严重冠脉病变的心电图分析

目的分析左主干、前降支近端或三支病变冠心病心绞痛患者的心电图改变。方法13例冠脉造影诊断为左主干、前降支近端或三支病变的患者,对其静息时、心绞痛发作时心电图有无aVR、V1导联的ST段抬高及临床资料进行分析。结果胸痛发作时11例出现了aVR、V1导联典型改变,静息时2例aVR、V1导联改变。结论心电图aVR、V1导联ST段抬高,尤其STaVR〉STV1,V4～V6导联ST段下移,合并Ⅱ、Ⅲ、aVF导联或Ⅰ、Ⅱ导联ST段下移与冠脉左主干、前降支近端严重狭窄及三支病变有良好的相关性。     

左主干病变心电图分析

目的分析左主干病变冠心病心绞痛患者的心电图改变。方法30例冠脉造影诊断为左主干病变的患者,对其心绞痛发作时各导联ST段的变化及临床资料进行分析。结果30例中除7例急性心肌梗死患者呈现典型心电图演变外,有20例患者ST段广泛压低(5个导联以上)。17例患者胸痛发作的心电图中可见STaVR抬高,其中13例STV1也可见抬高,但是程度均低于aVR导联。结论左主干病变引起心肌缺血的心电图改变表现为广泛导联ST段压低及aVR导联ST段抬高。     

Positive non-invasive tests in the chest pain unit: importance of the clinical profile for estimating the probability of coronary artery disease

We studied 100 consecutive patients with coronary angiography performed after a positive result of a non-invasive test in the chest pain unit. Mean age was 66 years. The percentage of patients without significant coronary artery disease, 1-vessel disease and multivessel disease was 35, 33, and 32%, respectively. The CPU-65 index that combines four clinical variables (comorbidity: diabetes, pain: typical, use of: aspirin, 65 years old or more) was associated with the presence of coronary artery disease, multivessel disease, and coronary revascularization. We conclude that in the chest pain unit, patients with a positive non-invasive test the rate of false positive results, one-vessel disease and multivessel disease is similar. However, important changes in these percentages are seen, according to the clinical profile. The CPU-65 index is useful to determine the pre-test probability of significant coronary artery disease and patients with intermediate scores are the ones that benefit most of non-invasive tests.     

Dobutamine stress echocardiography in the diagnosis of coronary artery disease in women with chest pain: comparison with different noninvasive tests

BACKGROUND: Diagnosis of coronary artery disease(CAD) in women remains elusive. The classical diagnostic armamentarium has been found to be very limited. Dobutamine stress echocardiography has emerged as a powerful test in assessing CAD in the general population, but most studies failed to include women. HYPOTHESIS: The accuracy of dobutamine stress echocardiography in the diagnosis of CAD in women with chest pain is high and superior to dipyridamole echocardiography, exercise electrocardiography, and sestamibi single-photon emission tomography (MIBI-SPECT) scintigraphy. METHODS: We studied 99 consecutive women with chest pain and no previous history of CAD who underwent dobutamine echocardiography and coronary angiography. We also compared these results with those of dipyridamole echocardiography in 63 patients. exercise stress testing in 83 (48 conclusive), and MIBI-SPECT scintigraphy during dobutamine infusion in 54. RESULTS: Significant CAD was found in 42 women. Sensitivity and specificity of dobutamine stress echocardiography were 69 and 89%, respectively. Dipyridamole echocardiography showed similar accuracy (sensitivity 72% and specificity 94%). Finally, sensitivity of exercise test and MIBI-SPECT was similar (76 and 88%, respectively) and specificity was lower (53 and 57%, respectively). After excluding patients known to have a high incidence of false positive results, MIBI-SPECT specificity rose up to 80%. CONCLUSION: Dobutamine stress echocardiography and dipyridamole echocardiography bear a high diagnostic accuracy in women with chest pain. MIBI-SPECT is also a useful tool after excluding subgroups with a high incidence of false positive results.     

不同性别非冠状动脉阻塞性胸痛患者冠状动脉血流储备特点及影响因素研究

目的 探讨不同性别非冠状动脉阻塞性胸痛患者冠脉血流储备的特点及影响因素.方法 入选2011年10月至2017年9月于北京大学第三医院心内科就诊的302例影像学检查证实冠脉狭窄＜50％的胸痛患者,行经胸多普勒超声心动图测定冠状动脉左前降支的冠脉血流储备(CFR),比较男女性CFR特点.结果 研究对象平均年龄(60.1±9...     

