胰岛素与口服降糖药物治疗对初诊2型糖尿病患者胰岛β细胞功能的影响

目的探讨胰岛素和口服降糖药物治疗对初诊2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者胰岛β功能影响。方法分别对20例初诊T2DM患者进行为期2周胰岛素强化治疗和口服药物治疗,比较治疗前后空腹血糖(FPG),餐后2h血糖(2hPG),糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c),空腹胰岛素(FIns),及胰岛素分泌指数(HOMA-β),胰岛抵抗指数(HO-MA-IR)。结果胰岛素及口服药物治疗后FPG、2hPG、HbA1c均较治疗前明显下降(P<0·01),FIns、HOMA-β上升(治疗组P<0·01,对照组P<0·05),HOMA-IR下降(P<0·05)。胰岛素治疗组FIns、HOMA-β上升较口服药组明显(P<0·05)。结论胰岛素强化治疗较口服降糖药物显著改善初诊T2DM患者胰岛β细胞功能。     

不同糖耐量人群及糖尿病患者红细胞寿命与糖化血红蛋白、胰岛β细胞功能的关系研究

目的 探究不同糖耐量人群及糖尿病患者红细胞寿命与糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）、胰岛β细胞功能的关系。方法 选取2017年10月～2020年3月于本院内分泌科检查的66例患者临床资料,按75g葡萄糖耐量试验（OGTT）将其分为正常组20例,糖调节受损（IGR）组24例和2型糖尿病（T2DM）组22例,比较三组红细胞寿命、HbA1c及胰岛β细胞功能相关功能差异,并分析红细胞寿命与各指标指标的关系。结果 三组红细胞寿命、HbA1c、空腹血糖（FBG）、餐后2h血糖（2hPBG）、空腹胰岛素（FINS）、餐后2h胰岛素（2hINS）、胰岛β细胞功能指数（HOMA-IR）及胰岛素抵抗指数（HOMA-β）比较存在显著差异,具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）,IGR组、T2DM组红细胞寿命、HOMA-IR明显低于正常组（P＜0.05）,且T2DM组低于IGR组（P＜0.05）,但IGR组、T2DM组HbA1c、FBG、2hPBG、FINS、2hINS及HOMA-β明显高于正常组（P＜0.05）,且T2DM组高于IGR组（P＜0.05）;红细胞寿命与HbA1c、FBG、2hPBG、FINS、2hINS、HOMA-β呈负相关（r=-0.621,-0.491,-0.721,-0.752,-0.884,P＜0.05）,与HOMA-IR呈正相关（r=0.861,P＜0.05）。结论 正常人群红细胞寿命明显高于IGR和T2DM患者,且红细胞寿命与人体HbA1c水平及胰岛β细胞功能相关指标具有相关性。     

不同糖耐量人群及糖尿病患者红细胞寿命与糖化血红蛋白、胰岛β细胞功能关系研究

目的：探究不同糖耐量人群及糖尿病患者红细胞寿命与糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）、胰岛?茁细胞功能的关系。方法：选取2017年10月~2020年3月于医院内分泌科检查的66例患者为研究对象,按75 g葡萄糖耐量试验（OGTT）结果分为正常组20例、糖调节受损（IGR）组24例和2型糖尿病（T2DM）组22例,比较三组红细胞寿命、HbA1c水平及胰岛?茁细胞功能相关指标,并分析红细胞寿命与各指标的关系。结果：三组红细胞寿命、HbA1c、空腹血糖（FBG）、餐后2 h血糖（2 h PBG）、空腹胰岛素（FINS）、餐后2 h胰岛素（2 h INS）、胰岛?茁细胞功能指数（HOMA-IR）及胰岛素抵抗指数（HOMA-?茁）比较,差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;IGR组、T2DM组红细胞寿命、HOMA-?茁明显低于正常组（P＜0.05）,且T2DM组低于IGR组（P＜0.05）,但IGR组、T2DM组HbA1c、FBG、2 h PBG、FINS、2 h INS及HOMA-IR明显高于正常组（P＜0.05）,且T2DM组高于IGR组（P＜0.05）;红细胞寿命与HbA1c、FBG、2 h PBG、FINS、2 h INS、HOMA-?茁呈负相关（r=-0.621、-0.491、-0.721、-0.752、-0.714、-0.884,P＜0.05）,与HOMA-IR呈正相关（r=0.861,P＜0.05）。结论：正常人群红细胞寿命明显高于IGR和T2DM患者,红细胞寿命与人体HbA1c水平及胰岛?茁细胞功能相关指标具有相关性。     

