2型糖尿病与胃食管反流病的相关性研究进展

2型糖尿病（T2DM）是目前发病率较高的代谢相关疾病,胃食管反流病（GERD）是发病率较高的消化道疾病之一,GERD被认为是T2DM并发症中慢性胃肠道疾病之一。T2DM和GERD的发生发展机制目前尚未研究明确,T2DM并发GERD患者影响食管动力学功能可能与胰岛素抵抗、高血糖、自主神经病变、胃肠激素、一过性下食管括约肌松弛及糖尿病药物使用有关,本文主要以T2DM与GERD相关性研究进展作以总结叙述。     

糖尿病与胃食管反流病临床流行病学研究

目的通过对2型糖尿病患者进行胃食管反流病(GERD)的流行病学调查,探讨其与胃食管反流病发病率的相关性。方法对500例2型糖尿病患者进行反流性疾病问卷调查,其中相关临床指标包括性别、年龄、吸烟、饮酒、BMI、糖尿病病程、空腹血糖、糖尿病并发症等,探讨其与胃食管反流病的相关性。结果糖尿病组GERD发生率(14.2%)较非糖尿病组(7.0%)明显增高(P0.05);糖尿病组中年龄65岁组GERD患病率最高(16.9%),而45岁以下年龄组患病率最低(7.4%);女性人群在糖尿病组中的GERD阳性率(14.8%)明显高于非糖尿病组(5.6%,P0.05);糖尿病病程、糖尿病并发症与糖尿病并发GERD相关(P0.05),吸烟、饮酒、BMI、空腹血糖与GERD无明显相关性(P0.05)。结论糖尿病并发GERD的患病率较高;糖尿病患者中年龄65岁组GERD发病率高于其他年龄组;女性人群在高血糖时发生GERD相关症状的危险性增大;糖尿病病程、糖尿病并发症与糖尿病合并GERD相关。     

42例胃食管反流病患者食管测压分析

胃食管反流病(GERD)是指胃、十二指肠内容物反流人食管，引起反酸、烧心和胸痛等表现。目前开展的GERD胃肠动力学检查多局限于下食管功能检测，缺乏对整个食管功能的评价。我们用胃肠动力仪对食管动力的多种参数进行联合监测。     

无效食管动力在胃食管反流病中的作用

胃食管反流病(GERD)是临床上常见的胃肠动力障碍性疾病,食管黏膜的酸暴露是反流性食管炎的主要原因,而食管的酸清除能力在食管黏膜损伤中起着重要作用.近年人们将食管远端大于30%的湿咽蠕动波为低幅蠕动[波幅<30 mm Hg(1 kPa=7.5 mm Hg )]或为非传导性收缩定义为无效食管动力(IEM)[1],并将IEM作为一明确的动力异常提出[2,3].对酸清除与食管动力异常的关系研究较多[4],但目前尚无GERD患者伴IEM发生率及IEM在GERD发生中作用的研究.本研究是为明确IEM在GERD中的发生率及IEM在胃食管酸反流及酸清除、食管黏膜损伤中的作用.     

无效食管运动在胃食管反流病中发病作用的观察

目的　探讨食管无效收缩 (IEM)在胃食管反流病 (GERD)的发病作用。方法　对GERD病人行食管测压和 2 4h食管pH监测 ,分析IEM在GERD的发生率以及比较IEM与食管酸暴露、酸清除和食管炎的关系。结果　 86例GERD病人中 5 9例 (6 8 6 % )存在非特异性食管动力障碍 (NEMD) ;其中 5 5例 (占 93 2 % )符合IEM诊断标准 ;GERD病的IEM发生率为 6 3 95 %。IEM的GERD患者总的pH <4时间 (% ) (5 91)及立位 (4 4 3)和卧位 (6 92 )pH <4时间 (% )显著大于食管正常蠕动的GERD患者 (分别为 3 16 ,1.6 1,和 4 31) ,尤以卧位明显 (P <0 0 1)。IEM患者平均卧位食管酸清除时间 (EAC)为每次 12 6 3min ,显著长于正常食管动力GERD患者的每次 3 15min(P<0 0 1) ,而立位EAC则与正常食管动力组无差异。 2 7例正常食管动力GERD有 10例 (37% )有糜烂性食管炎 ;5 5例IEM患者有 19例 (35 % )有食管炎 ,二组间食管炎发生比例差异无显著性 (P >0 0 5 )。结论　GERD病的食管动力障碍大多数系IEM。IEM比正常食管动力患者更易发生反流和存在食管酸清除障碍。IEM是GERD病的主要异常表现。     

