CT和MR诊断7例外耳道腺样囊性癌

目的 探讨CT和MR在诊断外耳道腺样囊性癌中的应用价值.方法 7例经组织病理学证实的外耳道腺样囊性癌患者均接受CT检查,4例接受MR检查,分析CT、MR表现并与病理结果 对照.结果 7例均为单耳发病,左耳3例,右耳4例;表现为外耳道局部隆起1例、肿块6例;形态规则1例、不规则6例;累及软骨部3例,软骨部与骨部均受累3例,颞骨及耳周广泛受累1例;侵犯中耳2例、腮腺2例、颞颌关节1例;骨质破坏5例,骨质受压1例,无骨质改变1例;T1WI呈低信号3例,等信号1例,T2WI均为高信号,增强扫描呈不均匀强化3例,均匀强化1例.结论 外耳道腺样囊性癌患者术前行CT和MR对该肿瘤定位、定量诊断有重要价值.     

Criteria for assessment of endogenous intoxication in burn trauma

Registered in patients with burn trauma was the presence of endogenous intoxication (EI), which was determined by a higher value of coefficient CLP/AOS, a higher contents of medium-molecular peptides (MMP), a lower total and effective concentration of albumin (TAC and EAC) and by a reserve of the binding albumin ability. Intoxication coefficients, i.e. IC MMP/EAC and IC C/EAC showing the deposition and binding of toxic ligands, were acknowledged as the most informative EI parameters.     

Micropuncture studies of the sweat formation in cystic fibrosis patients

In order to determine whether the precursor solution of sweat is abnormal in cystic fibrosis, osmolality and concentrations of sodium and chloride were measured in fluid obtained by micropuncture from the sweat gland coil of the nail fold of patients with this disease. Osmolality was 323+/-4.8 SE (mOsm/kg of water), sodium concentration was 151+/-1.1 SE (mEq/liter), and chloride concentration was 124+/-6.0 SE (mEq/liter). The sweat:plasma ratio for osmolality averaged 1.1+/-0.015 SE. These values are not significantly different from the corresponding ones obtained previously in normal individuals. It is concluded therefore that the disturbance of sweat gland function as far as electrolytes are concerned is restricted to the excretory ducts.In a second series of experiments the stop-flow pressure which is generated by sweat glands during secretion was measured. Values up to 500 mm Hg were found in both patients and normals. According to van't Hoff's law (DeltaP = RTDeltaC) hydrostatic pressure differences of this magnitude can be generated by the osmotic difference of 27 mOsm/kg of water observed between precursor sweat and plasma in the present experiments. With respect to the mechanism of sweat secretion this finding supports the hypothesis that active solute transport creates an osmotic gradient which causes osmotic water flux.     

Changes in the binding properties of albumin in patients with myocardial infarction

The purpose of the study was to measure the levels of albumin and to evaluate its binding properties in patients with acute large-focal myocardial infarction (AMI) hospitalized within the first 24 hours of AMI onset. Two groups were formed: group one--41AMI patients without cardiogenic shock (CS) and group two--15 patients with AMI complicated by true CS. Blood samples were taken from an ulnar vein on the first, second, third, fifth, seventh, and fourteenth day after AMI onset. The properties of binding albumin centers were determined using fluorescent method (K-35 probe). Total albumin concentration (TAC), effective albumin concentration (EAC), and albumin binding reserve (ABR) were determined. The results were presented as M +/- m. A significant increase in TAC on the fifth day (from 43 +/- 1 to 40 +/- 1 g/l) and EAC on the second, third, fifth, and seventh days (from 36 +/- 1 to 32 +/- 1 g/l with the minimal level on the fifth day), and in ABR on the second day (from 83.3 +/- 1.3 to 78.8 +/- 8%) were registered in group one. TAC returned to the normal level on the seventh day, EAC did not become normal until the fourteenth day, while ABR did not normalize within the period of two weeks. Eleven patients in group two died (hospital CS-associated mortality was 73.3%). TAC and EAC in discharged patients were 43.4 +/- 0.9 g/l and 35.8 +/- 0.8 g/l, respectively, while these parameters in the deceased were 35.5 +/- 1.7 g/l (p < 0.0001) and 27.3 +/- 1.7 g/l (p < 0.0001), respectively. CS developed in 70% of cases (seven out of ten patients) in whom TAC was less than 36 g/l vs. 17.4% of cases (eight out of 46) with a TAC of 36 g/l or more (p = 0.0013). When EAC was less than 30 g/l CS developed in 72.7% of cases (eight out eleven patients) vs. 15.6% of cases (seven out of 45) with an EAC of 30 g/l or more (p = 0.0003). Six out of ten patients (60%) with a TAC of less than 36 g/l died. Lethal outcome also occurred in five cases out of 46 or 10.9% with a TAL of 36 g/l or more (p = 0.0008). Seven out of eleven or 63.6% patients with an EAC of less than 30 g/l died. Four out of 45 patients (8.9%) with an EAC of 30 g/l or more died (p = 0.0001). Thus, the study found that a low (less than 36 g/l) TAC and EAC (less than 30 g/l) during the first 24 hours of AMI was associated with a significantly higher frequency of true CS and with a significantly higher hospital lethality. Determining albumin parameters during the first 24 hours of AMI will be useful in distinguishing a group of patients with a high risk of lethal outcome, which will make it possible to begin early aggressive therapy directed towards limiting myocardial necrosis.     

