内源性一氧化氮对低氧大鼠肺动脉硫化氢胱硫醚γ-裂解酶体系的影响

目的　探讨内源性一氧化氮 (NO)对低氧性肺动脉高压 (PH)大鼠肺动脉硫化氢 (H2 S) /胱硫醚γ 裂解酶 (CSE)体系的调节作用。方法　将 19只大鼠随机分为 3组 :低氧组 ( 7只 )、低氧 +L NAME组 (予NOS抑制剂Nω 硝基 L 精氨酸甲酯处理低氧组 ) ( 6只 )和对照组 ( 6只 )。低氧 2 1d后 ,分别测定肺动脉平均压 ,检测右心室 /左心室 +室间隔 (RV/LV +SP)比值 ,测定肺组织匀浆NO含量、血浆H2 S含量及肺组织匀浆CSE活性变化。结果　低氧 2 1d大鼠肺动脉平均压力和RV/LV +SP明显增高 ,同时肺组织中NO和血浆H2 S含量及肺组织CSE活性亦明显下降 (P均 <0 .0 1) ;而低氧 +L NAME组 ,伴随NO含量的下降 ,肺动脉平均压亦显著上升 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,同时血浆H2 S含量及肺组织CSE活性较低氧组显著上升 (P均 <0 .0 5 )。结论　内源性NO对肺动脉H2 S/CSE系统在低氧性PH大鼠中呈抑制作用 ,这一过程参与低氧性PH形成的调控机制。     

一氧化氮治疗小儿急性呼吸衰竭和肺动脉高压

用我科自行研制的NO吸入装置对5例急性肺损伤伴呼吸衰竭(ALI ARF)和5例先天性心脏病伴肺动脉高压(CHD PH)患儿进行NO吸入治疗后,气体交换和血流动力学参数变化的观察,结果显示:ALI ARF组PaO_2/FiO_2上升48±17(54±15%)(T=4.52,P<0.01),氧合指数(OI)下降9±3(26±6%)(T=4.63,P<0.01),3例ARDS的 V_D/V_t下降5±1%(T=5.00,P<0.05);CHD PH组平均肺动脉压(mPAP)下降17±10%(T=5.345,P<0.01),肺血管阻力下降18±11%(T=5.432,P<0.01)。结论:NO吸入可改善ALI ARF患儿的动脉氧合,降低CHD PH患儿的肺动脉高压。     

吸入一氧化氮逆转幼猪急性缺氧性肺动脉高压

目的 观察吸入不同浓度一氧化氮（ＮＯ）是否可逆转幼猪急性缺氧性肺动脉高压。方法 选用１０头上海种白猪。利用低氧建立急性缺氧性肺动脉高压模型。吸入不同浓度ＮＯ（０,１０,２０,４０,８０,１２０ｐｐｍ）。在各时相分别进行血液动力学指标、二氧化氮和高铁血红蛋白浓度监测。结果 吸入不同浓度ＮＯ可明显降低肺动脉平均压（ＭＰＡＰ）、肺循环阻力指数（ＰＶＲＩ）、跨肺压（ＴＰＧ）、体肺动脉压之比（Ｐｐ／Ｐｓ）、     

一氧化氮治疗新生儿持续肺动脉高压的现状与展望

新生儿持续肺动脉高压（Persistentpul－mondryhypertensionofthenewborn，PPHN）是由肺血管阻力升高所致右向左分流、临床表现为中心性青紫的综合征。常于生后数小时及数日内起病，早产儿、足月儿及过期产地均有发生，其中以后两者更为多见。其死亡率高达40％，对常规呼吸治疗常常反应不佳。近来在PPHN的治疗领域取得了长足的进展。随着对一氧化氮（NO）药理作用的研究日趋广泛，目前吸入NO的治疗手段已试用于临床，并取得了初步疗效。PPHN常继发于严重缺氧状态．如严重新生儿窒息、胎粪吸入综合征、新生儿肺炎、肺透明膜病或某些呼…     