一氧化氮、血管活性肠肽与反流性食管炎

食管反流性疾病(gastroesophageal reflux disease,GERD)及反流性食管炎(reflux esophagitis,RE)系胃肠动力性疾病,胃肠神经和胃肠激素在其发病机制中发挥重要作用.目前认为,一氧化氮(nitric oxide,NO)与血管活性肠肽(vasoactive intestinal peptide,VIP)作为肠神经系统中非肾上腺能非胆碱能(nonadrenergic,noncholinergic,NANC)神经的主要抑制性神经递质,广泛分布于消化系.主要以神经分泌方式在局部起作用,在消化系的神经肌肉调控及胃肠动力方面可能发挥重要作用,与GERD及RE的发生密切相关.现从NO、VIP对食管及胃动力的影响,在GERD及RE发生的机制以及NO、VIP相互作用方面进行综述.     

糖尿病并发胃食管反流病发病机制及治疗进展

近年来,糖尿病患病率在世界上迅速增长,已成为全球发病率最高、对人类健康威胁最严重的疾病之一。糖尿病并胃食管反流病(GERD)是糖尿病常见慢性并发症之一,GERD[1]的典型症状为烧心和反酸,其主要发病机制是食管贲门抗反流防御机制减弱和反流物对食管黏膜攻击增强的结果。糖尿病并发GERD与非糖尿病GERD的临床特点     

老年糖尿病合并胃食管反流患者的临床观察

目的探讨糖尿病对老年患者发生胃食管反流(GERD)的影响。方法选取糖尿病合并GERD的老年患者(DM+GERD组)和单纯GERD老年患者(GERD组)各100例,施行食管动力检查、pH监测和胃镜检查,并进行比较。结果 DM+GERD组食管收缩波传导速度低于GERD组[(2.79±1.88)vs(4.55±2.16)cm/s,P0.05]。两组食管炎严重程度分布相一致。结论糖尿病不是导致老年病理性酸反流发生的决定因素。     

老年人胃食管反流病的诊治现状

胃食管反流病(GERD)是指胃十二指肠内容物反流入食管引起胃灼热(烧心)等症状,可引起反流性食管炎(reflux esophagitis),以及咽喉、气道等食管外的组织损害.研究证明随着年龄的增加其患病率也在上升[1].对于65岁以上的老年人,尤其是女性,因其骨密度低下和日常身体姿势改变易导致驼背和食管裂孔疝,多并发GERD[2].质子泵抑制剂(PPI)治疗效果差或无效、严重的心理障碍出现了难治性GERD(rGERD)的增加[3].     

下食管括约肌运动和功能与胃食管反流病

目的　观察胃食管反流病 (GERD)患者与对照组餐前、餐后食管pH情况 ,下食管括约肌(LES )运动模式的变化以及酸反流事件与一过性下食管括约肌松弛 (TLESR )、低LES压力 (LESP)的关系。方法　两组受试者均接受连续性 4h食管压力测定 (分别为空腹和餐后 1、2、3h)和食管pH监测 (GERD组检测 4h ,对照组检测 2 4h)。结果　GERD组酸反流事件明显高于对照组 (P <0 0 5 )。两组间TLESR发生率差异无显著性 (P >0 0 5 ) ,但与空腹比较 ,两组餐后 1h和 2hTLESR发生率明显增多 ;GERD组伴有酸反流的TLESR明显高于对照组 (P <0 0 0 1)。 4 3% (2 9/ 6 8)的酸反流事件发生在TLESR期间。 31% (2 1/ 6 8)的酸反流事件出现于低LESP状态中。结论　GERD是多因素参与的病理过程。LES运动形式变化和功能不全是GERD的重要背景因素。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.