Simple method for preparing the cellular intermediate EAC14, and its use for estimation of the second component of complement

Sensitized erythrocytes carrying the first and fourth components of complement (EAC14) were prepared by incubating optimally sensitized sheep erythrocytes with normal serum appropriately diluted in Mg2+-free diethylbarbiturate buffer containing Ca2+. EAC14 cells so prepared were found to be suitable for use in estimating the second component of complement (C2) in human serum, and the method is described here.     

The prognostic value of albumin fluorescence test in the evaluation of outcome of acute intoxication with psychotropics

Two hundred and five patients with toxicogenic and somatogenic intoxication with psychotropics (PT) were examined for the purpose of evaluating the prognostic value of the albumin fluorescence test. An analysis of distributions of laboratory indices in the groups of survived (n = 176) and diseased (n = 29) patients demonstrated the following: the parameter "efficient albumin concentration" (EAC) measured by fluorescence is informative in respect to prognosticating an outcome of PT intoxication of both toxicogenic and somatogenic forms. EAC provides for isolating a subgroup of patients with the risk of unfavorable outcome that is 3-4-fold higher versus the mean value. The routine laboratory parameters, e.g. level of creatinine, serum urea, are rather of a less prognostic significance versus the EAC fluorescence parameter.     

Protective role of Egyptian propolis against tumor in mice

BACKGROUND: Propolis has numerous biologic activities including antibiotic, antifungal, antiviral and anti-inflammatory properties. The present work is aimed to study the effect of crude Egyptian propolis on tumor in mice induced by Ehrlich ascitis carcinoma (EAC) cell line. RESULTS: The administration of propolis (160 mg/kg body weight), by gastric intubation 2 h before the intraperitoneal injection of EAC, effectively inhibited tumor growth and the proliferation of EAC. The tumor volume was markedly reduced from 7+/-0.9 ml in EAC-infected mice to 1.6+/-0.95 ml in propolis-treated mice. Also, the lipid peroxide level which was 13.3+/-1.24 nmol malodialdehyde (MDA)/mg protein in EAC infected mice was significantly decreased to 3.3+/-2.1 nmol MDA/mg protein. Reduced glutathione (GSH) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) concentrations were markedly increased in propolis-treated mice. This effect was associated with inhibition of cell cycle progression and induction of apoptosis. Administration of propolis 2 h before injection of EAC arrested cells in G0/G1 phase and resulted in a decrease in the viability, DNA, total RNA and protein level of tumor cells. CONCLUSIONS: Crude Egyptian propolis has a strong inhibitory activity against tumors. The anti-tumor mechanism may be mediated by preventing oxidative damage and induction of apoptosis.     

