炎症后内脏高敏感大鼠前扣带回皮质NR2A、NR2B表达变化

背景:研究显示N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸(NMDA)受体参与了伤害性信号的传递,中枢前扣带回皮质(ACC)在内脏高敏感大鼠内脏疼痛反应的调节中起重要作用,该作用是由NMDA受体活性增强介导的。目的:检测炎症后内脏痛觉过敏大鼠ACC区域NMDA受体亚基NR2A、NR2B的表达变化,探讨两者在炎症后内脏高敏感形成中的作用。方法:以去氧胆酸结肠灌注建立炎症后内脏痛觉过敏大鼠模型。造模3周后观察实验组和对照组结肠组织病理学改变,以对结直肠扩张(CRD)的内脏运动反射(VMR)幅值为指标评价内脏痛敏感性的变化,以免疫荧光法和蛋白质印迹法检测ACC区域NR2A、NR2B表达情况。结果:实验组和对照组大鼠结肠组织均未见明显病理学改变。CRD压力为60 mm Hg(伤害性刺激)时,实验组VMR幅值显著高于对照组(P0.05)。与对照组相比,实验组ACC区域NR2A、NR2B荧光强度和蛋白表达量均显著上调(P0.05)。结论:ACC区域NMDA受体亚基NR2A、NR2B表达上调在炎症后内脏高敏感的形成中发挥重要作用。     

Establishment of transgenic mice carrying the gene of human nuclear receptor NR5A2 （hB1F）

AIM: Human hepatitis B virus enhancer II B1 binding factor (hB1F) was cloned and characterized as a novel member of the Ftz-F1 (NR5A) nuclear receptor subfamily. Although progresses have recently been made, its biological function remains largely unidentified. The aim of this study was to establish an hB1F transgenic mouse model to promote the functional study of hB1F. METHODS: Transgene fragments were microinjected into fertilized eggs of mice. The manipulated embryos were transferred into the oviducts of pseudopregnant female mice. The offsprings were identified by PCR and Southern blot analysis. Transgene expression was analyzed with RT-PCR and Western blot analysis. Transgenic founder mice were used to establish transgenic mouse lineages. The F1 and F2 mice were identified by PCR analysis. RESULTS: Seven mice were identified as carrying copies of transgene. RT-PCR and Western blotting results showed that the transgene was expressed in heart, liver, lung, kidney and stomach in one of the transgenic mouse lineages. Genetic analysis of the transgenic mice demonstrated that the transgene was integrated into the chromosome at a single site, and was transmitted stably. CONCLUSION: In this study we established an hB1F transgenic mouse model, which will facilitate the investigation of the biological function of hB1F in vivo.     

NR2B受体拮抗剂及其在缺血性脑血管病中的应用

脑缺血时的神经损伤与谷氨酸过度兴奋N-甲基-D-天门冬氨酸（NMDA）受体有关。由于非选择性NMDA受体拮抗剂能影响所有NMDA受体而产生不良反应,其临床应用受到很大限制,因此选择性NMDA受体在近年来受到越来越多的重视。NR2B亚单位拈抗剂主要分为哌啶衍生物、酰胺衍生物、脒衍生物、氨基喹啉衍生物等,主要代表药物有艾芬地尔、依利罗地。它们能选择性作用于NMDA受体NR2B亚单位,有望成为临床上安全有效的神经保护剂。     

N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸受体NR2B亚基与神经元凋亡

神经元凋亡是缺血性卒中神经元死亡的重要形式之一.在神经元凋亡过程中,民N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸(N-methyl-D-aspartate,NMDA)受体介导的兴奋性氨基酸毒性起着重要作用,是神经元凋亡的启动者和执行者.NR2B是该受体的主要调节亚基,其跨膜片段M2是一个面向胞质向膜内反折的膜襻区,形成离子通道的内壁,决定了NMDA受体离子通道对ca2+的通透性.谷氨酸主要通过钙超载介导细胞损伤,因此,NR2B亚基在缺血性卒中神经元凋亡中起着至关重要的作用.     