胸痛特征诊断冠心病的准确性

目的 探讨胸痛特征诊断冠心病的准确性.方法 连续入组2012年6月至2016年6月经过冠状动脉造影(CAG)和冠状动脉血流储备分数(FFR)检查的住院患者240例,根据临床病史的描述将患者分成无胸痛组(55例),不典型胸痛组(79例),典型劳力心绞痛组(64例)和支架植入组(42例).将不同胸痛性质与CAG和FFR进行...     

Aortic pulse pressure and aortic pulsatility are associated with angiographic coronary artery disease in women

Background. Studies indicated that both aortic pulse pressure (PP) and aortic pulsatility are independently associated with angiographic coronary artery disease (CAD). However, most of these studies included a majority of male subjects, and women were underrepresented. Objective. We investigated the relation of aortic PP and aortic pulsatility derived from invasively measured ascending aortic pressure waveform and presence of angiographic CAD in women undergoing diagnostic coronary angiography. Methods and results. From September 2003 to April 2004, 262 unselected female subjects undergoing first cardiac catheterization were consecutively included in the study. Systolic, diastolic and mean pressure waveforms of the ascending aorta were measured during cardiac catheterization with a fluid-filled system. Aortic pulsatility was estimated as the ratio of aortic PP to mean pressure. Angiographic CAD was detected in 175 (67%) patients. In multiple-adjusted logistic regression, both aortic PP and aortic pulsatility were significantly associated with the presence of CAD (for a 10-mmHg increase in PP: odds ratio [OR] = 1.3, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.1-1.76; for a 0.1 increase in aortic pulsatility: OR = 1.8, 95% CI = 1.3-2.4). When patients were divided into tertiles according to the level of aortic pulsatility, it was noted that multiple-adjusted OR of presence CAD was 2.2 (95% CI = 1.1-4.4) for the middle tertile of the aortic pulsatility level and 5.9 (95% CI = 2.7-12.8) for the highest tertile of the aortic pulsatility level compared with the lowest tertile. Conclusion. In female subjects referred to coronary angiography, ascending aorta PP and aortic pulsatility are significantly associated with the presence of angiographic CAD and these associations are independent of age and other cardiovascular risk factors.     

Coronary microvascular dysfunction is highly prevalent in women with chest pain in the absence of coronary artery disease: results from the NHLBI WISE study

BACKGROUND: Chest pain in the absence of obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD) is common in women; it is frequently associated with debilitating symptoms and repeated evaluations and may be caused by coronary microvascular dysfunction. However, the prevalence and determinants of microvascular dysfunction in these women are uncertain. METHODS: We measured coronary flow velocity reserve (coronary velocity response to intracoronary adenosine) to evaluate the coronary microvasculature and risk factors for atherosclerosis in 159 women (mean age, 52.9 years) with chest pain and no obstructive CAD. All women were referred for coronary angiography to evaluate their chest pain as part of the Women's Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation (WISE) study. RESULTS: Seventy-four (47%) women had subnormal (<2.5) coronary flow velocity reserve suggestive of microvascular dysfunction (mean, 2.02 +/- 0.38); 85 (53%) had normal reserve (mean, 3.13 +/- 0.64). Demographic characteristics, blood pressure, ventricular function, lipid levels, and reproductive hormone levels were not significantly different between women with normal and those with abnormal microvascular function. Postmenopausal hormone use within 3 months was significantly less prevalent among those with microvascular dysfunction (40% vs 60%, P =.032). Age and number of years past menopause correlated with flow velocity reserve (r = -0.18, P =.02, and r = -0.30, P <.001, respectively). No significant associations were identified between flow velocity reserve and lipid and hormone levels, blood pressure, and left ventricular ejection fraction. CONCLUSIONS: Coronary microvascular dysfunction is present in approximately one half of women with chest pain in the absence of obstructive CAD and cannot be predicted by risk factors for atherosclerosis and hormone levels. Therefore, the diagnosis of coronary microvascular dysfunction should be considered in women with chest pain not attributable to obstructive CAD.     