Micro-isoelectric focusing of proteins in pilocarpine-induced sweat

A micro-technique of isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gel in combination with immunodiffusion was used for the separation and characterization of protein components present in low concentration in native sweat obtained by local stimulation of eccrine sweat glands using pilocarpine by iontophoresis. Protein components, mostly of glycoprotein character belonging to the serum Zn-α₂-glycoproteins and the “specific” components were found to be present in pilocarpine sweat; molecular variants of some sweat glycoproteins are assumed to be separated. Micro-gel electrofocusing and immunoelectrofocusing of sweat proteins might be useful for the clinical study of mucoviscidosis and other disorders associated with anomalies in sweat secretion.     

RECEPTOR FOR THE FOURTH COMPONENT OF COMPLEMENT ON HUMAN B LYMPHOCYTES AND CULTURED HUMAN LYMPHOBLASTOID CELLS

This report describes receptors for C4b on human peripheral B lymphocytes. The simultaneous presence of C3b and C4b receptors on the same lymphocytes was demonstrated by the formation of mixed rosettes consisting of the lymphocytes, EAC14 and EAC1423. Furthermore, reduction of the number of EAC1423 rosette-forming lymphocytes in a lymphocyte population by albumin gradient centrifugation concomitantly reduced EAC14 rosette-forming lymphocytes. Binding of EAC14 intermediates to receptors on human lymphocytes and erythrocytes could be inhibited by equal amounts of soluble C3b or C4b, suggesting the presence of a single receptor for both ligands on those cells. In contrast, the results of the rosette assay with Raji cells, cultured human lymphoblastoid cells, EAC14 and EAC1423 suggested that the receptors for C4b and C3b are distinct entities, since Raji cells formed rosettes with EAC1423, but not with EAC14. Moreover, this report demonstrates a cooperation of erythrocyte-bound C4b and C3b in the binding of EAC1423 to B lymphocytes. In contrast to KAF-treated C3b, KAF-treated C4b did not bind to B lymphocytes, indicating that these cells lack a receptor for C4d.     

Sweat sulfate concentrations are decreased in cystic fibrosis

We have developed methods to measure inorganic sulfate in small volumes of sweat, and compared sulfate concentrations in sweat samples from CF patients and controls. In contrast to the increases in sweat chloride, sweat sulfate concentrations in 13 CF patients were reduced to 68 +/- 24% of control values (mean +/- SD, n = 25, p less than 0.001). Sulfate concentrations in sweat may depend on sweat rates, but the rates were not significantly different in the two study groups. Since we have observed a positive correlation between sweat sulfate and sweat chloride excretion in non-CF subjects in earlier studies, we suggest that the decreased sulfate in CF sweat may bear directly on the nature of the anion permeability defect present in the ductal epithelium of the CF sweat gland.     

MSCT成像在外中耳先天畸形诊断中的价值

目的 探讨先天性外耳道、中耳畸形及伴发畸形的MSCT征象,并探讨其临床价值.方法 回顾性分析经MSCT诊断的先天性外耳、中耳畸形患者59例（71耳）的临床资料.患耳自幼听力下降,纯音听力测试为不同程度的传导性耳聋.结果 ①外耳道：骨性闭锁36耳,膜性闭锁4耳,骨性狭窄16耳,骨性狭窄、膜性闭锁3耳.②中耳：鼓室腔狭小35耳,乳突窦未发育7耳,锤砧关节融合25耳,砧骨长脚发育不全12耳,镫骨未发育7耳,听小骨未发育3耳.③伴发畸形或变异：颈静脉球窝高位19耳,颈静脉球裸露13耳,乙状窦压迹前位7耳,中颅窝脑板低位8耳,鼓室盖骨质缺如10 耳.结论 MSCT可获得外耳、中耳的详细影像学资料,明确外耳畸形类型、闭锁板的厚度、鼓室腔及听小骨畸形的情况、面神经管的位置以及有无伴发畸形等,为先天性外中耳畸形的诊断和听力重建手术提供依据.     