一氧化氮吸入治疗新生儿肺动脉高压疗效的初步评价

利用彩色多普勒超声心动图技术,评价一氧化氮(NO)吸入治疗新生儿肺动脉高压的疗效.对8例新生儿因肺炎、肺透明膜病、持续胎儿循环和先天性支气管肺发育不良并发呼吸衰竭而采用机械通气和NO吸入治疗.NO吸入浓度为3～20ppm,吸入时间为1小时～35天.多普勒超声心动图利用三尖瓣返流或动脉导管未闭定量估测NO吸入前后肺动脉收缩压(SPAP),同时测量上肢收缩压(SBP),计算肺/体压力(Pp/Ps)比值.结果显示NO吸入30～120分钟和18～24小时后,SPAP分别由NO吸入前的57±11.6mmHg降至41±10.8mmHg和43±18.2mmHg;Pp/Ps分别由0.87±0.15降至0.61±0.15和0.63±0.21.NO吸入前后SBP无明显变化.NO吸入后卵圆孔、动脉导管和室间隔缺损水平右向左或双向分流较吸入前明显减少.结论NO吸入治疗新生儿肺动脉高压安全有效.彩色多普勒超声心动图技术对于指导NO的临床应用具有重要价值.     

吸入一氧化氮对急性肺损伤动物氧合的影响

目的　 利用不同动物模型比较吸入NO对动物急性肺损伤氧合的影响。 方法 　应用健康雄性Wistar大鼠和新西兰兔各 14只 ,经右心导管注入油酸制成急性肺损伤模型。 结果 　油酸注入大鼠右心后 ,对照组、NO组氧分压由 ( 3 2 2 3± 3 0 2 )mmHg和 ( 3 2 2 3± 2 2 9)mmHg( 1mmHg =0 13 3kPa)降为 ( 10 1 6± 12 9)mmHg和 ( 110 9± 6 1)mmHg ,吸入 40ppmNO 1h后氧分压未有上升趋势。兔急性肺损伤时 ,对照组和NO组氧分压分别由 ( 14 7 2± 11 8)mmHg和 ( 14 3 4± 7 3 )mmHg降为 ( 84 6± 4 8)mmHg和 ( 85 1± 8 6)mmHg ,吸入 2 0 ppm、40 ppmNO上升为 ( 115 1± 10 7)mmHg和 ( 117 7± 11 9)mmHg。 结论 　轻度肺损伤时吸入NO可使氧合得到适当改善 ,提高血氧分压。     

肺动脉高压的一氧化氮临床治疗

肺动脉高压是一种慢性致命性疾病,以肺动脉压力和肺血管阻力不断升高为主要特征,最终导致右心衰竭而死亡。一氧化氮(NO)是血管内皮细胞产生的一种血管活性物质,具有舒张血管平滑肌细胞的作用。吸入NO能选择性作用于肺血管,降低肺动脉压力和肺血管阻力。近年来,NO已越来越多地应用于肺动脉高压的治疗,特别是对先天性心脏病合并肺动脉高压患者术中和术后以及新生儿持续肺动脉高压有显著作用。     

一氧化氮吸入治疗新生儿肺动脉高压疗效的初步评价

利用彩色多普勒超声心动图技术 ,评价一氧化氮 (NO)吸入治疗新生儿肺动脉高压的疗效。对 8例新生儿因肺炎、肺透明膜病、持续胎儿循环和先天性支气管肺发育不良并发呼吸衰竭而采用机械通气和NO吸入治疗。NO吸入浓度为 3～2 0ppm ,吸入时间为 1小时～ 35天。多普勒超声心动图利用三尖瓣返流或动脉导管未闭定量估测NO吸入前后肺动脉收缩压 (SPAP) ,同时测量上肢收缩压 (SBP) ,计算肺 /体压力 (Pp/Ps)比值。结果显示 :NO吸入 30～ 1 2 0分钟和 1 8～ 2 4小时后 ,SPAP分别由NO吸入前的 5 7± 1 1 .6mmHg降至 41± 1 0 8mmHg和 43± 1 8 2mmHg ;Pp/Ps分别由 0 87± 0 1 5降至 0 6 1± 0 1 5和 0 6 3± 0 2 1。NO吸入前后SBP无明显变化。NO吸入后卵圆孔、动脉导管和室间隔缺损水平右向左或双向分流较吸入前明显减少。结论　NO吸入治疗新生儿肺动脉高压安全有效。彩色多普勒超声心动图技术对于指导NO的临床应用具有重要价值     