头穴透刺对阿尔茨海默病大鼠学习记忆能力及海马NR1、NR2B受体mRNA表达的影响

目的观察头穴透刺对阿尔茨海默病(AD)大鼠学习记忆能力及海马NR1、NR2B受体mRNA表达的影响。方法采用链脲佐菌素侧脑室注射制备大鼠痴呆模型,随机分为空白组、假手术组、模型组、针刺组、西药组。连续治疗28 d后,采用Morris水迷宫实验观察大鼠的学习记忆能力,荧光定量PCR法检测大鼠海马NR1、NR2B受体mRNA表达量。结果大鼠学习记忆能力比较:造模后,模型组、西药组、针刺组逃避潜伏期较空白组、假手术组明显延长,跨越平台次数较空白组、假手术组明显减少,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗后,西药组、针刺组逃避潜伏期较造模后缩短(P0.05),跨越平台次数较造模后增加(P0.05),且与模型组、空白组、假手术组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。大鼠海马NR1、NR2B受体mRNA表达量比较:模型组NR1、NR2B受体mRNA表达较空白组、假手术组明显下降,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。针刺组、西药组NR1、NR2B受体mRNA的表达较模型组升高,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05),且针刺组NR1、NR2B受体mRNA的表达量高于西药组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论头穴透刺能够提高AD大鼠海马NR1、NR2B受体mRNA表达量,从而改善AD大鼠的学习记忆能力。     

抗N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸型受体亚型NR2a/2b抗体与神经精神性狼疮

目的 探讨抗N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸型(NMDA)受体亚型NR2a/2b抗体(抗NR2抗体)在神经精神性狼疮(NPSLE)患者免疫发病机制中的作用和意义.方法 采用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)法检测59例NPSLE患者、54例无神经精神症状的系统性红斑狼疮(SLE)患者血清及20例NPSLE患者脑脊液中抗NR2抗体的水平,评价抗NR2抗体与NPSLE的临床表现、病情活动度评分(SLEDAI)、抗dsDNA抗体水平、抗核糖体P蛋白抗体、抗核抗体(ANA)、抗Sm抗体的相关性.结果 59例NPSLE患者血清中的抗NR2抗体水平显著高于54例非NPSLE患者.同时2组患者SLEDAI评分、抗Sm抗体阳性率、抗dsDNA抗体水平及抗核糖体P蛋白抗体水平差异均有统计学意义;59例NPSLE患者中,15例器质性脑病(认知功能障碍、记忆力减退)患者血清中的抗NR2抗体水平显著高于其他NPSLE患者;20例NPSLE患者脑脊液中仅有2例抗NR2抗体高滴度阳性,二者血清中的抗NR2抗体同样高滴度阳性,此2例患者均表现为认知功能障碍、记忆力减退,二者预后差.结论 检测SLE患者血清中的抗NMDA受体亚型NR2a/2b抗体对于NPSLE具有初步筛选作用;在表现为认知功能障碍、记忆力减退的NPSLE患者的血清及脑脊液中存在高滴度的抗NMDA受体亚型NR2a/2b抗体.     

NR2B-Wnt3α-ADAM10信号通路与糖尿病脑病关系的研究进展

<正>糖尿病脑病(DE)是糖尿病引起的中枢神经系统损害,可引起认知功能障碍。糖尿病时大脑N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸受体(NMDARs)表达异常,人们由此推断NMDARs在DE的发展过程中可能发挥重要作用〔1〕。NMDARs的激活通过Wnt信号通路引起去整合素金属蛋白酶10(ADAM10)的变化,与认知功能密切相关〔2,3〕。本文就近年来关于NR2B-Wnt3α-ADAM10信号     

NMDA受体NR1、NR2A/B在丘脑前核-海马CA1、CA3脑区和齿状回的分布与表达

目的 探讨NMDA受体NR1、NR2A/B在丘脑前核-海马CA1、CA3脑区和齿状回的分布与表达,以及丘脑前核-海马神经元的学习记忆功能及作用机制.方法 运用原位杂交检测技术观测丘脑前核及海马CA1、CA3和齿状回内NMDA受体NR1、NR2A 及NR2B mRNA的分布特点.结果 ①原位杂交阳性产物呈棕黄色,主要分布在神经元的胞浆中,胞核基本不着色.②在丘脑前核,阳性神经元分布较密集,细胞形态较一致.③在海马锥体层阳性神经元分布较多,呈带状.在分子层、多形层分布少.④NR1、NR2A/B在丘脑前核和海马CA1、CA3脑区及齿状回均有表达,其中NR1在齿状回表达水平最强,NR2B在丘脑前核、海马CA1、CA3和齿状回表达水平基本相同.结论 在丘脑前核-海马的局部神经元环路中NMDA受体NR1、NR2A及NR2B mRNA分布广泛.其中NR2B mRNA在丘脑前核和海马CA1、CA3脑区及齿状回表达水平基本相同,可能与此环路学习记忆有关.     

脊髓背角NMDA受体NR2B亚基对舒芬太尼耐受形成的作用

目的探究脊髓背角N-甲基-D-天门冬氨酸(NMDA)受体NR2B亚基对舒芬太尼耐受形成的作用。方法将大鼠随机分为舒芬太尼组和空白对照组,皮下注射舒芬太尼复制舒芬太尼耐受大鼠模型,检测两组于皮下注射前和注射第3、9天机械性刺激痛阈和热缩足潜伏期,检测注射第3、9天脊髓背角NR2B蛋白及mRNA表达。结果舒芬太尼组注射后第3、9天机械性刺激痛阈值和热缩足潜伏期均显著大于注射前,且注射后第3天显著大于注射后第9天(P0. 05);舒芬太尼组注射后第3、9天NR2B亚基蛋白及mRNA表达水平均显著大于空白对照组,且注射后第3天均显著小于注射后第9天(P0. 05)。结论舒芬太尼诱导大鼠耐受性形成的机制可能是通过促进脊髓背角NMDA受体NR2B亚基的表达量增加。     

NMDA受体NR2B亚型基因对海马成年新生神经元形态发生的影响

目的研究NMDA受体NR2B亚型基因对海马成年新生颗粒细胞形态发生的影响。方法通过Cre-loxp重组酶系统构建NMDA受体NR2B亚型基因单细胞敲除模型。运用Neurolucida软件系统对野生型、NR2B基因敲除成年新生神经元进行形态重建,观察树突长度、树突复杂度以及棘突的变化。结果 NR2B基因敲除成年新生神经元外形与WT神经元相似,树突长度接近,棘突减少。Sholl分析显示在以胞体为中心,距胞体不同距离的树突亚区域内,树突复杂性(树突交叉)减低,与此同时棘突分布密度减低(P<0.05)。结论海马成年新生颗粒神经元NR2B基因敲除对新生细胞树突长度影响甚微,但降低了树突复杂性,减少棘突形成,从而导致了功能性整合入海马特定神经信息网络的障碍。     

孤儿核受体NR4A与肺癌

NR4A核受体可被多种细胞外刺激因素激活而广泛参与调控生物的代谢、生长、分化、凋亡等过程.因NR4A核受体结构上的特点,其发挥转录活性不依赖配体,主要依赖转录后修饰.NR4A核受体参与肿瘤的调控是双向性的,既能促进肿瘤增殖,又能促进肿瘤细胞凋亡,与刺激因素、肿瘤类型、肿瘤所处的发展阶段及其在肿瘤细胞的亚细胞定位有关.NR4A核受体亚家族均参与肺癌发病机制,因此本文就NR4A核受体与肺癌的关系作一综述.     

电针对脑缺血再灌注模型大鼠纹状体NMDA受体NR2亚基蛋白表达的影响

目的 观察脑缺血再灌注模型大鼠受损侧纹状体组织中NMDA受体调节亚单位NR2A和NR2B蛋白表达及其电针干预后的变化,探讨电针对缺血再灌注兴奋性氨基酸毒性的拮抗作用,进一步阐明电针治疗缺血性脑血管疾病的机制.方法 用数字随机表将15只SD大鼠随机分成3组:假手术组、模型组、电针组,每组各5只.采用改良Longa线栓法制作大脑中动脉短暂性缺血再灌注模型,电针组大鼠在再灌同时电针“百会”、“大椎”两穴(连续波,频率3 Hz,电流强度1～3 mA),30 min,深度均为10 mm.免疫组织化学法及图像处理系统检测分析大鼠受损侧纹状体NR2A、NR2B蛋白表达情况.结果 与假手术组相比,模型组大鼠纹状体组织中NR2A的表达量明显下降,而NR2B的表达量明显升高,给予电针“百会”、“大椎”穴后的大鼠纹状体组织NR2A表达细胞数及含量均明显高于模型组,表达NR2B的细胞数及含量均明显降低.结论 电针可能通过激活NR2A受体蛋白表达,抑制NR2B受体蛋白的过量表达,从而调节NMDA受体复合物的整体功能活性,减少NMDA受体介导的兴奋性氨基酸毒性反应,减轻脑缺血再灌注引起的局灶性脑损伤,发挥一定的脑神经保护作用.     

The evolution of β2-agonists

β-agonists have been widely used in the treatment of asthma for many years. Although concerns have been expressed over their safety, based largely upon epidemics of increased mor tality in asthmatics associated with high doses of isoprenaline in the 1960s and fenoterolin the 1970s and 1980s, the specific β₂-agonists are vital drugs in asthma management. The short-acting β₂-agonists have an important prophylactic role in the prevention of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction, and are essential in the emergency treatment of severe asthma. However, little if any benefit seems to be derived from regular use of short-acting β₂-agonists and regular or frequent use can increase the:severity of the condition. The development of β₂-agonists with long-acting properties, such as salmeterol and formoterol, has provided advantages over short-acting β-agonists, such as prolonged bronchodilation, reduced day-and night-time symptoms and improved quality of sleep, and has reduced the requirement for short-acting β₂-agonists as relief medication. Both drugs are well tolerated and, when added to inhaled corticosteroids, produce greater improvement in lung function than increased steroid dose alone. Because of its rapid onset of action, formoterol also has the potential to be used for as-needed bronchodilator therapy in asthma.     

Convexity of quantum χ2-divergence

The general quantum χ(2)-divergence has recently been introduced by Temme et al. [Temme K, Kastoryano M, Ruskai M, Wolf M, Verstrate F (2010) J Math Phys 51:122201] and applied to quantum channels (quantum Markov processes). The quantum χ(2)-divergence is not unique, as opposed to the classical χ(2)-divergence, but depends on the choice of quantum statistics. It was noticed that the elements in a particular one-parameter family of quantum χ(2)-divergences are convex functions in the density matrices (ρ,σ), thus mirroring the convexity of the classical χ(2)(p,q)-divergence in probability distributions (p,q). We prove that any quantum χ(2)-divergence is a convex function in its two arguments.     

Effects of prostaglandins E2 and F2α on electromyogram of cat colonin vitro

Prostaglandins cause diarrhea, and their production by the gut increases in diarrheal states. We studied the effects of PGF₂ and PGE₂ on the electromyogram recorded from the cat colonin vitro to determine if these prostaglandins might produce electromyographic changes similar to those seen in diarrheal states. PGF₂ decreased slow wave frequency and uncoupled slow wave propagation in the proximal colon. It increased the frequency of migrating spike bursts. PGE₂ had no effect on slow waves, but increased the frequency of the migrating spike burst. PGF₂ produced electromyographic changes similar to those recorded from the colon of cats with spontaneous diarrhea or after exposure to diarrhea-producing agents such as ricinoleate or quinidine. Some diarrhea-producing agents are likely to act by increasing prostaglandin production.     

Construction of a cell model of β2-adrenoceptor downregulation

Objective

To establish a cell model of β₂-adrenergic receptor (β₂AR) downregulation of murine airway smooth muscle induced by salbutamol to elucidate the molecular and biological mechanisms of β₂AR downregulation.

Methods

Airway smooth muscle cells (ASMCs) derived from Balb/c mice were primary cultured. Passage 2-5 cells were characterized by cell morphology and indirect immunofluorescence. More than 95% pure cells at passage 3 or 4 were randomly divided into two groups: control and salbutamol-treated groups. β₂AR mRNA and protein expression levels were then detected by RT-PCR and western blot analyses.

Results

Primary cultured cells demonstrated a typical “peak and valley”-like growth characteristic. Smooth muscle α-actin filaments paralleled the cell longitudinal axis in the cytoplasm. The origin of the ASMCs was validated and consistent with their morphology and biological characteristics. β₂AR mRNA expression in the salbutamol-treated group was lower than that in the control group (P<0.05), and β₂AR protein expression was also markedly lower than that in the control group (P<0.05).

Conclusions

We successfully established a cell model of β₂AR downregulation in ASMCs, which may provide the foundation for further study of the mechanism of β₂AR downregulation in asthmatic patients.KEY WORDS : Airway smooth muscle cells (ASMCs), β₂-adrenergic receptor (β₂AR), salbutamol, cell culture