热休克汗腺细胞诱导人骨髓间充质干细胞的表型转化

背景：未休克汗腺细胞与骨髓间充质干细胞的共培养和休克汗腺细胞与骨髓间充质干细胞的直接共培养均对骨髓间充质干细胞的表型改变无影响。目的：在体外建立热休克汗腺细胞模型和骨髓间充质干细胞与汗腺细胞间接共培养体系;分析共培养前后骨髓间充质干细胞的形态学、细胞表型的变化情况,探讨骨髓间充质干细胞向汗腺细胞分化的可行性。方法：体外分别分离培养、扩增并鉴定骨髓间充质干细胞和汗腺细胞,建立汗腺细胞体外热休克模型,继续孵育3-5d,收集上清液作为条件培养基对骨髓间充质干细胞分化诱导,对比共培养5,10d骨髓间充质干细胞形态学变化;应用免疫组织化学和流式细胞仪法检测对比共培养10d后骨髓间充质干细胞细胞表型的改变。结果与结论：①骨髓间充质干细胞表面标志CD29、CD44、CD105阳性,汗腺细胞表面标志CK7、CK8、CK18、CK19、CEA阳性。②骨髓间充质干细胞诱导分化后细胞表型的改变：被诱导的细胞中CEA、CK7、CK8和CKl9染色阳性,而对照组没有检测到CEA、CK7、CK8和CK19染色阳性的细胞;流式细胞仪检测CEA、CK7、CK8和CK19的阳性率分别是60．67％,53．34％,54．11％和58．62％。说明实验成功诱导骨髓间充质干细胞,并获得汗腺细胞表型;通过建立适当的体外汗腺诱导培养体系,中胚层的骨髓间充质干细胞可以通过跨胚层分化途径转变为汗腺细胞。     

Human Lymphocytes Bear Membrane Receptors for C3b and C3d

Human peripheral blood lymphocytes have membrane receptors for EAC43b (sheep erythrocytes sensitized with antibody and complement) and also for EAC43d, obtained by treating EAC43b with C3b inactivator. Human granulocytes bind only EAC43b, C3 fragments obtained by limited trypsin digestion of purified human C3 display both C3b and C3d sites, since they inhibit rosette formation of lymphocytes with EAC43b and EAC43d. These findings raise the possibility that C3b and C3d receptor sites may be selectively distributed among normal subpopulations of B lymphocytes as well as among leukemic leukocytes.     

Evaluation of the Megaduct sweat collector for mineral analysis

Accurate measurement of sweat mineral loss is important for whole body mineral balance estimates and dietary reference intake formulation. Currently, common localized sweat collection methods such as the pouch and patch techniques may be limited by skin encapsulation and/or hidromeiosis, which may alter sweat mineral concentrations. The design of the newly developed Megaduct sweat collector may avoid these possible limitations. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the utility of the Megaduct sweat collector for mineral analysis. Megaduct sweat collectors were affixed to ten volunteers on the final day of a heat acclimation protocol; collection time, sweat volume, and mineral concentrations of calcium, copper, iron, potassium, sodium, and zinc were measured. Megaduct filling required a collection period of 62 ± 3 min due to a small collection surface (22.1 cm(2)). The mineral content of the sweat was 0.3 ± 0.1 mmol L(-1), 1.5 ± 1.5 μmol L(-1), 8.5 ± 2.1 mmol L(-1), 43.2 ± 15.0 mmol L(-1), and 10.1 ± 5.7 μmol L(-1) for Ca, Cu, K, Na, and Zn, respectively. The Megaduct sweat collector appears to avoid skin encapsulation and hidromeiosis, and captures sweat with similar mineral concentrations as reported in the literature for pouches. However, the filling time of the Megaduct (>60 min) may not capture possible changes in sweat mineral concentrations that are documented to occur in as little as 15 to 30 min.     