内源性一氧化氮调节大鼠低氧性肺血管结构的重建

目的 研究内源性一氧化氮对低氧性肺血管结构重建形成的调节作用。方法 大鼠随机分为４组;常氧组（ｎ＝８）、低氧组（ｎ＝８）、低氧＋Ｌ－精氨酸（Ｌ－Ａｒｇ）组（ｎ＝８）、低氧＋Ｎ＾ω－硝基－Ｌ－精氨酸甲酯（Ｌ－ＮＡＭＥ组）９ｎ＝６）。以光镜观测各组大鼠肺中、小肌型动脉的相对中膜厚度（ＲＭＴ）及相对中膜面积（ＲＭＡ）和三型肺小血管百分比。结果 低氧组大鼠肺中、小型动脉ＲＭＴ及ＲＭＡ和肺小血管肌型动脉百分     

L-Arg和L-NAME对窒息新生鼠血浆ET及NO的影响

探讨一氧化氮(NO)的前体L-精氨酸(L-Arg)和NO合成酶(NOS)抑制剂L-硝基-精氨酸甲酯(L-NAME)对围产期窒息新生大鼠血浆内皮素(ET)及NO的影响.应用方法检测窒息新生大鼠及窒息前应用L-Arg或L-NAME预处理的新生鼠血浆ET及NO的水平,并设正常对照.结果显示窒息组血浆ET水平较对照组显著升高(P＜0.01),血浆NO虽较正常对照组升高,但无统计学意义(P＞0.05);L-Arg组血浆ET水平较窒息组显著下降(P＜0.01);而血浆NO则显著升高(P＜0.01);L-NAME组血浆ET水平较对照组和L-Arg组显著上升(P＜0.01),NO浓度较窒息组无显著下降(P＞0.05).可以认为,L-Arg不仅使内源性NO水平显著升高,而且能有效地降低窒息新生大鼠血浆ET的水平;L-NAME则作用相反,NO合成抑制可增加ET水平.     

新生儿窒息脐血一氧化氮和血糖的测定及其意义

新生儿窒息是围生期小儿死亡和导致伤残的重要原因之一,可致多器官功能损害.新生儿窒息早期血糖的变化已受到广泛重视.目前研究发现,一氧化氮(NO)与血糖变化关系十分密切.本文对30例窒息新生儿脐血NO和血糖进行了检测,并与32例正常新生儿作对照,以探讨NO和血糖在新生儿窒息中的变化及其相互关系与临床意义.     

INACTIVATION OF PULMONARY SURFACTANT AND THE TREATMENT OF ACUTE LUNG INJURIES

Inactivation of pulmonary surfactant may be important in acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Treatment of surfactant dysfunction by instilling exogenous surfactants may improve gas exchange and pulmonary mechanics. Surfactants used for treatment vary in their attributes and effects, so when various surfactants are considered for therapy, resistance to inactivation is an important consideration. Animal models of acute lung injury exist in which the relative merits of surfactants can be compared. We hypothesize that the surfactants most resistant to inactivation in vitro will be the ones that are most effective in treatment of animal models of acute lung injury. Surfactants with higher concentrations of surfactant proteins (specifically A, B, and C) are more resistant to inactivation. Nonionic polymers mimic surfactant proteins in preventing surfactant inactivation under some conditions. Adding nonionic polymers to surfactant containing minimal amounts of SP-B and SP-C markedly improves lung function of animals with lung injury. Making surfactants more "inactivation-proof" may improve surfactant therapy of acute lung injuries.     