Performance of the coronary calcium score in an outpatient chest pain clinic and strategies for risk stratification

BackgroundCoronary artery calcium score (CAC) is an objective marker of atherosclerosis. The primary aim is to assess CAC as a risk classifier in stable coronary artery disease (CAD).HypothesisCAC improves CAD risk prediction, compared to conventional risk scoring, even in the absence of cardiovascular risk factor inputs.MethodsOutpatients presenting to a cardiology clinic (n = 3518) were divided into two cohorts: derivation (n = 2344 patients) and validation (n = 1174 patients). Adding logarithmic transformation of CAC, we built two logistic regression models: Model 1 with chest pain history and risk factors and Model 2 including chest pain history only without risk factors simulating patients with undiagnosed comorbidities. The CAD I Consortium Score (CCS) was the conventional reference risk score used. The primary outcome was the presence of coronary artery disease defined as any epicardial artery stenosis≥50% on CT coronary angiogram.ResultsArea under curve (AUC) of CCS in our validation cohort was 0.80. The AUC of Models 1 and 2 were significantly improved at 0.88 (95%CI 0.86–0.91) and 0.87 (95%CI 0.84–0.90), respectively. Integrated discriminant improvement was >15% for both models. At a pre‐specified cut‐off of ≤10% for excluding coronary artery disease, the sensitivity and specificity were 89.3% and 74.7% for Model 1, and 88.1% and 71.8% for Model 2.ConclusionCAC helps improve risk classification in patients with chest pain, even in the absence of prior risk factor screening.     

Increased serum neopterin: a marker of coronary artery disease activity in women

OBJECTIVE: To assess whether neopterin concentrations in women with unstable angina differ from those in women with chronic stable angina. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTING: University hospital in south west London. PATIENTS: 114 consecutive women with angina were studied: 82 had chronic stable angina (typical exertional chest pain, positive exercise ECG testing, and/or abnormal myocardial scintigraphy; symptoms stable for at least three months), and 32 had unstable angina (Braunwald class III). All patients with chronic stable angina (100%) and 18 with unstable angina (56.3%) underwent digital coronary angiography; neopterin concentrations were determined using a commercially available immunoassay. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Major clinical events during one year follow up were readmission with Braunwald's class IIIb unstable angina, non-fatal myocardial infarction, and cardiac death. RESULTS: Major events occurred in 12 women with chronic stable angina (14.6%) and nine women with unstable angina (28.1%). Mean (range) neopterin concentrations were significantly higher in women with unstable angina than in those with chronic stable angina (7.6 (5.1-11.5) nmol/l v 5.9 (4.4-7.5) nmol/l; p = 0.003), even after adjustment for variables which were significantly different on univariate analysis. In women with chronic stable angina, baseline neopterin concentrations were higher in those with cardiac events than in those without events (7.1 (5.9-9.1) nmol/l v 5.7 (3.9-7.3 nmol/l); p = 0.010), even after adjustment for variables with significant differences between both groups on univariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS: On average, women with unstable angina had significantly higher neopterin concentrations than women with chronic stable angina. Women with chronic stable angina with events during follow up had higher neopterin concentrations than those without events. Neopterin concentrations were similar in patients with unstable angina and women with chronic stable angina who developed events. Neopterin concentrations may therefore be a marker of risk in women with coronary artery disease.     

64层螺旋CT冠状动脉成像对不典型胸痛冠心病患者的诊断价值

目的评价64层螺旋CT冠脉成像对不典型胸痛患者进行鉴别诊断的价值。方法对72例不典型胸痛患者进行64层螺旋CT冠脉成像,再进行选择性冠脉造影（SCA）,以SCA为标准对64层螺旋CT结果的准确性进行评价。结果64层螺旋CT冠脉成像的敏感度、特异度和准确度分别为96%、79%和90%;64层螺旋CT对中度以上狭窄和轻度狭窄的诊断正确率分别为89%、58%（P<0.01）;64层螺旋CT对左回旋支和右冠状动脉病变的判断能力相对较差。结论64层螺旋CT能够胜任不典型胸痛冠心病患者的筛查。     

Unexplained chest pain: When is it panic disorder?

Noncardiac chest pain is a common costly phenomenon in the cardiology setting. Recent research suggests that panic disorder, a highly distressful yet treatable anxiety disorder, occurs in a significant proportion of noncardiac chest pain patients. This article reviews research on the prevalence of panic disorder in patients seen in cardiology settings for unexplained chest pain. Financial, psychosocial, and historical aspects of noncardiac chest pain are described. Panic disorder and the potential consequences of its nonrecognition by physicians are examined. Current psychological and pharmacologic treatments are reviewed. Recommendations on the management of panic patients in the cardiology setting are provided.     

The puzzle of normal coronary arteries in the patient with chest pain: What to do?

Over one million Americans undergo cardiac catheterization each year because of chest pain, with the expectation that coronary artery disease will be found. However, up to 30%—a subgroup that includes patients with both cardiac and noncardiac pathology—will have angiographically normal coronary arteries. While the prognosis of the group as a whole is excellent, successful management requires a clear understanding of the multiple and varied conditions that can cause this syndrome.     

