苏子油对大鼠血脂及血液流变性的影响

报告了苏子油对大鼠血清甘油三脂（ＴＧ）、总胆固醇（ＴＣ）、高密度脂蛋白（ＨＤＬ－Ｃ）、低密度脂蛋白（ＬＤＬ－Ｃ）、红细胞变形指数、血小板聚集率及ＨＤＬ－Ｃ／ＴＣ的影响。实验共分三组，猪油组、苏子油组、基础饲料组，前二组均为高脂饲料。试验期７８天。结果显示：苏子油组血ＴＣ值在试验后３０天即显著低于猪油组（Ｐ＜０．０５）。试验期末，苏子油组的ＴＣ、ＴＧ、ＬＤＬ－Ｃ均显著低于猪油组（Ｐ＜０．０５），ＴＧ值还低于基础饲料组（Ｐ＜０．０５），而ＨＤＬ－Ｃ／ＴＣ则显著高于猪油组；ＨＤＬ－Ｃ三组差别不明显（Ｐ＞０．０５）；血小板聚集率基础饲料组和苏子油组差别无意义（Ｐ＞０．０５）；但红细胞变形指数以基础饲料组最低，苏子油组其次，猪油组最高，后两组差别无意义（Ｐ＞０．０５）。提示富含α－亚麻酸的苏子油具有良好的预防和降低血脂的作用，值得进一步研究和开发。     

脑出血病人血脂水平的研究

本文采用病例对照的方法分析了脑出血病人，急性期血中总胆固醇（ＴＣ）、甘油三酯（ＴＧ）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（ＨＤＬ－Ｃ）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（ＬＤＬ－Ｃ）含量。结果发现：病例组血清ＴＣ明显低于对照组（ｔ＝２．２４０２，Ｐ＜０．０５），病例组ＨＤＬ－Ｃ明显低于对照组，ｔ＝６．４７２７，Ｐ，＜０．００１。未显示ＴＧ及ＬＤＬ－Ｃ病例组与对照组有明显差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）。以上指标与年龄无明显关系。     

吸烟与动脉硬化性脑梗塞关系的研究

目的：探讨吸烟与动脉硬化性脑硬塞（ＡＳＣＩ）的关系。方法：对１０２例ＡＳＣＩ患者及１０８例正常人血清载脂蛋白（Ａｐｏ－Ｂ）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（ＨＤＬ－Ｃ）、总胆固醇（ＴＣ）进行测定及对比分析。结果：ＡＳＣＩ组Ａｐｏ－Ｂ比对照组显著升高（Ｐ＜０．０１）,ＨＤＬ－Ｃ比对照组显著降低（Ｐ＜０．０１）,而ＴＣ两组间无明显差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）。在对照组及ＡＳ－ＣＩ组吸烟者Ａｐｏ－Ｂ均高于非吸烟者（Ｐ＜０．０１,Ｐ＜０．０５）,而ＨＤＬ－Ｃ吸烟者明显低于非吸烟者（Ｐ＜０．０１）。结论：吸烟能促使血清Ａｐｏ－Ｂ增高及ＨＤＬ－Ｃ下降,可以认为吸烟是ＡＳＣＩ的危险因素之一。     

高浓度ω3鱼油对大鼠血脂及血液流变性的影响

本文观察大鼠摄取高浓度ω３鱼油对血清甘油三脂（ＴＧ）、总胆固醇（ＴＣ）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（ＨＤＬ—Ｃ）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（ＬＤＬ—Ｃ）、红细胞变形格数、血小板聚集率及ＨＤＬ—Ｃ／ＴＣ的影响。共分３组，猪油组、高浓度ω３鱼油组、基础饲料组，前２组均为高脂饲料。试验期２．５月。结果显示，高浓度ω３鱼油组血清ＴＣ值在试验后３０天即显著低于猪油组（Ｐ＜０．０５）。试验期末，高浓度ω３鱼油组的ＴＣ、ＴＧ、ＬＤＬ—Ｃ、血小板聚集率显著低于猪油组和基础饲料组（Ｐ＜０．０５），而ＨＤＬ—Ｃ、ＨＤＬ—Ｃ／ＴＣ则显著高于猪油组；ＨＤＬ—Ｃ、血小板聚集率基础饲料组和高浓度ω３鱼油组差别无意义（Ｐ＜０．０５）；但红细胞变形指数以基础饲料组最低，鱼油组其次，最高者为猪油组，后两组差别不明显（Ｐ＜０．０５）。     

食用油对血脂、脂质过氧化、膜磷脂脂肪酸及血小板功能的影响

大鼠分别喂饲猪油、花生油、茶油、豆油、麻油及牛油高胆固醇饲料１～３个月，发现：１．麻油及牛油组血清总胆固醇（ＴＣ）及低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（ＬＤＬ－Ｃ）水平远低于诸油及花生油组（Ｐ＜０．０５），且高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（ＨＤＬ－Ｃ）水平最高（Ｐ＜０．０５）。茶油及豆油组ＴＣ与ＬＤＬ－Ｃ居中。甘油三酯以豆油组最高，茶油组最低（Ｐ＜０，０５）。２．各组红细胞膜、心肌线粒体及肝微粒体磷脂脂肪酸与饲料脂肪酸水平呈正相关。ＲＢＣ膜及心肌线粒体磷脂中，猪油及牛油组饱和脂肪酸含量较高，茶油组的单不饱和脂肪酸含量较高，麻油及花生油组的多不饱和脂肪酸（ＰＵＦＡ）含量较高。３．茶油组血清、肝及脑丙二醛（ＭＤＡ）水平最低，其余各组均较高。豆油组的肝ＭＤＡ最高。４．血清、肝超氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）水平以花生油及豆油组较低。５．血小板聚集率及血栓素Ｂ２（ＴＸＢ２）／６－酮－前列腺索Ｆ＿（１ａ）（６－Ｋ－ＰＧＦ＿（１ａ））比值以麻油组最低、豆油组较高。６．茶油组的生物膜流动性较大，而猪油及牛油组较小。     

