饮用水中非挥发性有机物的遗传毒性与脂质过氧化的关系

为探讨饮用水中非挥发性有机物的遗传毒性与脂质过氧化的关系。用ＳＯＤ显色试验检测了饮用水中非挥发性有机物的遗传毒性，并在体外借助微粒体模型测定其脂质过氧经水平。结果显示：ＳＯＳ反应与脂质过氧化作用高度相关，进而初步探讨了饮用水的遗传毒性机理。     

微核试验对东湖水中有机物遗传毒性的评价

目的　了解武汉东湖水源水及自来水中非挥发性有机物遗传毒性状况。方法　采用小鼠骨髓嗜多染红细胞微核试验。结果　无论是自来水还是水源水均可不同程度地诱导小鼠骨髓细胞微核率升高 ,并且有剂量反应关系。平水期、丰水期的有机提取物细胞微核率高于枯水期。结论　东湖水中非挥发性有机提取物对小鼠骨髓微核细胞具有遗传毒性     

应用小鼠整体试验对N市水质潜在危害的评价

目的 :研究N市水质非挥发性有机物在小鼠整体试验中对机体的损害作用。方法 :应用XAD -2大孔树脂吸附浓集水中有机物的技术 ,结合微核试验、小鼠精子畸形试验 ,研究了N市主要水厂水源水、滤池出水、氯化消毒自来水中非挥发性有机物 (NOCs)的致突变性。结果 :氯化消毒自来水 5 0L/ml剂量组微核率和精子畸形率显著高于阴性对照组(P <0 0 5 )。结论 :氯化消毒自来水有一定程度致突变性 ,水源水、滤池出水未检出致突变性。提示氯化消毒自来水中非挥发性有机物对哺乳动物可能具有一定的遗传毒性。     

氯乙烯诱导大鼠肝微粒体脂质过氧化和微粒体酶系的相应变化

本文报道了氯乙烯诱导大鼠肝脏脂质过氧化时鼠肝微粒体某些酶的变化。 氯乙烯可诱导鼠肝体内、体外脂质过氧化,且其过氧化部位在微粒体。大鼠连续吸入5％氯乙烯6个小时诱导微粒体脂质过氧化时,微粒体酶发生如下变化:细胞色素P450和葡萄糖-6-磷酸酶活性显著下降,两者下降的程度与脂质过氧化密切相关;细胞色素D_5仅呈一时性下降;NADPH-细胞色素C还原酶似有升高趋势,但无统计学意义;微粒体蛋白含量无变化。     

酒精诱导的脂质过氧化对大鼠肝线粒体酶和微粒体酶的影响

本文报告了酒精诱导大鼠肝脏脂质过氧化时鼠肝线粒体和微粒体某些酶的变化。酒精可诱导肝脏体内体外脂质过氧化,且其过氧化的部位在线粒体。酒精诱导线粒体脂质过氧化时,线粒体的标志酶——琥珀酸脱氢酶的活性明显下降,而微粒体酶未见下降。给予大鼠不同剂量、不同次数、不同天数的酒精后,肝微粒体Cytp450、Cytb5、NADPH-Cytc还原酶,G-6-Pase及蛋白含量均无显著变化。     

硒对氟所致大鼠体内体外脂质过氧化作用的影响

采用体外大鼠肝微粒体系统和体内经饮水加氟（５０ｍｇ／Ｌ）同时或单独加硒（０．５ｍｇ／Ｌ）的方法，观察氟致大鼠体内、体外脂质过氧化作用及硒的拮抗作用。体外实验结果表明，加氟可使微粒体系统脂质过氧化物（ＬＰＯ）含量显著增加；同时加硒可结抗氟致微粒体系统的脂质过氧化作用。体内实验结果表明，饮水加氟（５０ｍｇ／Ｌ）可使大鼠血清ＬＰＯ含量显著增加，全血谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（ＧＳＨ－Ｐｘ）活性和血清游离维生素Ｅ含量显著降低；饮水同时加硒（０．５ｍｇ／Ｌ）则可拮抗上述氟的效应。     

甲腈咪胺或苯巴比妥对四氯化碳和三氯乙烯处理的大鼠脂质过氧化反应的影响

许多具有肝毒的外来化合物(四氯化碳、三氯溴甲烷、乙醇等)的毒性作用均与膜脂的过氧化反应有关。由于肝微粒体细胞色素P-450依赖的混合功能氧化酶参与将四氯化碳(CCl_4)还原成三氯甲烷自由基(CCl_3),从而启动膜脂过氧化反应(LP),作者研究了大鼠经肝微粒体酶抑制剂甲腈咪胺(CM)或肝微粒体酶诱导     

N市饮用水中非挥发性有机物致突变性研究

目的探讨N市饮用水中非挥发性有机物的致突变性.方法应用XAD-2大孔树脂吸附浓集水中有机物的技术,结合Ames试验、微核实验、小鼠精子畸形实验,研究了N市主要水厂水源水、滤池出水、氯化消毒自来水中非挥发性有机物(NOCs)的致突变性.结果氯化消毒自来水50 L/ml剂量组微核率和精子畸形率显著高于阴性对照组(P＜0.05),氯化消毒自来水5 L/皿剂量下,TA98-S8 MR=4.92,TA 98 S9 MR=2.69.结论氯化消毒自来水有一定程度致突变性,水源水、滤池出水未检出致突变性,氯化消毒使水质的诱变性增高.     