Na+, K+, H+, Cl-, and Ca2+ concentrations in cystic fibrosis eccrine sweat in vivo and in vitro

Sweat Na+, K+, H+, Cl-, Ca2+, and protein concentrations were reexamined with the use of three methods; namely, in vitro sweat induction from isolated single sweat glands, intradermal methacholine-induced sweating, and thermally induced sweating. [Na+] and [K+] in the primary sweat induced in vitro were nearly isotonic to the bath in both cystic fibrosis (CF) and control. In CF the [Na+] in both proximal ductal and skin surface sweat was always higher than 100 mmol/L. However, [Na+] never reached the isotonic level of 151 mmol/L, even at the highest sweat rate. Thus Na+ absorption never saturates, suggesting that the net NaCl absorption may increase with increasing sweat rate. pH of the primary sweat was 7.13 for CF and 7.29 for control, which corresponds to a [HCO3-] of 7.3 and 10.5 mmol/L, respectively. [Cl-] in the primary sweat was hypertonic (134 mmol/L for CF and 129 mmol/L for control) to the bath (118.4 mmol/L). In CF, ductal acidification of sweat occurred normally during intradermal methacholine-induced sweating, whereas ductal acidification of sweat was much higher in control than in CF in thermally induced sweating. [K+] in CF was higher in the skin surface sweat but not in the proximal duct sweat, suggesting that the predominant site of K+ secretion in CF may be in the distal duct. [K+] in the intradermal methacholine-induced sweat was much higher than that of thermally induced sweat in both CF and control samples. Free but not total [Ca2+] was also increased in CF skin surface sweat. The sweat protein concentration was the same in both CF and control samples. The mechanisms of the different electrolyte concentrations in CF sweat remain to be studied. However, the present observations will provide the basis for future studies on normal and abnormal regulation of membrane transport in CF sweat glands.     

Defective beta adrenergic response of cystic fibrosis sweat glands in vivo and in vitro.

Abnormal ductal NaCl absorption has been known as the only defect in cystic fibrosis (CF) sweat glands. We have fortuitously found that the secretory portion of CF sweat glands is also abnormal in that it failed to show a sweating response to beta adrenergic stimulation (isoproterenol, [ISO]) both in vivo and in vitro. For the in vitro sweat test, eccrine sweat glands were isolated from skin biopsy specimens of the forearm, cannulated, and stimulated to secrete sweat. All 14 isolated CF sweat glands failed to respond to ISO + theophylline (TH, as aminophylline), but 17 of 18 control glands responded with a mean rate (SR) of 1.1 nl/min per gland. Cholinergic responsiveness of isolated CF sweat glands was comparable with that of control glands. The in vivo sweat test was performed by intradermal injection in the forearm of 0.2 ml of 2.4 or 8 X 10(-5) M ISO with or without 10(-2) M TH (and 1.4 X 10(-4) M atropine as a necessary anticholinergic agent). The beads of sweat secreted into the oil-filled sweat collection ring glued to the skin were then collected with a glass capillary under a stereomicroscope. Of 28 CF patients, 26 failed to show a secretory response to intradermal injection of ISO + TH, and 2 CF patients gave SR of less than 0.007 nl/min per gland in the first test but no response in the repeat test performed later. In contrast, all 35 age- and sex-matched control subjects responded with the mean SR of 0.72 nl/min per gland. Response of CF patients to epinephrine and phenylephrine was comparable with control, indicating that the alpha adrenergic responsiveness of CF sweat glands is not defective. A preliminary attempt was made to determine tissue cyclic AMP accumulation by radioimmunoassay in isolated sweat glands. No significant difference was observed between CF and control glands in their maximal accumulation of tissue cAMP in response to ISO or ISO + TH, except that the rise time of ISO + TH-induced cAMP accumulation in CF glands was significantly slower during the first 5 min of incubation. The data suggest that beta adrenergic regulation is abnormal in CF sweat glands and justifies further investigations into the mechanism of beta adrenergic regulation of the eccrine sweat gland in both normal and CF subjects.     