沙棘果汁及硒强化沙棘果汁对高脂血症大鼠脂质及脂质过氧化作用的影响

给实验性高脂血症大鼠喂饲沙棘果汁及硒强化沙棘果汁，观察其对大鼠机体脂质代谢及脂质过氧化作用的影响．结果表明：沙棘果汁及硒强化沙棘果汁可显著降低大鼠血中ＴＣ、ＬＤＬ－Ｃ含量，提高ＨＤＬ－Ｃ水平，各实验组大鼠血清及肝脏脂质过氧化物（ＬＰＯ）水平显著低于高脂组，谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（ＧＳＨ－ＰＸ）活性以硒强化沙棘果汁组增高更为显著（Ｐ＜０．０５）．提示：沙棘果汁及硒强化沙棘果汁能有效地降低高脂大鼠血ＴＣ水平，提高ＨＤＬ－Ｃ水平，并能抑制其体内脂质过氧化作用．     

豆渣纤维的降脂作用及对血液流变学影响的研究

以ＳＤ大鼠为对象，研究了豆渣纤维对高胆固醇膳动物脂质代谢和血流变性的影响，并与果胶和纯纤维素进行比较，结果表明：８周实验后，豆渣与果胶组动物的血清总胆固醇（ＴＣ）和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（ＬＤＬ－Ｃ）显著降低，但豆渣组的血脂水平比果胶组更低（Ｐ＜０．０５）。而纯纤维素组未显出降脂作用。各组大鼠的甘油三醋（ＴＧ）和高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（ＨＤＬ－Ｃ）也无明显变化。实验同时表明，６％的豆渣纤维与果胶均可使高脂大鼠的血粘度及血小板聚集率降低（Ｐ＜０．０５），且前者优于后者。相关分析显示，血脂与血流变学指标间存在显著相关性（Ｐ＜０．０５），其中ＴＣ与ＬＤＬ－Ｃ是影响血流变性的重要因素。６％的以上各种纤维摄入量均不影响大鼠的摄食量与生长。     

调和油中不同饱和程度脂肪酸配比效应的研究

观察在低胆固醇摄入（８９ｇ基础饲料＋１１ｇ调和油）和高胆固醇摄入（８９ｇ基础饲料＋１１ｇ调和油＋１ｇ胆固醇）两种条件下调和油对大鼠血脂、血清和肝ＭＤＡ、血清和肝ＳＯＤ、膜流动性等指标的影响。结果表明，低胆固醇摄入条件下，１∶１∶１５组血清ＴＣ、ＬＤＬＣ、ＭＤＡ极显著降低（Ｐ＜００１），血清ＳＯＤ活力极显著升高（Ｐ＜００１），膜流动性显著升高（Ｐ＜００５）；１∶１５∶１组血清ＳＯＤ活力、膜流动性显著升高（Ｐ＜００５）；１５∶１∶１组血清ＳＯＤ活力显著升高（Ｐ＜００５）。高胆固醇摄入条件下，１∶１∶１组血清ＴＣ显著降低（Ｐ＜００５）；１∶１∶１５组血清ＬＤＬＣ显著升高（Ｐ＜００５）；１∶１５∶１组和１５∶１∶１组血清ＴＣ和ＬＤＬＣ均极显著升高（Ｐ＜００１）。４个实验组的肝ＳＯＤ活力均极显著降低（Ｐ＜００１）、血清ＳＯＤ活力和膜流动性均极显著升高（Ｐ＜００１）。     

低度醋液营养及生物学作用的实验研究

对高脂血症大鼠模型随机分成Ａ、Ｂ两组。Ａ为对照组，Ｂ为醋液组。在高脂饲料喂饲下，每天另行灌喂含０．４８％醋酸的醋液０．５ｍｌ／１００ｇ体重，实验期为５周。结果表明：Ｂ组大鼠在实验中期（第３周）血清总胆固醇（ＴＣ）及其与高密度脂蛋胆固醇（ＨＤＬ－Ｃ）比值（ＴＣ／ＨＤＬ－Ｃ）明显低于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０５）。两组的ＨＤＬ－Ｃ和甘油三脂（ＴＧ）水平差异无统计学意义。其他营养与生物学作用的观察指标如血清总蛋白、白蛋白、血红蛋白以及血清钙与耐力测试等，醋液组与对照组比较差别也无显著意义（Ｐ＞０．０５）。提示，低度醋液对实验初至中期（前３周）大鼠血清ＴＣ及ＴＣ／ＨＤＬ－Ｃ有降低作用，但不能降低ＴＧ，对ＨＤＬ－Ｃ也无作用。     

大豆纤维对实验性高脂大鼠动脉粥样硬化的预防作用和抗氧化效果

研究大豆纤维（ＳＦ）对实验性高脂大鼠的血液和肝组织脂质过氧化物（ＬＰＯ）水平、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（ＧＳＨ－Ｐｘ）活性和血脂指标的影响。结果表明，大豆纤维膳能明显降低血清总胆固醇（ＴＣ）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（ＬＤＬ－Ｃ）和致动脉粥样硬化指数（ＡＩ）（Ｐ＜０．０５）。血清和肝组织ＬＰＯ水平明显下降，ＧＳＨ－Ｐｘ活力显著提高（Ｐ＜０．０５）．ＳＦ对血脂降低和对氧化低密度脂蛋白（Ｏｘ－ＬＤＬ）的阻断作用可能对防止动脉粥样硬化（ＡＳ）的形成起主要作用。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.