新生儿急性肺损伤血SP-A的改变及临床意义

本文动态监测新生儿急性肺损伤(ALI)患儿血清肺表面活性蛋白A(SP-A)水平变化,并探讨其临床意义.选择符合ALI诊断标准且机械通气的患儿20例,于入组和出组时(即脱机或恢复期及退院或死亡前)抽取股静脉血,病情有明显变化时反复抽血,共收集标本70例次.计算Pa02/FiO2值及TPV/RVET值.对照组12例同期留取血清,用免疫印迹法测定SP-A浓度.ALI患儿入组时血清SP-A水平显著高于对照组(P＜0.001);7例死于ALI患儿出组时血清SP-A明显高于11例存活患儿及其入组时测定值(P＜0.005和P＜0.05),而11例存活患儿出组时SP-A水平明显低于其入组时测定值(P＜0.05).整个观察期间ALI患儿血清SP-A水平与其相应的PaO2/FiO2和TPV/RVET比值呈负相关(P均＜0.001).结论ALI新生儿血清SP-A水平与肺损伤的严重程度密切相关,动态监测患儿血中SP-A水平有利于判断病情及预后.     

THE EFFECT OF CHLORPROMAZINE IN SEVERE HYPOXIA IN NEWBORN INFANTS

ABSTRACT. Eighteen newborn infants with severe hypoxia during the course of idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome, pneumonia, persistent fetal circulation or right diaphragmatic hernia were treated with chlorpromazine with the aim of improving arterial oxygenation by a postulated vasodilatory action on the pulmonary circulation. Fourteen of the infants improved their P_SO2 during the treatment. Nine infants died. The systematic arterial blood-pressure and the urinary output were reduced and some infants were somnolent during the initial period of treatment. No other side effects were noted. Further studies of chlorpromazine as a possible pulmonary vasodilator in newborn infants are justified.     

THE EFFECT OF L-DOPA WITH AND WITHOUT DECARBOXYLASE INHIBITOR ON GROWTH HORMONE SECRETION IN CHILDREN WITH SHORT STATURE

Abstract The efficiency of L-dopa alone and L-dopa plus a dopa-decarboxylase inhibitor (carbidopa) in provoking growth hormone (GH) secretion was studied in 40 children with short stature. By preventing the extracerebral metabolism, carbidopa increases the availability of L-dopa to the brain. The study was designed as paired series of growth hormone stimulation tests in which the effect of L-dopa alone, in different dosage schedules, was compared with the same dose level of L-dopa plus carbidopa. When L-dopa was given in full dose (125–500 mg), there was no significant difference in the serum GH concentrations at any time of sampling. In the lower dose level, the stimulant effect of L-dopa alone tended to be exceeded by the combination of L-dopa and carbidopa. The serum GH responses to the different schedules indicate that an optimal hypothalamic dopamine concentration for GH release could be achieved with a considerably lower dose of L-dopa than those employed in previously reported studies. When L-dopa is combined with a dopa decarboxylase inhibitor, the children have the advantage of less side effects in the form of nausea and vomiting.     