Identifying women with severe angiographic coronary disease

Abstract. Kreatsoulas C, Natarajan MK, Khatun R, Velianou JL, Anand SS (McMaster University; CARING Network, McMaster University; Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University and Hamilton Health Sciences; Interventional Cardiology, Hamilton Health Sciences; Eli Lilly Canada–May Cohen Chair in Women's Health, McMaster University; Michael G. DeGroote‐Heart and Stroke Foundation of Ontario Chair in Population Health Research, McMaster University; Population Genomics Program, McMaster University; McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada). Identifying women with severe angiographic coronary disease. J Intern Med 2010; 268 :66–74. Objectives. To determine sex/gender differences in the distribution of risk factors according to age and identify factors associated with the presence of severe coronary artery disease (CAD). Design. We analysed 23 771 consecutive patients referred for coronary angiography from 2000 to 2006. Subjects. Patients did not have previously diagnosed CAD and were referred for first diagnostic angiography. Outcome measures. Patients were classified according to angiographic disease severity. Severe CAD was defined as left main stenosis ≥50%, three‐vessel disease with ≥70% stenosis or two‐vessel disease including proximal left anterior descending stenosis of ≥70%. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression was used to assess the association between risk factors and angina symptoms with severe CAD. Results. Women were less likely to have severe CAD (22.3% vs. 36.5%) compared with men. Women were also significantly older (69.8 ± 10.6 vs. 66.3 ± 10.7 years), had higher rates of diabetes (35.0% vs. 26.6%), hypertension (74.8% vs. 63.3%) and Canadian Cardiovascular Society (CCS) class IV angina symptoms (56.7% vs. 47.8%). Men were more likely to be smokers (56.9% vs. 37.9%). Factors independently associated with severe CAD included age (OR = 1.05; 95% CI 1.05–1.05, P < 0.01), male sex (OR = 2.43; CI 2.26–2.62, P < 0.01), diabetes (OR = 2.00; CI 1.86–2.18, P < 0.01), hyperlipidaemia (OR = 1.50; CI 1.39–1.61, P < 0.01), smoking (OR = 1.10; CI 1.03–1.18, P = 0.06) and CCS class IV symptoms (OR = 1.43; CI 1.34–1.53, P < 0.01). CCS Class IV angina was a stronger predictor of severe CAD amongst women compared with men (women OR = 1.82; CI 1.61–2.04 vs. men OR = 1.28; CI 1.18–1.39, P < 0.01). Conclusions. Women referred for first diagnostic angiography have lower rates of severe CAD compared with men across all ages. Whilst conventional risk factors, age, sex, diabetes, smoking and hyperlipidaemia are primary determinants of CAD amongst women and men, CCS Class IV angina is more likely to be associated with severe CAD in women than men.     

High prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux in patients with clinical unstable angina and known coronary artery disease

Objectives: Esophageal disease may mimic acute anginal pain. However, the prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux in the acute setting of patients with clinically unstable angina (UA) pectoris is not known. The aim of this study was to determine the co‐existence of coronary artery disease (CAD) and gastroesophageal reflux in UA, and to study the feasibility of esophageal investigation in the chest pain unit. Design: 22 patients with clinical UA and confirmed CAD were monitored by continuous vector cardiography and pH‐measurement during 24?h of observation. Symptoms of chest pain and episodes of ischemia and reflux were recorded. Results: 11 patients (50%) showed abnormal gastroesophageal reflux and another three (14%) had an increased number of reflux episodes. pH‐measurements and esophageal manometry were well tolerated. Few chest pain episodes were recorded during the study period, and no association between chest pain, reflux, and ischemia could be shown. Conclusion: Esophageal reflux is common in patients with UA and established CAD. As reflux‐related chest pain may imitate angina pectoris, it is clinically important that gastroesophageal examination in patients with UA seems to be feasible and well tolerated in the ‘acute setting’.     

Proton pump inhibitors for patients with coronary artery disease associated with reduced chest pain, emergency department visits, and hospitalizations

