different room-temperatures (group I: 21–25°C; group II: 29–32°C). Rectal temperatures of some probands in both groups also had been controlled simultaneously. A definite change in the reaction to heat was proofed in different periods of the first year of life. In higher environmental temperatures the skin temperature was almost constant at every controll-point of the skin, even in older infants. In lower environmental temperatures the skin temperatures lowered continuously with age till 7. to 9. moth. From 10. to 12. month the lowering of skin temperature discontinued. The rectal temperatures were relatively constant in all infants. Only in infants from 7. to 12. month, whose skin temperatures were controlled in lower as well as in higher environmental temperatures, a tendency to higher rectal temperatures was proofed in warmer environmental temperatures.The significance of these results is discussed.

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Untersuchungen mit Unterstützung durch die Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft.