代谢综合征组分与高血压早期肾损害关系的研究

目的:探讨代谢综合征组分与高血压患者早期肾损害的关系。方法:对399例肾功能正常且未治疗的原发性高血压患者进行横断面调查,测定身高、体质量、腰围、血脂、血糖等生化指标。根据Cockcroft-Gault公式计算肾小球滤过率(e GFR)诊断CKD,采用国际糖尿病联盟(IDF)全球共识定义诊断代谢综合征(MS),将患者分为MS组(n=246)和非MS组(n=153),比较两组患者临床特点差异;分析MS组分与高血压早期肾损害的关系。结果:(1)MS组BMI、腰围、TG、HDL-C、舒张压、尿酸、肌酐值、尿微量白蛋白/尿肌酐(ACR)值均高于非MS组,MS组e GFR水平低于非MS组(P0.05)。(2)在MS组中,组分数与ACR的相关性分析显示,随MS组分的增多ACR水平呈逐渐上升趋势,5个代谢组分时达到最高值(P0.05)。而在e GFR与代谢综合征组分数相关性分析中发现,2个代谢组分时e GFR水平达到最高(P0.05),当≥3个代谢组分时,e GFR随着代谢组分的增加而减少。(3)二分类Logistic回归分析结果提示MS组分中空腹血糖受损、TG增高和血压分级是高血压早期肾损害的危险因素,而腹型肥胖和低水平HDL无明显影响。用年龄和性别因素校正后,空腹血糖受损、TG增高、血压分级与高血压早期肾损害仍显著有关(OR分别为1.852,3.622和1.6,P0.05)。结论:MS组分与高血压早期肾损害之间有显著相关性,这种相关性随MS组分的增多而增加,其中3个代谢综合征组分是e GFR代偿的临界点。代谢综合征组分中空腹血糖受损、高TG和血压与高血压早期肾损害增加相关。     

代谢综合征相关性眼病的研究进展

代谢综合征(MS)是一组复杂的代谢紊乱症候群,包括中心性肥胖、高血糖、高血压、血脂异常等.以往认为代谢综合征使糖尿病、冠心病及其他心血管疾病的危险明显增加.但越来越多的研究显示,MS也是眼部病变的重要致病因素之一.MS及其各组分可能通过多种机制参与眼部疾病的发生、发展,常见的有视网膜病变、青光眼、白内障等.而MS相关性眼病的治疗,除了传统的眼科治疗之外,对MS及其各组分的控制更为重要.     

非酒精性脂肪性肝病的遗传易感性研究进展

非酒精性脂肪性肝病（non—alcoholic fatty liver disease,NAFLD）是一种无过量饮酒史,以肝实质细胞脂肪变性、坏死、炎性细胞浸润等为特征的临床病理综合征。其疾病谱包括单纯性脂肪肝（NAFL）、脂肪性肝炎（NASH）及相关的肝硬化。NAFLD作为遗传-环境-代谢-应激相关性疾病,常与肥胖、2型糖尿病、高脂血症和高血压等胰岛素抵抗综合征（insulin—resistant syndrome,IRS）或代谢综合征（metabolic syndrome,MS）的组分密切相关。     

代谢综合征与脑血管疾病

代谢综合征(metabolic syndrome,MS)是以中心性肥胖或超重、糖尿病或糖代谢异常、高血压、血脂紊乱为主要组分的一组严重影响人类健康的临床症候群[1],严重地危害人体健康并降低人类的生活质量.MS与糖尿病、心血管疾病及脑血管疾病有着密切的关系.     

饮酒与代谢综合征

代谢综合征是一组包括超重或腹型肥胖、高血糖、高血压、高甘油三酯及低高密度脂蛋白血症等的代谢紊乱症候群,也是多重心脑血管疾病危险因素聚集的表现。过去20年来的研究发现饮酒对体内多元代谢有着复杂影响,对代谢综合征具有保护和促进的双重矛盾效应。本文从饮酒与代谢综合征中各种组分的关系出发,分析饮酒对代谢综合征的利与弊。     

代谢综合征其它组分与高血压的关系

2005年4月,国际糖尿病联盟统一使用"代谢综合征"概括相关临床表型,其主要成分包括中心性肥胖、血脂代谢异常、血糖升高和(或)胰岛素抵抗及高血压。其中,高血压的发生原因复杂,代谢综合征中的其它组分包括中心性肥胖、血脂代谢异常、胰岛素抵抗等最终都能引起高血压并影响其发展过程,其中,中心性肥胖的影响最为关键。代谢综合征是2型糖尿病和心血管疾病的高危因素,早期诊断和早期干预,有助于2型糖尿病和心血管疾病的防治。本文综述代谢综合征其它组分与高血压的关系。     

饮酒与代谢综合征

饮酒与多元代谢紊乱关系密切 ,饮酒在代谢综合征发病中的作用主要与其饮酒量有关。适量饮酒通过减少胰岛素抵抗、提高高密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平、改善高凝和炎症前状态 ,有助于代谢综合征的防治 ;而过量饮酒则可增加肥胖、糖尿病、高甘油三酯血症、高血压的发病率 ,从而促进代谢综合征的发生。     

对胰岛素抵抗在代谢综合征中作用的新认识

代谢综合征(MS)是以中心性肥胖、高血压、脂质代谢异常、微量蛋白尿、葡萄糖耐量受损和(或)糖尿病等为特征的一组临床综合征,是导致糖尿病、心脑血管疾病的危险因素。1999年WHO将其正式命名为MS,并做了工作定义。2005年国际糖尿病联盟(IDF)对其提出了新的工作定义,进而达成全球共识。胰岛素抵抗是指机体对一定量胰岛素的生物学反应低于预计正常水平的一种现象,是导致MS发病的主要机制,其与MS各组分之间密切相关,但机制尚未完全阐明。本文就MS的定义及有关胰岛素抵抗在MS发生中的作用机制的研究的新进展做简要综述。     

重视非酒精性脂肪性肝病的综合处理

非酒精性脂肪性肝病（NAFLD）是一种与胰岛素抵抗（IR）相关的代谢应激性肝病,其疾病谱包括单纯性脂肪肝、非酒精性脂肪性肝炎（NASH）及其相关肝硬化。2004年世界IR研讨会把NAFLD列入构成代谢综合征（MS）的主要条件,MS的其他组分包括内脏型肥胖、2型糖尿病、高脂血症和高血压等。     

饮酒与代谢综合征

饮酒与多元代谢紊乱关系密切，饮酒在代谢综合征发病中的作用主要与其饮酒量有关。适量饮酒通过减少胰岛素抵抗、提高高密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平、改善高凝和炎症前状态，有助于代谢综合征的防治；而过量饮酒则可增加肥胖、糖尿病、高甘油三酯血症、高血压的发病率，从而促进代谢综合征的发生。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.