Specificity of human lymphocyte complement receptors

Erythrocytes, bone marrow-derived lymphocytes, monocytes, and granulocytes were shown to have a receptor activity for C4. Theis C4 receptor activity was studied in relation to the previously identified C3b and C3d receptors. By assay for inhibition of rosette formation by fluid-phase complement (C), only two different lymphocyte C receptors were demonstrated. The immune adherence receptor, the only one of the two shared in common with erythrocytes, was specific for C4 or the C3c region of C3b, but was unreactive with C3d. The other lymphocyte receptor, the C3d receptor, was specific for C3d fragments, but would also react to a lesser extent with the C3d region of uncleaved C3b. ThC3d receptor did not react with either C3c or C4. This specificity of the C3d receptor allowed certain cells which contained only C3d receptors to form rosettes with EAC1-3b and EAC1-3d, but not with EAC14. However, because C3d receptors bound EAC1-3d or C3d fragments more firmly than they did EAC1-3b or C3b fragments, many other types of cells containing only C3d receptors, formed rosettes with EAC1-3d but not with EAC1-3b. Erythrocytes and those lymphocytes which contained only immune adherence receptors, formed rosettes with EAC14 and EAC1-3D but not with EAC1-3d. A double-label assay was devised for the simultaneous detection of both types of C receptors on individual lymphocytes. This assay involved fluorescence labeling of one of the two C receptors with soluble C fragments in combination with the usual rosette method for labeling the other type of C receptor. With this double-label assay, it was observed that the two different lymphocyte C receptors capped independently and thus were located on different molecules which could each move through the fluid membrane matrix independently of the other.     

Concentrations of trace elements in sweat during sauna bathing

Trace elements in sweat during sauna bathing were assessed. Sweat collected by the whole body method was compared with that collected by the arm bag method. The sweat samples were collected from ten healthy male adults aged 22-26 years, by heat exposure in dry sauna bathing (60 degrees C, 30 minutes). Concentrations of major (Na, Cl, K, Ca, P and Mg) and trace (Zn, Cu, Fe, Ni, Cr and Mn) elements in sweat tended to be lower in the arm bag method than in the whole body method. It was found that Ca, Mg, Fe and Mn concentrations in the arm bag method were significantly lower than those in the whole body method. The amount of trace elements in sweat measured by the arm bag method was less than that by the whole body method; significant differences were observed in Fe and Mn amounts. These observations suggest that excretion of trace elements by sweating induces trace element decrease. Therefore, athletes and workers who work in a hot environment and sweat much habitually should ingest adequate amounts of trace elements.     

Variable reduction in beta-adrenergic sweat secretion in cystic fibrosis heterozygotes

Because patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) consistently lack sweating response to isoproterenol (ISO) in vivo and in vitro, we studied to what extent beta-adrenergic defect is expressed in CF heterozygotes. To improve the sensitivity and accuracy of determining the sweating response to intradermal ISO (also containing theophylline and atropine), a water vapor analyzer was used, and the peak sweat rates attained after intradermal injection in the forearm of optimal concentrations of ISO and methacholine (MCH) were determined. The peak ISO sweat rate was further normalized by the peak MCH sweat rate in each individual and expressed as the relative ISO sweat ratemax (in percent). The relative ISO sweat ratemax was determined independent of age and sex and was unchanged after brief acclimatization. The mean relative ISO sweat ratemax of CF heterozygotes was significantly lower than that of controls (10.1% vs 19.5%); however, 21 of the 54 CF heterozygotes overlapped with controls, and the remainder of the CF heterozygotes fell below the arbitrary demarcation line drawn at the relative sweat rate of around 10%. Thus, although the ISO sweat test may not be a practical discrimination test for CF heterozygotes, knowledge of the diversity of beta-adrenergic sweating responses in CF heterozygotes will provide a useful data base for further understanding the possible linkage (or its absence) between the abnormal CF gene(s) (which may be identified by molecular biologists in the near future) and the abnormal intracellular process(es) that takes place during beta-adrenergic stimulation of the CF eccrine sweat gland.     

Assessment of body intoxication as a balance between accumulation and binding of toxin in plasma

A novel approach to assessing endogenic intoxication (EI) as an imbalance between toxin accumulation and binding by albumin in blood plasma is proposed. The intoxication criterion (IC) is determined by the ratio of the content of medium-weight molecules (MWM) and effective albumin concentration (EAC): IC = MWN/EAC. In children with oncohematological diseases the development of EI is associated with a 4-fold drop of MWM content and a twofold decrease of EAC, and hence, the imbalance between these two values increases 9-10 times. The proposed approach notably improves the sensitivity of diagnosis of the early stages of EI. Application of a new fluorescent marker pirrone red for measuring albumin binding capacity is validated and an algorithm of EAC determination using calibration curve of probe binding to standard albumin solution is described.