长江水源水与自来水有机物组分分析及致突变性研究

长江水源水与自来水有机物组分分析及致突变性研究张恒，赵进顺，胡江泳，田世兰，杜鑫，丁伟，余峥为了解长江（某炼油厂段）水源水污染情况，我们于１９９４年１月至８月对长江水源水和自来水进行了有机物的分析及致突变性和遗传毒性研究。现将结果报告如下。材料与方法...     

微量元素硒铜和锌抗肝微粒体脂质过氧化作用的研究

<正> 从大鼠肝中分离得到肝微粒体,利用Fenton反应产生的OH自由基诱发肝微粒体脂质过氧化反应,实验研究了微量元素硒、铜和锌对脂质过氧化作用的影响。实验材料与仪器实验材料:Wistar大鼠,体重250g左右;硫代巴比妥酸,上海试剂二厂;其余试剂均为分析纯。实验仪器:全自动高速冷冻离心机,转速0～2     

有机提取物对睾丸间质细胞的毒性效应

目的：观察氯化饮用水有机污染物对大鼠Leydig细胞的毒性效应。方法：应用固相萃取技术富集水中有机污染物,用以染毒Leydig细胞,测定培养液中睾酮含量,结果：有机提取物剂量为0．1,0．2,0．5L/孔时,Leydig细胞的睾酮分泌量明显低于对照组（P＜0．01）,有机提取物剂量为1．5,2．0,3．0L／孔时,睾酮分泌量显著高于对照组（P＜0．01）,有机提取物还对由LH,dbcAMP,胆固醇,孕酮,孕烯醇酮和雄烯二酮刺激的Leydig 细胞睾酮分泌产生了不同程度的影响,结论：氯化饮用水有机污染物可影响大鼠Leydig细胞的睾酮分泌。     

维生素C拮抗氟致大鼠雄性生殖损害的初步研究

探讨在饮水中加入１．０ｍｇ／ｍｌ的维生素Ｃ时对氟染毒大鼠雄性生殖系统的损害的影响。结果表明,实验剂量的维生素Ｃ对雄性大鼠饮用１５０ｍｇ氟化钠／Ｌ饮水所导致的附睾精子总数减少、血清和睾丸组织中ＬＰＯ含量升高、附睾ＡＴＰ酶活性抑制等损害作用具有明显的拮抗作用,与饮水中加入２．０ｍｇ亚硒酸钠／Ｌ的拮抗效果类似。但不能显著改善睾丸和２．０ｍｇ亚硒酸钠／Ｌ的拮抗效果类似。但不能显著改善睾丸和附睾组织中谷胱甘     

饮用水指纹图谱在异嗅味应急事件中的应用

目的建立一种快速鉴定饮用水异嗅味中的致嗅物质的方法。方法利用顶空固相微萃取技术结合气相色谱飞行时间质谱联用技术,通过每月监测某市市政饮用水中的挥发性有机物的总离子流图,建立其指纹图谱,然后通过比较异常样品与指纹谱图,找出异常组分,并用质谱进行结构鉴定。结果应用指纹图谱,成功地对一起突发性饮用水异嗅味应急事件中的致嗅物质进行了快速的鉴定。结论饮用水指纹图谱适合于饮用水异嗅味中的致嗅物质的快速鉴定。     

Organic pollution of the Ural river in the area of open water supply of Orenburg

The water from the Ural river contains about 230 organic chemical substances, including especially hazardous pollutants. The levels of some chemicals are 2 to 13 times higher than their maximum allowable concentrations. It is necessary to use reliable methods for water treatment at waterworks to lower the levels of drinking water pollutants.     