糖化血红蛋白与糖类抗原19-9联合检测应用于2型糖尿病患者的临床价值

目的探讨糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)和血清糖类抗原19-9(CA19-9)联合检测在2型糖尿病(T2DM)的诊断、疗效评价及并发症预测中的临床价值。方法选取2012年7月至2014年7月于通城县人民医院接受治疗的T2DM患者90例,同期来通城县人民医院接受体检健康者90例作为研究对象,分别测定两组研究对象的空腹血糖(FPG)、HbA1c和血清CA19-9水平,同时对不同HbA1c和血清CA19-9水平患者的糖尿病并发症发生情况进行记录。结果与健康体检者相比,T2DM患者FPG、HbA1c和血清CA19-9水平均明显升高,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);并且随着HbA1c水平升高,糖尿病患者并发症发生率明显提高。此外,血清CA19-9阳性患者其并发症发生率高于血清CA19-9阴性患者,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 HbA1c与血清CA19-9联合检测对T2DM患者的诊断、疗效评价及并发症预测有重要临床价值,此外,联合FPG更有利于糖尿病患者的早期诊断。     

2型糖尿病患者糖化血红蛋白水平与胰岛素分泌及胰岛素抵抗的关系

目的 比较不同糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)水平的2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者胰岛素分泌和胰岛素抵抗情况,了解葡萄糖毒性对胰岛β细胞分泌功能的影响。方法 将137例T2DM患者,按HbA1c水平分为4组,即A组(HbA1c≤7%),B组(7%11%),测定各组空腹血糖(FPG),HbA1c及精氨酸刺激前后各时点的胰岛素(INS)。用稳态模型评估法评价基础胰岛素分泌功能(HOMA-β)和胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR),并用精氨酸刺激后血糖校正胰岛素增值(△INS/FPG)评估第一相胰岛素分泌功能。结果 各组T2DM患者FPG差异均有统计学意义(F=15.633～106.154,P值均<0.01),且与HbA1c呈正相关(r=0.627,P<0.01); HOMA-β和△INS/FPG均表现为A组、B组分别与其他各组差异有统计学意义(F=4.106～16.255,P值均<0.05),但C组与D组之间差异无统计学意义(F=0.761,2.756,P值均>0.05); A组HOMA-IR与C组、D组之间差异有统计学意义(F=4.836,8.524,P值均<0.05); 精氨酸刺激后胰岛素分泌不足检出率在HbA1c>9%时明显升高。结论 胰岛β细胞功能的判断受长期糖毒性的干扰,故将T2DM患者的HbA1c控制在9%以下进行胰岛素分泌功能评估及精氨酸刺激试验,能较为准确地反映胰岛β细胞功能。     

格列美脲联合甘精胰岛素治疗初诊2型糖尿病疗效观察

目的：探讨格列美脲联合甘精胰岛素或中性鱼精蛋白锌胰岛素强化治疗对糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）〉9%的初诊2型糖尿病（T2DM）患者的疗效。方法：将58例新诊断的T2DM患者随机分为甘精胰岛素治疗组（IG组）和鱼精蛋白锌胰岛素治疗组（NPH组）,予睡前皮下注射胰岛素联合口服格列美脲治疗12周,对其在治疗前后血糖控制情况及胰岛β细胞功能进行自身及组间比较。结果：治疗后两组空腹血糖（FPG）、餐后2 h血糖（2 hPG）、HbA1c、胰岛素抵抗指数（HOMA-IR）均显著下降（P〈0.001）;空腹C肽（FC-P）、餐后2 h C肽（2 h C-P）、胰岛素分泌指数（HOMA-islet）均显著升高（P〈0.001）。组间比较IG组低血糖事件少于NPH组（P〈0.05）。结论：格列美脲联用甘精胰岛素或中性鱼精蛋白锌胰岛素对HbA1c〉9%的初诊T2DM患者的疗效佳,但甘精胰岛素更能减少低血糖事件的发生。     

T2DM患者糖化血红蛋白检测与胰岛素释放试验的价值研究

目的探讨2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)检测、胰岛素释放试验的意义。方法选取2014年1月至2015年1月收治的89例T2DM患者作为观察对象,分为T2DM A组51例(空腹胰岛素水平低正常)和T2DM B组38例(空腹胰岛素高于正常值或正常),选取同期健康体检者40例作为对照组。分别测定三组对象胰岛素释放试验下不同时间的胰岛素水平及HbA1c、计算胰岛β细胞功能(HOMA-β)和胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)进行比较分析。结果 T2DM A和B组患者的空腹血糖、HbA1c值、HOMA-IR均显著高于对照组(P0.05),HOMA-β值均显著低于对照组(P0.05),其中T2DM B组患者HbA1c低于T2DM A组(P0.05),T2DM B组患者HOMA-β值显著的高于T2DM A组(P0.05);T2DM A和B组患者在胰岛素释放试验第60 min和第120 min胰岛素水平达到最高水平,后逐渐降低。结论通过对T2DM患者的HbA1c进行检测及胰岛素释放试验,可进一步分析患者的胰岛β细胞功能变化,对指导T2DM患者临床治疗具有一定的价值。     