BACKGROUND: Patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) presenting to an emergency department (ED) with chest pain are likely to undergo hospitalization as clinicians attempt to elucidate the etiology. HYPOTHESIS: We hypothesized that proton pump inhibitor (PPI) therapy is associated with reduced chest pain events and evaluations in patients with CAD. METHODS: A patient population from a veterans medical center with documented CAD was identified retrospectively, and chest pain episodes, ED visits, and hospitalizations for chest pain were prospectively followed over 2 years. Comparison of patient outcomes between PPI (+PPI) and nonuse of PPI therapy (-PPI) was determined. RESULTS: Of 415 male patients, average age 73.4 years, 23% utilized a PPI and 77% did not. Proton pump inhibitor therapy was associated with reduced chest pain episodes (11.8 vs. 26.2%, p = 0.002), ED visits (12.3 vs. 24.3%, p = 0.044), and hospitalizations (12.8 vs. 23.9%, p = 0.086). Relative reductions were 55, 49, and 46%, respectively, after 2 years. Numbers of adverse events were also decreased in the +PPI group of patients: 70% fewer occurrences of chest pain (p = 0.002, relative risk [RR] = 3.3), 55% fewer ED visits (p = 0.049, RR = 2.2), and 53% fewer hospitalizations (p = 0.064, RR = 2.1). By multivariate analysis, PPI therapy independently predicted reduced prevalence of patients experiencing chest pain, ED visits, or hospitalizations (odds ratio [OR] = 0.09 [0.04-0.21]; 0.15 [0.06-0.40]; 0.14 [0.05-0.40]; all p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Proton pump inhibitor therapy for male patients with CAD from a veterans medical center was associated with reduced prevalence of chest pain, ED visits, and hospitalizations for chest pain and reduced incidence of these events.     

Value of the Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Questionnaire (GerdQ) in predicting the proton pump inhibitor response in coronary artery disease patients with gastroesophageal reflux‐related chest pain

Chest pain experienced by patients with coronary artery disease can be partly due to gastroesophageal reflux‐induced chest pain (GERP). Empirical proton pump inhibitor (PPI) therapy has been recommended as an initial clinical approach for treating GERP. However, PPI use may lead to some health problems. The Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Questionnaire (GerdQ) may represent a noninvasive and cost‐effective approach for avoiding PPI misuse and for identifying the appropriate patients for the PPI trial test. The aim of this pilot study was to prospectively evaluate the association between GerdQ scores and PPI response in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) and GERP to determine whether the GerdQ predicts the PPI response in patients with CAD and GERP and to further validate the clinical application value of the GerdQ. A total of 154 consecutive patients with potential GERP were recruited to complete a GerdQ with subsequent PPI therapy. Based on the PPI trial result, patients were divided into a PPI‐positive response group and a PPI‐negative response group. The difference in the GerdQ scores between the two groups was assessed. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve of GerdQ score was drawn according to the PPI response as the gold standard. The ability of GerdQ to predict the PPI response was assessed. A total of 96 patients completed the entire study; 62 patients (64.6%) were assigned to the PPI‐positive response group, and 34 patients (35.4%) to the PPI‐negative response group. The GerdQ score of the PPI‐positive response group (8.11 ± 3.315) was significantly higher than that of the PPI‐negative response group (4.41 ± 2.743), and the difference was statistically significant (t = 5.863, P = 0.000). The ROC curve was drawn according to a PPI response assessment result with a score above 2 as the gold standard. The area under curve was 0.806. When the critical value of GerdQ score was 7.5, Youden index was up to 0.514, the diagnostic sensitivity was 0.661, and the diagnostic specificity was 0.853. A GerdQ score greater than 7.5 better predicts the response to the PPI trial therapy. There is a strong association between the GerdQ score and the response to PPI therapy. Higher GerdQ scores were predictive of a positive PPI response in CAD patients with GERP. The GerdQ may be a reasonable screening tool for GERP in patients with CAD who are prepared to accept PPI therapy.     

16层螺旋CT冠脉造影对心电图正常的胸痛患者的诊断价值

目的探讨16层螺旋CT冠状动脉造影对心电图正常的胸痛患者的诊断价值。方法对52例临床怀疑冠心病、心绞痛而无发作时心电图ST段改变的患者行16层螺旋CT冠状动脉造影和经皮选择性冠状动脉造影术。对16层螺旋CT显示冠状动脉狭窄和经皮选择性冠状动脉造影显示冠状动脉狭窄进行定量评价。以经皮选择性冠状动脉造影结果作为诊断金标准。计算出16层螺旋CT冠状动脉成像对冠状动脉狭窄的诊断准确性指标。结果16层螺旋CT冠状动脉造影对照经皮选择性冠状动脉造影对冠状动脉中、重度狭窄显示的对照结果：敏感性83．05％、特异性95．97％、阳性预测值89．09％、阴性预测值93．46％、准确度92．31％。结论16层螺旋CT冠状动脉造影对心电图正常的胸痛患者具有良好的诊断价值，并可对冠状动脉形态学进行良好的评价，从而进行介入治疗的筛选。但并不能完全取代传统的经皮选择性冠状动脉造影术。