以黄浦江为水源的管网末梢水中微量有机物污染现状

目的研究上海市以黄浦江为水源的管网水中微量有机物污染状况。方法采用固相萃取技术,以1g XAD-2和3g402树脂吸附饮水中有机物,30%丙酮-甲醇洗脱,根据美国EPA推荐的优先控制污染物类别,采用18种GC/MS方法检测。结果检出有机污染物10类142种,主要包括邻苯二甲酸酯类,酚类、胺类、醇酸酯类、脂肪烃类、卤代烷烃类、单/多环芳香族化合物、杂环化合物、醛/酮等化学物。结果表明水中邻苯二甲酸二丁酯、4-枯基苯酚、N-苯基-β-萘胺含量相对较高。其中,邻苯二甲酸二丁酯和邻苯二甲酸二辛酯属EPA推荐的水体优先控制污染物,同时发现饮用水中含除草剂-莠去津和利谷隆和雌激素-3-脱氧雌二醇。结论以黄浦江为水源的饮用水污染谱复杂,所检出有机污染物多数未纳入国家标准。     

2018年四川省江油市生活饮用水健康风险评价

目的 了解江油市生活饮用水中化学毒物的暴露水平,评估通过饮水途径对江油市不同人群健康产生的潜在危害。方法 根据江油市2018年生活饮用水的监测数据,应用美国环保局推荐的健康风险评价模型对饮用水中的17种化学污染物进行健康风险评价。结果 铬和硝酸盐分别为致癌物和非致癌物中日均暴露剂量最大的化学物,致癌及非致癌化学物通过饮水途径对不同人群所致暴露剂量大小顺序均为:成年女性＞成年男性＞儿童;致癌化学物和非致癌化学物对成年男性及女性所致健康总风险均高于儿童;致癌化学物的致癌风险大小顺序为铬＞砷＞镉＞四氯化碳＞三氯甲烷,主要的非致癌化学物的健康风险大小顺序为:铜＞铅＞氟化物＞硝酸盐;致癌物的健康风险占总健康风险的99.95%,成年男性、成年女性以及儿童的总健康风险分别为5.46×10-5a-1、5.43×10-5a-1和4.77×10-5a-1。结论 江油市饮用水中化学物的人群健康总风险低于美国环保局推荐的最大可接受风险,说明江油市生活饮用水可以安全饮用。     

The sorptive capacity of animal protein

Partition coefficients that are used to predict concentrations of hydrophobic organic chemicals in biota (e.g., the bioconcentration factor) often assume that the sorptive capacity of an organism or tissue is adequately represented by its lipid content. In lean organisms and tissues, however, theory suggests that partitioning may be strongly influenced by the sorptive capacity of nonlipid materials, such as protein. Little is known about the sorptive capacity of proteins for hydrophobic organic chemicals, and methods to include proteins in bioaccumulation models do not exist. Here, we present a compilation and meta-analysis of published data to estimate the relative sorptive capacities of animal proteins and lipids for neutral organic chemicals. We found that the estimated sorptive capacity of protein in solid animal tissues ranged from around 1 to 10% that of lipid for compounds with a log octanol/water partition coefficient (K(OW)) of greater than two. The sorptive capacity of blood protein (albumin) appeared to be substantially higher than this, especially for low-K(OW) chemicals. For modeling purposes, we recommend estimating the sorptive capacity of animal protein as 5% that of lipid. According to this estimate, the sorptive capacity of an animal or tissue will be dominated by the contribution from protein if the lipid content makes up less than 5% of the dry-weight organic content. In such situations, a consideration of the sorptive capacity of nonlipid constituents, such as protein, will permit more accurate predictions of chemical accumulation and distribution.     

Use of a parallel artificial membrane system to evaluate passive absorption and elimination in small fish

A parallel artificial lipid membrane system was developed to mimic passive mass transfer of hydrophobic organic chemicals in fish. In this physical model system, a membrane filter-supported lipid bilayer separates two aqueous phases that represent the external and internal aqueous environments of fish. To predict bioconcentration kinetics in small fish with this system, literature absorption and elimination rates were analyzed with an allometric diffusion model to quantify the mass transfer resistances in the aqueous and lipid phases of fish. The effect of the aqueous phase mass transfer resistance was controlled by adjusting stirring intensity to mimic bioconcentration rates in small fish. Twenty-three simple aromatic hydrocarbons were chosen as model compounds for purposes of evaluation. For most of the selected chemicals, literature absorption/elimination rates fall into the range predicted from measured membrane permeabilities and elimination rates of the selected chemicals determined by the diffusion model system.     

The role of humic substances in drinking water in Kashin-Beck disease in China

We conducted in vitro and in vivo assays in a selenium-deficient system to determine if organic matter (mainly fulvic acid; FA) is involved in a free radical mechanism of action for Kashin-Beck disease. Cartilage cell culture experiments indicated that the oxy or hydroxy functional groups in FA may interfere with the cell membrane and result in enhancement of lipid peroxidation. Experiments with rats demonstrated that toxicity from FA was reduced when the hydroxy group was blocked. Induction of lipid peroxidation by FA in liver and blood of rats was similar to that exhibited by acetyl phenyl hydrazine. FA accumulated in bone and cartilage, where selenium rarely concentrates. In addition, selenium supplementation in rats' drinking water inhibited the generation of oxy-free radicals in bone. We hypothesized that FA in drinking water is an etiological factor of Kashin-Beck disease and that the mechanism of action involves the oxy and hydroxy groups in FA for the generation of free radicals. Selenium was confirmed to be a preventive factor for Kashin-Beck disease.