新诊断2型糖尿病患者血清miR-126、VEGF水平与胰岛素抵抗的相关性分析

目的分析新诊断2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者血清微小核糖核酸-126(miR-126)、血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)水平与胰岛素抵抗的相关性。方法选取该院2018年2月至2019年4月收治的T2DM患者86例设为观察组,另选取同期体检健康者86例设为对照组。检测两组空腹血清miR-126、VEGF、总胆固醇(TC)、三酰甘油(TG)、空腹血糖(FPG)、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、空腹血胰岛素(FIns)水平,计算体质量指数(BMI)、胰岛β细胞功能指数(HOMA-β)、胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)、胰岛素敏感指数(ISI)。分析新诊断T2DM患者miR-126、VEGF水平与胰岛素抵抗的相关性。结果两组性别、年龄比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);两组BMI、血清TC、TG、FPG、HbA1c、FIns水平及HOMA-IR、HOMA-β、ISI比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组血清VEGF水平[(523.48±145.36)ng/L]明显高于对照组[(295.45±94.46)ng/L],血清miR-126水平明显[(0.08±0.01)ng/μL]低于对照组[(0.18±0.02)ng/μL],差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);Pearson相关分析发现:VEGF与BMI、TC、TG、FPG、HbA1c、FIns、HOMA-IR呈正相关,与HOMA-β、ISI呈负相关(P<0.05);miR-126与BMI、TC、TG、FPG、HbA1c、FIns、HOMA-IR呈负相关,与HOMA-β、ISI呈正相关(P<0.05);经多因素逐步回归分析得出:影响血清VEGF表达的因素为ISI,影响血清miR-126水平表达的因素为ISI、HbA1c(P<0.05)。结论新诊断T2DM患者VEGF水平升高、miR-126水平降低,二者可能参与了胰岛素抵抗及T2DM的发生、发展。     

预混胰岛素强化治疗对初诊2型糖尿病患者胰岛β细胞功能及胰岛素抵抗的影响

目的探讨预混胰岛素强化治疗对初诊2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者胰岛β细胞功能及胰岛素抵抗的影响。方法选取2015年5月~2016年4月我院分泌科收治的30例初诊T2DM患者为研究对象,在控制饮食和适当运动的基础上给予预混胰岛素强化治疗,治疗周期为90d。检测和比较30例患者治疗前后血糖、C肽水平、胰岛β细胞功能及胰岛素抵抗相关指标水平。结果治疗后,30例患者FPG、2h PG、HbA1c较治疗前显著下降(P0.01),C-P、2h C-P较治疗前明显升高(P0.05);FINS、2h FINS、HOMA-βF明显较高,HOMA-IR明显较低(P0.05)。结论预混胰岛素强化治疗可使初诊T2DM患者的血糖得到有效控制,可显著地提高胰岛β细胞功能,改善胰岛素抵抗。     

2型糖尿病患者稳态模型评估与血清铁、铁蛋白水平分析

目的探讨2型糖尿病(T2DM)与稳态模型评估法(HOMA)、血清铁(Fe)、铁蛋白(Ferr)水平的相关性。方法检测79例T2DM患者和50名表面健康者(正常对照组)的Fe、空腹胰岛素(FINS)、C-肽(C-p)、糖化白蛋白(GA)、Ferr、空腹葡萄糖(FPG)、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1C)、胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)和胰岛β细胞功能指数(HOMA-β)并作统计分析。相关性分析采用Spearman相关。结果正常对照组男性Fe、Ferr水平明显高于女性(P均<0.05)。T2DM组FINS、GA、Ferr、FPG、HbA1C、HOMA-IR水平明显高于正常对照组;HOMA-β水平明显低于正常对照组(P<0.05)。Ferr与GA、FPG、HbA1C、HOMA-IR呈明显正相关[相关系数(r)分别为0.328、0.333、0.315(P均<0.01)、0.196(P<0.05)];与HOMA-β呈明显负相关(r=-0.246,P<0.01)。Fe与HOMA-IR、HOMA-β均无明显相关性(r分别为-0.049、0.039,P均>0.05)。结论 T2DM患者随着Ferr水平增加,其体内胰岛素抵抗程度也相应增加,而胰岛β细胞分泌胰岛素的敏感度下降。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.