银杏叶提取物对宫内缺氧新生大鼠神经细胞凋亡的保护效应

目的 探讨银杏叶提取物(EGb)对宫内缺氧新生大鼠急性脑缺血损伤的保护作用。方法 夹闭妊娠大鼠子宫血管，制成急性脑缺血损伤新生鼠模型，治疗组给予腹腔注射EGb，在生后不同时间比较两组仔鼠脑组织含水量、NO的变化,神经型一氧化氮合酶(nNOS)的表达及神经细胞凋亡情况变化。结果 急性脑缺血后，脑组织含水量明显增加，NO的含量迅速上升，同时凋亡细胞数增加，两者成直线正相关。EGb治疗后NO含量显著低于未治疗组，同时观察到治疗组的nNOS表达明显降低，凋亡细胞数量减少。结论EGb对急性缺血引起的脑损伤有保护作用。     

新生大鼠内毒素性急性肺损伤肺组织MDA、SOD和IL-10、IL-18的改变

目的探讨氧化/抗氧化及细胞因子在新生大鼠急性肺损伤中的变化.方法用脂多糖(LPS)制备新生大鼠急性损伤模型,用化学方法和酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)分别检测肺组织丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、白细胞介素-10(IL-10)和白细胞介素-18(IL-18)的改变.结果MDA在应用LPS后1小时明显高于正常对照组,(31.99±1.73)nmol/mg肺蛋白VS(10.68±O.67)nmol/mg肺蛋白,持续至24小时;SOD含量在应用LPS后1小时即明显低于正常对照组,(69.86±2.94)NU/mg肺蛋白VS(85.99±1.89)NU/mg肺蛋白,4小时最低(58.61±3.01)NU/mg肺蛋白,8小时有所恢复,16小时基本正常;IL-10在注射LPS后4小时明显升高[(9.46±0.53)pg/mg肺蛋白],持续至16小时仍高于正常对照组(8.57±0.38)pg/mg肺蛋白,24小时下降至正常;IL-18在应用LPS后1小时即明显增多(10.73±0.29)pg/mg肺蛋白,持续至24小时.结论在LPS造成的新生大鼠急性肺损伤中,存在明显的氧化/抗氧化平衡失调,并有抑炎性和促炎症介质的失调,炎症介质释放的失调和氧化/抗氧化的失衡可能相互协同,加重肺损伤.     

EFFECT OF MATERNAL ANAEMIA ON THE PLACENTA AND THE NEWBORN INFANT

ABSTRACT. Foetal birthweight, placental morphometry and maternal, cord blood and placental haemoglobin and iron levels were studied in 69 anaemic mothers (haemoglobin <110 g/1) and 16 mothers without anaemia (haemoglobin ≥110 g/1). The birthweight, placental weight and number of placental cotyledons were significantly reduced in the severely anaemic mothers (haemoglobin ≤60 g/1) and had direct relationships with the maternal haemoglobin levels. However, placental volume and surface area showed no constant relation to maternal haemoglobin. The haemoglobin and iron levels in the cord blood and placental tissue were found to have linear correlations with the maternal haemoglobin levels. The low levels of placental and cord serum iron in the severely anaemic mothers suggest that iron supply to the placenta and the foetus is affected in maternal anaemia and the foetus takes iron in direct proportion to the levels available in the mother.     

PROSPECTIVE STUDIES OF THE EFFECT OF BREAST FEEDING ON INCIDENCE OF INFECTION AND ALLERGY

ABSTRACT. Chandra, R. K. (Department of Pediatrics, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada). Prospective studies of the effect of breast feeding on incidence of infection and allergy. Acta Paediatr Scand 68: 691, 1979.—The effect of exclusive breast feeding in the first few weeks after birth on infant morbidity due to infectious and allergic disorders was investigated in three separate prospective studies. In a rural community in India, breast-fed infants had a significantly lower incidence of respiratory infection, otitis, diarrhoea, dehydration and pneumonia. In an urban population in Canada, breast feeding was associated with a marked decrease in the occurrence of otitis and respiratory disease and to a lesser extent of diarrhoea and dehydration. In newborn siblings of children with atopic disease exclusively breast-fed for a minimum of six weeks, the incidence of eczema, recurrent wheezing, elevated serum IgE, IgE-antibodies to cow's milk, complement activation in vivo after milk challenge and hemagglutinating antibodies to β-lactoglobulin was significantly lower compared with formula-fed matched group. These observations provide clinical data attesting the immunologic advantages of human milk.